{"lots":[{"startPrice":500,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/011/011.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17628/010/010.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: kantharos, saint-valentin class \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 128 mm x 184 mm x 133 mm \n \n condition: good condition. reassembled from the original fragments, in one handle a restored missing fragment \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, k.m., 2023, from the estate of private collection of f.m., france, since at least 2011. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek kantharos is a distinctive type of drinking vessel that was especially popular in ancient greece, primarily associated with the god dionysus, the deity of wine, festivity, and ecstasy. the kantharos is characterized by its deep, often rounded bowl, tall, looped handles that extend above the rim, and its pedestal or footed base, which made it both a functional and ornamental object. used in various settings\u2014from religious ceremonies to the communal symposium (drinking party)\u2014the kantharos symbolized rebirth and the god\u2019s power to transcend life and death, becoming an essential item for celebrating dionysian rituals. \n \n typically decorated with either a black-glaze or painted in the red-figure style, many kantharoi feature designs relevant to greek mythology or everyday life, depicting images of gods, animals, or floral motifs. the black-glaze version, in particular, provided an elegant, glossy finish, making it both striking and practical for its intended ceremonial use. in red-figure examples, artists had more freedom to illustrate narrative scenes involving dionysus, his satyrs, or other figures from the bacchic retinue. such designs transformed the kantharos into more than just a vessel\u2014it became a storytelling medium, revealing aspects of greek beliefs, values, and artistic skills."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"1","title":{"es":"greek kantharos, saint-valentin class"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17628/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"soldPrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.775Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":17628,"dimensions":{"depth":13.3},"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":280,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17629/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17629/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17629/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17629/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17629/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp with inscription 'the light of christ shines for all' \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: byzantine \n \n period: 4th - 5th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 60 mm x 87 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex palestine private collection, acquired in the 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a byzantine oil lamp inscribed with the phrase \"the light of christ shines for all\" is a remarkable artifact that reflects the deep spiritual and theological beliefs of the byzantine empire. this inscription emphasizes the central role of christianity in daily life and religious practices during the byzantine period. oil lamps were essential for both practical illumination and religious rituals, and incorporating a christian message into their design highlights the integration of faith into everyday objects. the inscription serves as both a devotional statement and a reminder of the divine presence in the lives of believers, making the lamp a significant symbol of christian piety and enlightenment. \n \n the design and craftsmanship of byzantine oil lamps were highly refined, often made from materials such as clay, metal, or glass. these lamps frequently featured intricate decorations, including religious symbols, motifs, and inscriptions. the inclusion of the inscription \"the light of christ shines for all\" on the lamp would have been achieved through engraving or molding, demonstrating the skill of byzantine artisans. this inscription not only personalized the lamp but also reinforced the idea that light, both physical and spiritual, is a manifestation of christ's presence and guidance in the world. the lamp's practical function as a source of light was thus imbued with deep religious significance. \n \n in addition to its spiritual message, the byzantine oil lamp with this inscription provides valuable insights into the religious and cultural practices of the period. the lamp would have been used in private homes, churches, or during religious ceremonies, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a connection with the divine in various aspects of life. the presence of such an inscription also reflects the broader trend of incorporating christian themes into art and everyday objects, illustrating how byzantine art and material culture were deeply intertwined with religious beliefs."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"2","title":{"es":"byzantine oil lamp with inscription 'the light of christ shines for all'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17629/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"soldPrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.777Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17629,"dimensions":{"depth":8.7},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17630/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17630/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17630/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: mummy mask \n \n material: wood \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 664 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 185 mm x 97 mm x 45 mm (without stand) \n \n condition: good condition. includes stand \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired in the early 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n these masks, typically crafted from materials like sycamore or tamarisk wood, were created to cover the faces of mummified individuals, symbolically connecting the deceased to the divine realm. unlike the elaborate gold masks seen in royal burials, such as tutankhamun's, wooden masks were more common and accessible, used primarily by members of the middle and upper classes. the wood was often covered with a layer of gesso (a mixture of chalk and glue) and painted in bright colors, depicting facial features, hairstyles, and even specific details like jewelry that would help the spirit recognize its body in the afterlife. \n \n wooden mummy masks served an important ritual purpose within ancient egyptian funerary practices. egyptians believed that preserving the face of the deceased was essential for the spirit to achieve immortality. these masks often featured painted or inlaid eyes, eyebrows, and other facial elements that gave them a lifelike appearance. some also included symbolic markings or inscriptions invoking protection and guidance from deities. despite their simpler materials, many wooden masks were intricately decorated with geometric patterns, religious symbols, and scenes from the book of the dead, all aimed at ensuring safe passage to the afterlife. these decorations provided a glimpse into the individual\u2019s wealth, social status, and spiritual beliefs, and often adhered to strict artistic conventions that helped maintain continuity with past traditions. \n \n the construction of wooden mummy masks reflects the adaptive reuse of materials, a practice that allowed ancient egyptians to economize while preserving the spirit of traditional burial customs. sometimes, these masks were carved from reused wood or repurposed from previous masks, with artisans adapting and reshaping them to fit a new individual. in some cases, artisans applied layers of linen or plaster to the wooden base, creating a lightweight and sturdy surface that could hold fine painted details."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"3","title":{"es":"egyptian mummy mask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17630/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.778Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac900 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17630,"dimensions":{"depth":4.5},"estimateMin":900},{"startPrice":400,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17631/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17631/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17631/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17631/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17631/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: level with plumb bob \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 4th - 5th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 120 mm x 92 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman level, often used in conjunction with a plumb bob, was a tool essential to roman engineering and construction, allowing builders to establish precise horizontal lines. this simple yet effective instrument typically consisted of a wooden or metal frame in the shape of an \u201ca\u201d or a right triangle, with a string and plumb bob suspended from the apex. by observing where the plumb line intersected with markings on the frame, roman engineers could verify that their structures were level, an essential step for everything from roads and aqueducts to temples and public buildings. this tool\u2019s straightforward design and functionality exemplify the romans' ability to achieve architectural precision with basic technology. \n \n the use of the roman level with a plumb bob was integral to the construction of rome\u2019s architectural masterpieces. this tool helped achieve the structural stability seen in roads, aqueducts, and multi-story buildings, where maintaining horizontal lines was critical for even weight distribution. the roman level was particularly useful in large-scale civil engineering projects, such as the construction of aqueducts, which required precise gradients over long distances to ensure water flow. by using the level to maintain a consistent angle, engineers could create a slight slope that allowed water to flow across valleys and plains, providing urban centers with reliable water access. this simple tool thus played a role in sustaining the infrastructure that fueled the roman empire\u2019s growth."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"4","title":{"es":"roman level with plumb bob"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17631/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":400,"soldPrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.782Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17631,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17632/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17632/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17632/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17632/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17632/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: mortarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 53 mm x 215 mm x 245 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, cambridgeshire, acquired from various auction houses and collections before 2000 \n \n parallel: science museum group, accession number a660042 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman mortarium pottery, also known as mortaria, were kitchen vessels essential in roman culinary practices, specifically for grinding and mixing ingredients. these shallow, wide-mouthed bowls had thick, gritty interiors\u2014usually created by embedding small, hard grit particles into the clay or using a coarse finish. this texture was ideal for crushing spices, herbs, and grains, similar to a modern mortar and pestle. often made of reddish or buff-colored clay, mortaria were designed with a pouring lip, making it easier to transfer liquid mixtures or sauces. the utilitarian design and practicality of mortaria made them a common feature in both domestic kitchens and professional food preparation areas across the roman empire. \n \n the production of mortarium pottery was highly specialized, with specific pottery workshops dedicated to their creation, and certain regions became known for their high-quality mortaria. for example, in britain, mortaria from mancetter-hartshill and oxfordshire became highly sought after and were distributed throughout the roman empire. these workshops sometimes stamped their products with potters\u2019 marks, indicating a standardized production and distribution system. the distinctive style and quality of these vessels suggest that roman consumers valued both functionality and craftsmanship, with some mortaria displaying elegant shapes and well-formed spouts. the widespread distribution of these stamped mortaria also provides archaeologists with valuable information about trade networks and the movement of goods within the roman empire."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"5","title":{"es":"roman mortarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17632/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.784Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17632,"dimensions":{"depth":24.5},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17633/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17633/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17633/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17633/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of a boar \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: hellenistic period, 3rd - 2nd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 56 mm x 102 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, o.s., suffolk, acquired in the 1960s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n statuettes of boars from the greek and hellenistic periods reflect the cultural and symbolic significance of the animal in ancient societies. in greek mythology, the boar was often associated with wildness, strength, and danger, featuring prominently in several myths such as the calydonian boar hunt and the myth of the erymanthian boar, which was one of the twelve labors of heracles. these stories underscored the boar's reputation as a formidable and challenging beast, embodying the untamed forces of nature that heroes needed to conquer. \n \n during the hellenistic period (c. 323-31 bce), the production of small-scale art, including animal statuettes, flourished as part of the broader trend toward personal and domestic art. the hellenistic era is characterized by its increased attention to realism, detail, and the depiction of a wide range of subjects, including everyday life and the natural world. boar statuettes from this period would often be made from bronze, terracotta, or other materials, showcasing the hellenistic artists' skill in capturing the physical characteristics and dynamic poses of animals. these statuettes might have served decorative purposes, been used in domestic religious practices, or symbolized the owner's values or interests, such as hunting prowess. \n \n the stylistic approach to boar statuettes in the hellenistic period reflects the era's artistic innovations and cultural exchanges. hellenistic artists were known for their ability to convey movement and lifelike qualities in their works, and boar statuettes would often depict the animal in mid-action, emphasizing its muscular build and fierce nature. this period also saw the spread of greek culture across the mediterranean and into asia due to the conquests of alexander the great, leading to a fusion of artistic traditions."},"estimateMax":280,"lotNumber":"6","title":{"es":"greek statuette of a boar"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17633/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_figurines","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.786Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac220 - \u20ac280","currency":"EUR","id":17633,"dimensions":{"depth":10.2},"estimateMin":220},{"startPrice":2500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17634/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17634/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17634/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17634/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: funerary stele depicting a symposium with greek inscription \u2018cheer up, kyris\u2019  material: marble  culture: roman  period: 3rd century a.d  dimensions: 213 mm x 283 mm x 22 mm  condition: good condition. published article included  provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970s - 1990s  published: epitafio griego de kyris. nueva estela romana (zeitschrift für papyrologie und epigraphik) 218 (2021)   comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice.   \n  \n funerary stele depicting a symposium, with a woman reclining on a triclinium, dressed in a stola with her hair tied back and inscribed in greek \u2018cheer up, kyris\u2019 \n  roman funerary steles, or tombstones, were monuments erected to commemorate the deceased and were prevalent across the roman empire, reflecting roman attitudes toward death, family, and social status. typically made of stone, such as limestone or marble, these steles varied in size and shape but often featured a combination of inscriptions, carved reliefs, and symbolic imagery. the inscription, or epitaph, was central to these steles and usually included the name of the deceased, age, and other pertinent details like family relationships or career accomplishments. often dedicated by surviving family members or close friends, the epitaph also served to honor the memory of the deceased and preserve their social identity within the community, underscoring the romans' belief in maintaining personal legacy beyond death.   the relief carvings on roman funerary steles were often elaborate, depicting scenes that conveyed the life, profession, or virtues of the deceased. for example, soldiers were frequently portrayed in armor with their weapons, while artisans might be depicted with their tools or engaging in their trade. other common motifs included banquet scenes, depictions of family members, and mythological or protective symbols like eagles or laurel wreaths. these images helped convey the deceased's values, accomplishments, and social role, creating a visual biography. symbolic elements such as clasped hands represented familial or marital bonds, and specific deities or allegorical figures were occasionally included to suggest a protective journey to the afterlife or to express philosophical beliefs about death and immortality."},"estimateMax":3200,"lotNumber":"7","title":{"es":"funerary stele depicting a symposium with greek inscription \u2018cheer up, kyris\u2019, published"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17634/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":2500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.788Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,000 - \u20ac3,200","currency":"EUR","id":17634,"dimensions":{"depth":2.2},"estimateMin":3000},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17635/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17635/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: valve water spout with head of a nubian \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 63 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, new york, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman valve water spouts were an integral component of the highly advanced water management systems that characterized the roman empire. these spouts, often made from bronze or lead, allowed for controlled water flow in a variety of public and private structures, including baths, fountains, and private homes. the valve mechanism was simple yet effective, usually consisting of a plug or lever that could be adjusted to regulate water pressure or fully stop the flow. the practicality of these spouts underscored the romans' understanding of hydraulic engineering, as they were able to create and control water flow through aqueducts, cisterns, and pipes, providing cities with a stable water supply. this innovation was essential to sustaining urban populations and supporting the extensive bathing culture for which rome became famous. \n \n the design of roman valve water spouts also reflected a balance of functionality and aesthetics. many valve spouts were adorned with intricate designs, such as animal heads, mythological figures, or geometric patterns, making them decorative elements as well as practical tools. for instance, a lion\u2019s head was a popular motif, symbolizing strength and vitality and adding an element of grandeur to public baths or fountains. some spouts featured carved deities like neptune, god of the sea, which would be especially fitting for water-related structures. these artistic touches turned functional components into decorative focal points, enhancing the ambiance of public spaces and private gardens. such embellishments exemplified the roman approach to engineering, where utility and beauty often went hand in hand."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"8","title":{"es":"roman valve water spout with head of a nubian"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17635/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.790Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17635,"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17636/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17636/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: military phalera depicting a standing horse \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 57 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman phalerae were decorative medallions awarded to soldiers for acts of bravery, achievements, or distinguished service, functioning as symbols of honor and status within the military. made of materials like bronze, silver, or gold, these medallions were worn on the chest as part of a soldier\u2019s ceremonial attire and were often circular, featuring intricate designs, mythological figures, or symbolic motifs. phalerae originated from military traditions that valued visible markers of valor, with roman soldiers displaying them during parades or public gatherings as emblems of personal and unit pride. these awards not only recognized individual acts of courage but also reinforced loyalty to the empire and its values of discipline and strength. \n \n the designs on roman phalerae were both artistic and symbolic, typically featuring figures from mythology, deities, or representations of animals, each carrying specific meanings related to power, protection, or courage. for example, common motifs included representations of hercules, symbolizing strength, or mars, the god of war, to evoke martial prowess. these detailed engravings demonstrated the skill of roman metalworkers and imbued the phalerae with layers of meaning, making each piece unique to the recipient. while primarily worn by soldiers, phalerae were also found in some civilian contexts, where they were given as honorary awards or worn by prominent individuals who wished to convey power and prestige. these medallions thus served as a visual language of honor, connecting military virtues with divine approval and reinforcing the soldier\u2019s elite status within society."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"9","title":{"es":"roman military phalera depicting a standing horse"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17636/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.792Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,000 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17636,"estimateMin":1000},{"startPrice":160,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17637/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17637/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17637/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17637/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17637/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17637/006/006.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: squat lekythos with palmette \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th \u2013 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 91 mm x 42 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980s \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 11.46019 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n lekythoi are a specific type of oil flask used in ancient greece, particularly during the archaic and classical periods, spanning from the 7th to the 4th century bce. their design was intended for holding perfumed oil or ointments used in funerary and beauty rituals. \n \n greek lekythoi were often adorned with artistic scenes, such as human, mythological, or geometric figures, which were frequently related to the funerary theme. many of them were used as offerings in tombs or commemorative monuments, and their presence in burials provides valuable insights into the cultural beliefs and practices of ancient greece concerning death and the veneration of the deceased. \n \n these objects are highly regarded by archaeologists and art historians due to their connection to religion, mythology, and the everyday life of ancient greece. lekythoi serve as a window into the culture and beliefs of this civilization, and their archaeological study and artistic analysis contribute to a deeper understanding of ancient greek society."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"10","title":{"es":"greek squat lekythos with palmette"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17637/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":160,"soldPrice":170,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:26.793Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17637,"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17638/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17638/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17638/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman rings were not only decorative items but also symbols of social status, personal identity, and practical utility within roman society. made from materials ranging from simple iron and bronze to more luxurious silver and gold, rings were worn by men and women alike and often carried significant meaning for the wearer. wealthy individuals favored rings made of precious metals or adorned with gemstones like garnet, amethyst, and carnelian, which showcased their status and taste. certain rings were inscribed with symbols, personal mottos, or images of gods, providing spiritual protection or conveying a personal connection to the divine. for roman soldiers and officials, rings also served as indicators of rank and allegiance, reflecting rome\u2019s social hierarchies and values. \n \n some roman rings had a practical purpose as well, functioning as signet rings, which were used to imprint wax seals on official documents or private correspondence. these rings, typically engraved with unique designs, family crests, or initials, allowed the wearer to secure and authenticate messages. this practice was crucial for roman officials, merchants, and anyone involved in legal or administrative tasks. the signet ring thus became a powerful tool that symbolized authority and personal integrity, as it was an extension of the wearer\u2019s identity and their word. archaeological discoveries of signet rings, sometimes still bearing traces of wax, illustrate their everyday utility and the roman emphasis on personal security and record-keeping."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"11","title":{"es":"roman ring"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17638/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.081Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17638,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":440,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17639/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17639/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17639/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ostracon with greek text \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: ptolemaic period, 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 82 mm x 95 mm 6 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swedish private collection, john ingels (1925 - 2016), john ingels worked as a painter, curator, filmmaker and tour guide with heart and soul in his home region of leksand. he eventually became very popular and acquired archaeological artefacts during his stays in egypt and italy. he made the 1962 film \u2018egyptian monuments\u2019 with the important purpose of saving the temple of abu simbel. several of the objects from this auction were exhibited in local shops and installations in leksand during the 1970s and 1990s. some of the objects were acquired abroad in england, egypt and israel, among others, and were brought to sweden in the 1960s. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n egyptian ostraca were pieces of pottery shards or limestone flakes used as writing or drawing surfaces in ancient egypt, often serving as practical and affordable alternatives to papyrus. the term \"ostracon\" (plural: ostraca) originates from the greek word for \"potsherd, \" and these pieces were widely used in daily life for notes, drafts, or sketches. since ostraca were readily available, they became popular for informal or temporary writings, including accounts, personal letters, and even school exercises. this usage was common among scribes, who would practice their writing or create quick drafts before committing text to more valuable materials. the durability of pottery and stone has allowed many ostraca to survive through the centuries, providing unique insights into the everyday life of ancient egyptians. \n \n ostraca also played a significant role in egyptian art and storytelling, as many of them contain sketches, religious imagery, and even preliminary designs for tomb paintings or statues. artists often used ostraca to practice intricate figures or scenes, including depictions of gods, animals, or mythological events. some ostraca reveal humorous scenes or caricatures, suggesting that egyptian artists had a playful side as well. for instance, some ostraca display animals in human-like activities, such as mice acting as soldiers or cats interacting with geese, which may have served as comic relief or satire. these sketches showcase the skill and imagination of egyptian artists, while the variety of subjects reveals the broad scope of egyptian society's interests and beliefs."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"12","title":{"es":"egyptian ostracon with greek text"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17639/view","directSalePrice":440,"soldPrice":440,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T16:11:45.489Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17639,"dimensions":{"depth":0.6},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":340,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17640/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17640/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17640/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17640/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17640/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17640/006/006.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: kantharos \n \n material: pottery, bucchero-ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 113 mm x 154 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, acquired between 1960 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etruscan kantharos was a distinctive type of drinking cup that held both practical and symbolic significance in etruscan culture. characterized by its tall, narrow body and two high looped handles, the kantharos was typically made from ceramic, bronze, or, in rarer instances, precious metals. this vessel form, which was also common in greek pottery, was designed for drinking wine and was likely used in both everyday settings and formal banquets or ritual gatherings. the presence of kantharoi in etruscan tombs suggests that they were seen as essential items for the afterlife, perhaps due to their association with social rituals and feasting. often elaborately decorated with geometric patterns, mythological scenes, or figures from etruscan religion, these vessels reflected the etruscans' appreciation for artistic detail and skilled craftsmanship. \n \n in addition to their role in dining and socializing, kantharoi held symbolic associations with dionysus (bacchus in roman mythology), the god of wine, ecstasy, and fertility. in etruscan culture, which borrowed and adapted many elements from greek religious beliefs, the kantharos likely carried connotations of divine pleasure, transformation, and the connection between mortals and the gods. the etruscans viewed wine as a sacred drink with the power to transcend the everyday and bring participants closer to the divine realm. consequently, the kantharos became more than just a drinking vessel; it embodied the concept of wine as a bridge to spiritual experience. this symbolism can be seen in etruscan artwork, where figures are often shown holding or drinking from kantharoi in what appear to be ritualistic or celebratory contexts. \n \n kantharoi discovered in etruscan tombs and archaeological sites offer valuable insights into etruscan social customs, artistic techniques, and cultural exchanges with the greek world. many etruscan kantharoi display greek-inspired iconography, revealing the influence of greek artisanship and mythology on etruscan pottery."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"13","title":{"es":"etruscan kantharos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17640/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":340,"soldPrice":340,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.083Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17640,"dimensions":{"depth":10.5},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":480,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17641/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17641/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17641/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17641/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17641/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 23 mm x 22 mm, 5,1 gr. us 9.5 , uk t, f 21 \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, h.l., acquired before 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman rings crafted from special gold materials were symbols of wealth, power, and sometimes even political status, reflecting the significance that romans attached to jewelry as markers of identity and social prestige. the finest roman gold rings were often made from high-purity gold alloys sourced from imperial mines or imported from distant parts of the empire, where mineral wealth was abundant. roman goldsmiths employed various techniques to craft these rings, including casting, hammering, and engraving, and they sometimes incorporated gemstones such as garnet, emerald, or sapphire to add further value and beauty. gold rings, particularly those worn by members of the senatorial or equestrian classes, displayed intricate designs and high-quality materials that distinguished the wearer\u2019s elite status in roman society, where luxurious materials were a key way to visually communicate rank and influence. \n \n some gold rings in ancient rome served a practical purpose beyond decoration, functioning as signet rings or seals used to authenticate documents and letters. the face of these rings would be engraved with unique designs, often incorporating family crests, personal symbols, or initials that represented the individual or family. these rings were used to press an impression onto wax seals, ensuring the security and authenticity of important communications. signet rings made from special gold alloys signaled both the authority of the document and the high rank of the sender, making them highly prized among the roman elite. this dual purpose of beauty and functionality allowed these rings to become personal emblems of trustworthiness, binding the individual\u2019s word with their seal."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"14","title":{"es":"roman ring"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17641/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":480,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.085Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":17641,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17642/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: aryballos depicting a horse head \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, corinthian \n \n period: 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 62 mm x 55 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swiss private collection, m. h. d., acquired between since 1919 \n parallel: staatliche antikensammlungen, munich, accession number inv. 7637 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek aryballos, particularly during the corinthian period, stands as a testament to the skill and artistry of ancient greek ceramic craftsmanship. an aryballos is a small, globular vessel designed for holding oil or perfumes, characterized by its narrow neck and rounded body. in the corinthian period, spanning from the 7th to the mid-6th century bce, corinth emerged as a prominent center for pottery production, and the aryballos became a popular form of artistic expression within this context. \n \n corinthian aryballoi are renowned for their distinctive black-figure technique, wherein the figures and decorative elements are painted in black slip against the natural red clay background. the scenes depicted on these vessels often revolve around mythological narratives, such as battles, athletic competitions, or religious rituals. the intricate details and fine craftsmanship of corinthian aryballoi reflect the technical mastery achieved by the potters of this era. \n \n in the broader context of ancient greek pottery, aryballoi served practical purposes, being used for storing and transporting oils for personal grooming or religious ceremonies. the vessels were often adorned with intricate patterns and intricate figural designs, showcasing the greek artisans\u2019 ability to seamlessly merge functionality with artistic expression."},"estimateMax":1300,"lotNumber":"15","title":{"es":"greek aryballos depicting a horse head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17642/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.087Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,200 - \u20ac1,300","currency":"EUR","id":17642,"dimensions":{"depth":5.5},"estimateMin":1200},{"startPrice":1600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/010/010.png","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17643/011/011.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: amphora with painted letters \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, apulian \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 590 mm x 300 mm (without stand) \n \n condition: good condition. includes stand and thermoluminescence test by qed laboratoire (reference qed2420/bg-0503) \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, d.d., acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek amphorae from the apulian region represent some of the finest examples of south italian pottery, reflecting the cultural fusion between greek settlers and the indigenous italic populations. during the 4th and 3rd centuries bce, apulia, located in the southeastern part of the italian peninsula, was a significant area of greek colonization, and the region became renowned for its distinctive ceramic production. the greek settlers in apulia, particularly in cities like taranto, influenced local pottery techniques, resulting in a vibrant tradition of painted amphorae that blended greek styles with local elements. these amphorae were large, usually two-handled storage vessels used for transporting goods such as wine, oil, and grain. the shape of the amphora was practical for trade, yet it was also a canvas for artistic expression. \n \n one of the key characteristics of apulian amphorae is their rich and intricate decoration, which typically includes detailed figural scenes drawn from greek mythology, daily life, and athletic competitions. the artwork on these vessels was often painted in a style known as the \"apulian red-figure, \" a technique that allowed for more detailed, realistic depictions compared to earlier black-figure pottery. the apulian style is particularly famous for its large, detailed scenes that often covered the entire surface of the amphora. these vessels typically depicted gods, heroes, and mythological creatures, with notable subjects including dionysian themes, such as the god dionysus in a procession or accompanied by satyrs and maenads. the intricate designs highlight the skill of local artisans and their adherence to classical greek artistic conventions while simultaneously incorporating regional influences. \n \n apulian amphorae are significant not only for their artistry but also for the insights they offer into the cultural and economic exchanges between the greek world and the indigenous italic peoples. the prevalence of these vessels in both funerary and domestic contexts suggests their importance in daily life and religious practices. in tombs, for example, amphorae were often used as grave offerings, reflecting the cultural significance of wine, oil, and other goods in burial rituals."},"estimateMax":2200,"lotNumber":"16","title":{"es":"greek amphora with painted letters and thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17643/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":1600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.089Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,000 - \u20ac2,200","currency":"EUR","id":17643,"dimensions":{"depth":30},"estimateMin":2000},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17644/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17644/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: key \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 110 mm x 45 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman keys were essential tools for securing locks on doors, chests, and personal items, reflecting the roman emphasis on security, privacy, and property ownership. made primarily from iron, bronze, or sometimes brass, roman keys varied in design, but they generally consisted of a long shaft with a curved or looped head that engaged with the lock mechanism. the keys were often large and heavy, particularly those used for doors or storage chests, and they were frequently carried as symbols of authority, wealth, and access. roman keys were also integral to the organization of private and public spaces, from households to temples, demonstrating how the romans valued controlled access to both physical property and private life. \n \n the design of roman keys was functional yet varied, with some keys featuring intricate, ornate designs, while others were more utilitarian. large, ornate keys were often used by the wealthy or in the context of important state or religious buildings, while smaller, simpler keys were used by ordinary citizens. the variation in size and decoration of roman keys reflects the different types of locks they were designed for, from the elaborate locking mechanisms used in villas and public buildings to simpler locks for personal use. many roman keys found in archaeological excavations bear decorative elements such as animal heads, religious symbols, or family crests, which were sometimes engraved into the head of the key, showcasing the owner\u2019s identity, status, or affiliations. \n \n in addition to their practical and decorative purposes, roman keys have an important symbolic role in roman culture. they were sometimes depicted in art, especially in funerary contexts, to signify ownership, protection, and the safeguarding of personal or family treasures."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"17","title":{"es":"roman key"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17644/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.090Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17644,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17645/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17645/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug in the form of a head \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 128 mm x 53 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman jugs in the form of heads, often referred to as \"head-shaped jugs, \" are unique and striking examples of roman pottery that blend functionality with artistic expression. these jugs, typically made of terracotta or ceramic, feature the form of a human or animal head as the vessel's main body, with the spout often emerging from the mouth or other part of the face. the heads represented in these jugs were often modeled after gods, mythological figures, or even real individuals, and they are notable for their level of detail and craftsmanship. the use of head-shaped jugs likely had both practical and symbolic purposes, as they were used in everyday life for storing liquids such as wine, water, or oil, while also serving as decorative and culturally significant objects. \n \n the human heads on these jugs often depicted a range of figures from roman society and mythology. common representations included gods like bacchus (dionysus), the god of wine, who was often depicted in a jovial or celebratory manner, reflecting the association between wine and divine favor. other jugs might feature stylized depictions of women, military leaders, or mythological creatures like satyrs or pan. these human or semi-human features imbued the vessel with more than just practical use; the jugs served as a visual connection to the gods, divine protection, or status. the connection between the head and the content of the jug was significant, as it symbolized the connection between life, nourishment, and the divine realm, making these items both functional and symbolic."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"18","title":{"es":"roman jug in the form of a head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17645/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.092Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17645,"dimensions":{"depth":5.3},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17646/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17646/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: beaker with 'bibe', type 'trierer spruchbecher' \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 67 mm x 90 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, ernst graumann, acquired before 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n \"trierer spruchbecher\" or \"trierer motto beakers, \" which were produced primarily in the region around trier, a significant roman city in germania during the late roman empire. these beakers, often made of glass or sometimes ceramics, are known for their inscriptions that carry short, often witty, and sometimes humorous messages. the word \"bibe\" itself is latin for \"drink, \" and these beakers were typically designed to be used in social contexts such as banquets or gatherings. the inscription served both as an encouragement to partake in the drinking ritual and as a reminder of the convivial nature of these events. \n \n the \"trierer spruchbecher\" typically featured inscriptions that were either humorous or meant to invoke a sense of social camaraderie. while the term \"bibe\" literally means \"drink, \" the inscription could be part of a larger phrase or motto urging the drinker to enjoy the moment, often with a hint of lightheartedness or joviality. these beakers were likely used in private homes, at feasts, or in other social settings where wine and other beverages were shared. the practice of inscribing drinking vessels with such mottos reflected the roman love of wine culture and the social importance of drinking in communal settings, where participation in the act of drinking was both a physical and symbolic gesture of solidarity and enjoyment."},"estimateMax":1100,"lotNumber":"19","title":{"es":"roman beaker with 'bibe', type 'trierer spruchbecher'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17646/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.094Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,100","currency":"EUR","id":17646,"dimensions":{"depth":9},"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17647/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17647/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: unguentarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 150 mm x 70 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex coll. ernst ulrich walter, museum of orientalists, leutwitz (saxony). ex. museum für morgenlandfahrer, inv. sw2397 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman unguentarium was a small, often elegantly designed vessel used to hold and dispense perfumes, oils, or other scented substances, which were an essential part of daily life and personal grooming in the roman world. typically made from glass, clay, or sometimes metal, unguentaria were favored for their small size, ease of use, and portability. they were commonly found in roman homes, bathhouses, and even in tombs, suggesting that they played a significant role in roman social practices and burial rituals. these vessels were often used to store precious oils or perfumes, which were applied for both hygienic and cosmetic purposes, as well as for religious and ritualistic uses. \n \n the design of the unguentarium was typically simple yet functional, with a narrow neck and a small spout or nozzle that allowed for the controlled dispensing of the contents. some unguentaria featured handles, which made them easier to carry and handle, while others were crafted with elegant decorations or patterns, showcasing the skill of roman glassmakers or potters. the most iconic form of unguentarium is the narrow-necked, flask-like bottle that resembles modern perfume bottles. many unguentaria were decorated with geometric patterns, scenes from mythology, or even simple, elegant shapes, often reflecting the aesthetic tastes of roman society. they were often small enough to be carried around, making them useful for personal use, especially in the context of public baths or social gatherings. \n \n unguentaria were not only used for personal grooming, but they also had a significant presence in funerary practices. archaeological discoveries of unguentaria in roman tombs suggest that they were included as grave goods, reflecting the belief in the continued importance of personal care and appearance in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"20","title":{"es":"roman unguentarium, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17647/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.096Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17647,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17648/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17648/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sole of a shoe with hobnail holes \n \n material: leather \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 217 mm x 69 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex. private collection maastricht, the netherlands. bought in 1995. ex. private collection mainz, germany. collected before the 1970\u2019s. \n \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 1856,0701.7247, 1856,0701.1045, 1856,0701.7235 and 1856,0701.7237 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the soles from the roman period represents a common feature of roman military and civilian footwear, particularly the caligae, the heavy-duty sandals worn by roman soldiers. hobnails were small metal studs or nails inserted into the soles of shoes to provide extra durability, traction, and protection, especially for those who frequently marched on rough terrain. the soles of roman shoes were typically made from thick layers of leather, into which these nails were driven, creating a robust and long-lasting sole. hobnails not only prevented excessive wear but also improved grip, making them essential for soldiers who had to navigate diverse landscapes during campaigns. \n \n in terms of construction, the hobnails were inserted from the inside of the shoe, with their heads secured within the leather to prevent discomfort for the wearer. the nails\u2019 pointed ends protruded through the outer surface of the sole, forming a grid-like pattern. these shoes, with their studded soles, became iconic of the roman military and are often depicted in roman art and statues. civilians, too, used hobnailed shoes, particularly those who worked in agriculture or traveled long distances, where the enhanced durability was essential for daily life. excavations at military camps and roman settlements frequently uncover these soles, with the distinctive pattern of hobnail holes still visible. \n \n hobnail shoes not only had a practical function but also carried symbolic and tactical significance in the roman period. for soldiers, the sound of hobnailed boots\u2014often described as a clattering or stomping noise\u2014became a symbol of roman military presence and power. the sound alone could instill fear in enemies. additionally, the tough soles protected soldiers\u2019 feet during long marches, allowing the roman legions to cover vast distances more effectively. archaeological finds of these shoes, particularly at battlefields and military forts, provide valuable insights into roman military life, showing how practical innovations like hobnail soles contributed to the strength and mobility of rome\u2019s armies."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"21","title":{"es":"roman sole of a shoe with hobnail holes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17648/view","tags":["esfashion_shoes","esfashion_all","esfashion"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.043Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17648,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":260,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17649/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17649/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17649/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17649/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17649/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: seal with ptah, anubis and vulture \n \n material: stone \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: middle kingdom, 2040 \u2013 1782 b.c \n \n dimensions: 39 mm x 45 mm x 32 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n lahun, ptah, and anubis are three significant figures from ancient egyptian civilization, each with its unique role and importance. \n \n lahun (or senusret ii's pyramid at lahun): lahun is an archaeological site in egypt known for its historical significance, most notably for senusret ii's pyramid complex built during the middle kingdom period. this pyramid served as the final resting place for the pharaoh and included a mortuary temple and a causeway. the site provides valuable insights into the architectural and funerary practices of the time, showcasing the egyptians' mastery in constructing grand burial monuments. \n \n ptah: ptah is an important deity in egyptian mythology, revered as the creator god of memphis. he was associated with craftsmanship, creation, and the arts. ptah was often depicted as a mummified figure holding a staff, symbolizing his creative powers. he was a significant patron deity for artisans and craftsmen in ancient egypt and was believed to have played a vital role in shaping the world. \n \n anubis: anubis is one of the most recognizable figures in egyptian mythology, often depicted as a jackal-headed god. he was the god of mummification and the afterlife, guiding souls to the realm of the dead. anubis played a crucial role in the funeral rites and judgment of the deceased, overseeing the weighing of the heart against the feather of ma'at to determine one's fate in the afterlife. his presence in egyptian funerary practices highlights the cultural significance placed on proper burial and the belief in an afterlife. \n \n these three elements - the archaeological site of lahun, the deity ptah, and the god anubis - offer a glimpse into the multifaceted nature of ancient egyptian civilization, spanning both the earthly realm and the spiritual world."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"22","title":{"es":"egyptian seal with ptah, anubis and vulture, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17649/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":260,"soldPrice":260,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.046Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17649,"dimensions":{"depth":3.2},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17650/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17650/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bull head applique \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 41 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman bull head applique is a distinctive decorative element commonly found in roman art and architecture, particularly in the context of applied ornamentation. made from materials such as bronze, silver, or terracotta, these appliques were used to embellish a variety of objects, including furniture, jewelry, weapons, and even larger architectural features like doors or chariots. the bull, a symbol of strength, virility, and fertility, was a common motif in roman iconography, often associated with agricultural prosperity and the roman god jupiter. the depiction of the bull in these appliques may have served both aesthetic and symbolic functions, representing the power and wealth of the owner or the protective qualities of the bull in roman beliefs. \n \n the design of the bull head appliques typically emphasized the animal\u2019s strong and imposing features, with detailed representations of the horns, eyes, and muzzle. in some cases, the appliques were highly stylized, while in others, they were more naturalistic, showcasing the skill of roman artisans in capturing the essence of the animal. these decorative pieces were not merely ornamental; they often carried deeper meanings and were intended to evoke the qualities associated with the bull. for example, in the context of military or political leadership, a bull head applique might symbolize courage, leadership, or the strength of the roman military, all qualities that were highly valued in roman society. the bull, as a symbol of jupiter\u2019s power, also had a religious and protective aspect, and the presence of bull head appliques could be interpreted as a form of divine endorsement or protection. \n \n roman bull head appliques have been discovered in a wide range of archaeological contexts, including residential homes, public buildings, and military sites, as well as in burial contexts. in some cases, they were used as personal adornments, attached to jewelry or clothing to signify status or religious affiliation."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"23","title":{"es":"roman bull head applique"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17650/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.047Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17650,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17651/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17651/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask in the form of a bust of a nubian \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman, egypt \n \n period: 2nd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 105 mm x 58 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 1990,0601.1. british museum collection, accession number 1869,0527.1 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n these flasks were typically small, functional vessels designed to hold liquids such as perfume, oil, or wine, but their elaborate shapes transformed them into striking works of art. commonly made from terracotta or glass, these flasks often featured the human head or bust of a deity, emperor, or mythological figure as the central motif. the anthropomorphic designs not only enhanced the visual appeal of the flasks but also imbued them with symbolic meanings, often invoking divine protection, status, or personal identity. \n \n the flasks in the form of heads or busts often depicted gods and goddesses from the roman pantheon, such as bacchus, the god of wine, or diana, the goddess of the hunt. these vessels would have been used by elite romans in social and religious contexts, with the busts symbolizing the divine or protective power associated with these figures. in some cases, the flasks were modeled after famous emperors or historical figures, emphasizing the connection between the owner and imperial power or authority. such flasks might have been used in personal rituals, at banquets, or even as part of funerary practices, where their association with important figures or deities would serve to protect or honor the deceased."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"24","title":{"es":"roman flask in the form of a bust of a nubian"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17651/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esdecorativearts_all","esart_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.049Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17651,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17652/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17652/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17652/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17652/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 21 mm x 118 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"25","title":{"es":"chinese plate, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17652/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:30.405Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17652,"dimensions":{"depth":11.8},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17653/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17653/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17653/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17653/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17653/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pyxis with lid \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 2nd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 82 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n in ancient greek culture, a pyxis with a lid was a small cylindrical container used primarily by women to store cosmetics, jewelry, perfumes, or other valuable personal items. these vessels were typically made from various materials such as clay, metal, or even precious materials like ivory or gold, depending on the owner's wealth and social status. the term \"\"pyxis\"\" derives from the greek word for box or receptacle, emphasizing its function as a storage container. \n \n pyxides with lids were often decorated with intricate designs and motifs, showcasing the artistic skills of greek craftsmen. common decorative elements included scenes from mythology, geometric patterns, floral motifs, and figural representations. the lids of these containers were usually fitted with a knob or handle, facilitating easy opening and closure. some pyxides also featured inscriptions or dedications, providing insights into their use and significance in ancient greek society. \n \n beyond their practical function as containers for personal belongings, pyxides with lids also held symbolic importance in greek culture. as objects associated with femininity and the private sphere, they were often given as gifts during rites of passage such as weddings or coming-of-age ceremonies. the elaborate decorations adorning these vessels served not only to beautify them but also to convey messages about the owner's taste, status, and cultural identity."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"26","title":{"es":"greek pyxis with lid"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17653/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.050Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17653,"dimensions":{"depth":8.2},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":200,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17654/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17654/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17654/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: relief fragment \n \n material: marble \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 110 mm x 125 mm x 68 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex portuguese private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman reliefs are an essential aspect of roman art and architecture, known for their detailed and dynamic depictions of historical events, mythology, daily life, and portraits. these reliefs were commonly carved into marble, limestone, or other durable materials and adorned various structures such as altars, triumphal arches, sarcophagi, and public buildings. the use of relief sculpture allowed roman artists to create intricate narratives and convey complex messages, serving both decorative and propagandistic purposes. \n \n one of the most famous examples of roman reliefs is the frieze on the ara pacis, the altar of peace, dedicated in 9 bce to commemorate emperor augustus's return from his campaigns in gaul and hispania. the reliefs on the ara pacis depict a procession of the imperial family, priests, and senators, capturing a moment of civic and religious harmony. the high level of detail, naturalistic figures, and dynamic composition reflect the roman emphasis on realism and the importance of political propaganda. by illustrating augustus's achievements and the prosperity of his reign, the reliefs reinforced the emperor's legitimacy and the ideals of peace and stability. \n \n another significant example is the reliefs on the column of trajan, completed in 113 ce, which celebrate emperor trajan's victory in the dacian wars. the column's spiral relief narrates the entire campaign, from the army's departure to the final victory, with over 2,500 figures depicted in meticulous detail. these reliefs not only serve as a visual record of the military conquest but also emphasize the emperor's role as a strong and capable leader."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"27","title":{"es":"roman relief fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17654/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":200,"soldPrice":200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:30.406Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17654,"dimensions":{"depth":6.8},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":110,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17655/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17655/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17655/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17655/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17655/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17655/006/006.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring depicting a cornucopia \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic period \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 22 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek cornucopia, also known as the \"horn of plenty, \" is a symbol of abundance and nourishment, originating from ancient greek mythology. the cornucopia is typically depicted as a large, curved goat's horn overflowing with fruits, flowers, grains, and other bountiful produce, representing the prosperity and wealth of nature. according to myth, the cornucopia is associated with the nymph amalthea, who nourished the infant zeus with milk from her horn. in gratitude, zeus endowed the horn with the magical ability to provide an endless supply of food and drink, transforming it into a symbol of unending abundance. \n \n in greek art and culture, the cornucopia appears frequently in various contexts, symbolizing fertility, prosperity, and the blessings of the gods. it is commonly found in depictions of deities associated with agriculture, harvest, and abundance, such as demeter, the goddess of the harvest, and dionysus, the god of wine and festivity. the cornucopia also appears in representations of tyche, the goddess of fortune, emphasizing her role in bestowing prosperity and good fortune upon individuals and cities. in these artistic depictions, the cornucopia serves as a visual shorthand for the themes of wealth, nourishment, and divine favor. \n \n during the hellenistic period (c. 323-31 bce), the cornucopia became a prevalent motif in both public and private art, reflecting the era's emphasis on wealth and opulence. it was commonly featured in mosaics, frescoes, coins, and sculptures, often as part of decorative schemes in homes and public buildings. the cornucopia's symbolism extended beyond its agricultural roots to encompass general themes of wealth and abundance in various aspects of life."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"28","title":{"es":"greek ring depicting a cornucopia"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17655/view","tags":["esjewelry_costumejewelry","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":110,"soldPrice":110,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.052Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17655,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17656/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17656/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17656/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 180 mm x 195 mm (fragment) \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired from an american private collection between 1970s-1996 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"29","title":{"es":"egyptian textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17656/view","tags":["esart_decorative","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.053Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17656,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17657/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17657/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17657/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17657/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17657/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: simpulum \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 190 mm x 56 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman simpulum was a ritual vessel used primarily in religious ceremonies, especially those involving sacrifices. it is a type of ladle, typically made of bronze or silver, with a long handle and a shallow, wide bowl. the simpulum was used by priests to scoop liquids such as wine, water, or blood, which were then offered to the gods or used in purification rituals. the shape of the simpulum\u2014with its curved spout and extended handle\u2014was ideal for pouring or offering libations during various public and private religious rites. this tool was an essential part of the roman sacrificial process, highlighting the importance of precise and reverent ritual actions. \n \n the design of the simpulum evolved over time, with variations in size, material, and decoration. while early examples were often simple, later simpulum vessels became more ornate, reflecting the wealth and status of the individuals or temples that commissioned them. some examples feature intricate relief decorations, inscriptions, or images of gods and mythological figures, underscoring the symbolic and religious significance of these objects. the use of high-quality materials like silver or gilded bronze for simpulum vessels also points to their importance in roman ceremonial life, especially in public religious events and festivals. \n \n the simpulum had a continued presence in roman culture, not just as a ceremonial object, but also as a symbol of the connection between humans and the divine."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"30","title":{"es":"roman simpulum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17657/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_flatwareservingpieces","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.055Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17657,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17658/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17658/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: askos or flask in the form of pig, boar or sow \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: 3rd century b.c - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 50 mm x 103 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 1888,0601.661. british museum collection, accession number 1886,0401.1375 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the egyptian askos or flask was a type of small container used in the ancient world, primarily for holding liquids such as oil, perfumes, or water. these vessels typically had a distinctive shape, characterized by a rounded, bulbous body and a narrow neck, often with a handle attached to the neck or the side of the flask. made from materials like ceramic, glass, or sometimes metal, the askos was designed to be both practical and easily transportable, serving as an essential household or personal item. its use was widespread across different periods of ancient egypt, from the new kingdom to the greco-roman period, reflecting the evolution of egyptian pottery and craftsmanship. \n \n the decoration of egyptian askoi varied depending on the period and purpose of the vessel. early examples were often simple in design, with minimal decoration, while later flasks from the greco-roman period featured more elaborate motifs. these could include painted or engraved scenes, symbols of deities, or geometric patterns. many askoi were also produced with molded reliefs or incised inscriptions, sometimes referencing the gods or depicting daily life. the askos was not just a functional item but could also be symbolic, as liquids held in such vessels were often associated with purification rituals or offerings to the gods. for example, in religious contexts, askoi were used to carry sacred oils or perfumes that were poured during ceremonies, connecting them to the divine realm. \n \n in addition to their religious and ritual use, askoi were also used in daily life. they were likely carried by individuals for personal use or for trade, especially in contexts where small amounts of liquid needed to be transported or dispensed."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"31","title":{"es":"egyptian askos or flask in the form of a pig, boar or sow"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17658/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:23.057Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17658,"dimensions":{"depth":10.3},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17659/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17659/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17659/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17659/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, tek sing shipwreck \n \n period: 19th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 151 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex nagel auction, with oficial tek sing trasure labels. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the tek sing shipwreck, which occurred in february 1822, is one of the most significant maritime disasters in east asian history. the ship, a large chinese junk, was sailing from amoy (modern-day xiamen, china) to batavia (now jakarta, indonesia) when it struck a reef in the gaspar strait. the ship was carrying a cargo of over 350,000 porcelain items, silks, spices, and other goods, intended for the eastern and european markets. tragically, over 1,500 people\u2014most of them chinese immigrants\u2014drowned in the incident, with only 190 survivors. the wreck's immense loss of life has earned it the nickname \"the titanic of the east\"\u200b \n \n in 1999, the wreck of the tek sing was rediscovered by marine salvage expert michael hatcher. the site was located in the south china sea, near the islands of sumatra and java. the salvage operation uncovered an astonishing collection of porcelain artifacts, including fine blue and white porcelain from the dehua region of china. these items were carefully recovered and auctioned in germany, where they became significant pieces for collectors and scholars studying early 19th-century chinese export goods\u200b \n \n the discovery of the tek sing wreck provided invaluable insight into both maritime trade routes and chinese porcelain craftsmanship. the cargo from the ship serves as a vital historical reference, particularly for understanding the global trade of goods between china and the wider world during the early 1800s. unfortunately, the treasure of artifacts recovered from the wreck was dispersed, and the wreck site itself was destroyed during the salvage operations"},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"32","title":{"es":"chinese plate, tek sing shipwreck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17659/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.329Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17659,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17660/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17660/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17660/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17660/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm x 115 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"33","title":{"es":"chinese plate, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17660/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.331Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17660,"dimensions":{"depth":11.5},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17661/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17661/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17661/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17661/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17661/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with falcon, uraeus, men-sign (amun-re) \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: new kingdom, 1550 - 1070 b.c \n \n dimensions: 12 mm x 8 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the egyptians saw the egyptian scarab (scarabaeus sacer) as a symbol of renewal and rebirth. the beetle was associated closely with the sun god because scarabs roll large balls of dung in which to lay their eggs, a behavior that the egyptians thought resembled the progression of the sun through the sky from east to west. its young were hatched from this ball, and this event was seen as an act of spontaneous self-creation, giving the beetle an even stronger association with the sun god\u2019s creative force. the connection between the beetle and the sun was so close that the young sun god was thought to be reborn in the form of a winged scarab beetle every morning at sunrise. as this young sun god, known as khepri, rose in the sky, he brought light and life to the land. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"34","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab with falcon, uraeus, men-sign (amun-re)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17661/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.499Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17661,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17662/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17662/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17662/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17662/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17662/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: four-horned votive altar with a swastika painted on top \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman, judaea \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 124 mm x 90 mm x 86 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex shlomo moussaeiff collection, herzliyah, with israeli export licence number 57470 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the four-horned votive altar incense burner from the roman judaean period represents a fascinating blend of religious symbolism, craftsmanship, and cultural identity. these unique artifacts were commonly used in religious rituals and ceremonies within the ancient jewish community during the roman occupation of judaea, which lasted from the 1st century bc to the 1st century ad. the design of these incense burners typically features a square or rectangular base with four horn-like projections rising from each corner, hence the name \"four-horned.\" these horns likely held incense or aromatic substances, which were burned as offerings to the divine. \n \n the four-horned votive altar incense burners served a dual purpose in ancient judaean religious practices. firstly, they functioned as practical vessels for burning incense, a common ritual practice in jewish worship. incense was believed to purify the air and create a pleasing fragrance, symbolizing the prayers and petitions of the faithful rising to the heavens. secondly, these burners held symbolic significance within the broader religious context of judaism. the four horns may have been associated with concepts of strength, protection, or divine favor, evoking imagery from biblical passages that reference horns as symbols of power and authority. \n \n archaeological evidence suggests that four-horned votive altar incense burners were produced and used extensively throughout the roman judaean period, indicating their importance in religious life. many of these artifacts have been discovered in archaeological excavations of ancient jewish settlements, synagogues, and temple complexes, providing valuable insights into the religious beliefs and practices of the time."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"35","title":{"es":"roman four-horned votive altar with a swastika painted on top"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17662/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.503Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac900 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17662,"dimensions":{"depth":8.6},"estimateMin":900},{"startPrice":220,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17663/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17663/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17663/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17663/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting a lion, type bussière e ix 31 - atlante x a1 a \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: late roman, christian \n \n period: 5th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 50 mm x 70 mm x 115 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n christian oil lamps, primarily dating from the late roman period into the byzantine era, played a dual role in both practical illumination and religious symbolism. these lamps were often simple in design, reflecting the modest roots of early christianity. made typically of clay or metal, they had small, flat bodies with one or two nozzles where wicks could be inserted, and they were fueled by olive oil. as christianity spread throughout the roman empire, christian iconography began to appear on these lamps, with motifs like crosses, fish, doves, and other symbols representing faith and the promise of salvation. these lamps were used in christian households, places of worship, and even catacombs, where they provided light and carried symbolic meaning, illuminating spaces as well as representing spiritual enlightenment. \n \n the decoration of christian oil lamps varied widely depending on the time and region. early examples often used simpler motifs, but as christianity became more widely accepted, the symbols on these lamps grew more elaborate and distinctively christian. in the byzantine period, for instance, lamps might display scenes from biblical stories, the chi-rho (a symbol for christ), or other sacred imagery. archaeological finds of these lamps in churches and graves underscore their spiritual role, often being placed with the deceased as symbols of hope and eternal life. these lamps helped christians subtly express their faith, especially in the pre-constantinian period when they faced persecution. \n \n christian oil lamps also reflected the evolving role of religious art and worship in christian communities. beyond functional lighting, these lamps served as teaching tools for the illiterate, using symbols to communicate complex theological concepts."},"estimateMax":350,"lotNumber":"36","title":{"es":"late roman / christian oil lamp depicting a lion, type bussière e ix 31 - atlante x a1 a"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17663/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":220,"soldPrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.505Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac350","currency":"EUR","id":17663,"dimensions":{"depth":11.5},"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":440,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17664/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17664/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17664/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17664/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17664/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pilgrims badge / plaque with incised cross and inscription with original suspension chain \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: byzantine \n \n period: 5th - 8th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 95 mm x 80 mm (without chain), 140 mm x 80 mm (with chain) \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the pilgrims' badge, also known as a pilgrims' plaque, typically refers to a small, portable devotional object that was popular among pilgrims during the medieval period. these badges were often made of materials like lead alloy or pewter and were adorned with various religious symbols, including incised crosses and inscriptions. pilgrims would acquire these badges as souvenirs during their journeys to holy sites or shrines. the badges served both as tangible mementos of the pilgrimage experience and as symbols of religious devotion. the incised cross on the plaque likely held significant religious meaning, representing the pilgrim's commitment to their faith, while inscriptions could include prayers, names of saints, or details about the pilgrimage destination. \n \n these pilgrims' badges were an essential aspect of medieval christian pilgrimage culture, reflecting the widespread practice of journeying to sacred sites as an act of religious devotion. pilgrims would attach these badges to their clothing or belongings, displaying them proudly as a testament to their spiritual journey. the badges played a role in fostering a sense of community among pilgrims, as they could also serve as a form of identification among fellow travelers who shared similar religious pursuits."},"estimateMax":1000,"lotNumber":"37","title":{"es":"byzantine badge / plaque with incised cross and inscription"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17664/view","directSalePrice":440,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.388Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,000","currency":"EUR","id":17664,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17665/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17665/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17665/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 106 mm x 22 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman glass flasks, popular from the first century ce onward, showcase the ingenuity and skill of roman glassmakers. typically small and crafted from transparent or semi-transparent glass, these flasks were designed to hold precious liquids such as perfumes, oils, or medicines. their delicate yet durable construction made them prized items, not only functional but also symbols of sophistication and wealth. the shapes of these flasks varied widely\u2014some were simple and cylindrical, while others featured more complex, rounded, or tapered bodies. they were often sealed with a cork or cloth stopper to protect the valuable contents inside. \n \n the techniques used to create roman glass flasks evolved with advancements in glassblowing, a technique believed to have been developed in the eastern mediterranean around the first century bce. glassblowing allowed for the production of thin-walled vessels in a wide variety of shapes, significantly reducing the time and labor involved in glass production. as a result, glass items, including flasks, became more affordable and widespread throughout the roman empire. many flasks also incorporated decorative techniques, such as trail decoration, where thin strands of glass were applied to the vessel's surface in swirling or linear patterns. colored glass and iridescent finishes, which often developed over time due to chemical reactions in burial environments, added to their appeal. \n \n roman glass flasks have been discovered across the empire, from the middle east to europe, indicating their popularity and the high demand for these versatile items."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"38","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17665/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.333Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17665,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17666/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17666/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17666/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: tondo / roundel with eros head \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 45 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n in roman culture, eros, also known as cupid, was a symbol of love, desire, and attraction. originally derived from the greek god of love, eros in the roman pantheon became associated with venus, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. representations of eros often depicted him as a youthful, playful figure with wings, carrying a bow and arrows, which he used to strike love into the hearts of gods and mortals alike. his mischievous and unpredictable nature made him a popular subject in roman art and literature, embodying the capricious and consuming power of love. in both public and private art, eros appeared frequently, sometimes in multiples, as symbols of love\u2019s universality. \n \n the image of eros was widely embraced in roman decorative art, from frescoes and mosaics to sculptures and jewelry. small statues of eros were common in roman households, placed as charms for love or to protect family happiness. eros was also commonly depicted in scenes of mythological or romantic themes, often shown interacting with venus or other figures related to love. his youthful, cherubic appearance became increasingly popular in the late roman empire, where eros was often portrayed as a chubby child\u2014this later evolved into the more familiar \"cupid\" of renaissance art. this form resonated with romans, who valued family, affection, and social connections, linking eros with the affectionate bonds in domestic life."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"39","title":{"es":"roman tondo / roundel with eros head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17666/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.335Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":17666,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17667/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17667/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17667/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17667/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17667/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: serving dish \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, diana cargo shipwreck \n \n period: 19th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 57 mm x 352 mm x 278 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex christie's, amsterdam, 1995 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the diana cargo shipwreck, uncovered in the straits of malacca, is a fascinating example of 19th-century maritime trade. this british-built vessel, operated by the swedish east india company, sank in 1817 while transporting a large shipment of chinese export porcelain and other trade goods from canton to india. the diana cargo, discovered and salvaged in 1994, provides unique insights into the trade dynamics of the time, showcasing the popularity of asian porcelain in european markets. salvaged items included around 25,000 pieces of porcelain, primarily in the iconic blue-and-white \"fitzhugh\" pattern, characterized by its floral and auspicious motifs, a popular style among european buyers\u200b \n \n the porcelain from the diana was meticulously crafted, with some of the finest pieces being chafing dishes and handled baskets painted in blue. items were typically made for the european market, and their design and quality reflected the high demand for chinese artistry. in addition to tableware, other artifacts found included personal items and opium pipes, reflecting the range of trade items in global circulation during this era. the recovery and sale of the cargo helped drive interest in shipwreck ceramics, and diana pieces are now prized collectibles due to their historical and aesthetic value\u200b \n \n this shipwreck is also significant for its historical narrative, demonstrating the perils of maritime navigation and the impact of trade routes in the 1800s. the diana had taken a dangerous course near the coast after resupplying, leading to its unfortunate fate on an unexpected reef. its rediscovery brought attention to the interconnectedness of european, chinese, and southeast asian economies, as well as the lasting appeal of chinese porcelain, which was a symbol of cultural and economic exchange. the story of the diana highlights the legacy of trade ships in shaping cultural tastes and global commerce"},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"40","title":{"es":"chinese serving dish, diana cargo shipwreck, ex christie's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17667/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.337Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17667,"dimensions":{"depth":27.8},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17668/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17668/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17668/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17668/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17668/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of infant bacchus \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 47 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in english auction house. ex english private collection, acquired in the late 1960s-early 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman depiction of bacchus as an infant highlights the god\u2019s dual nature as both a figure of fertility, growth, and indulgence. bacchus, known as dionysus in greek mythology, was the god of wine, revelry, and ecstasy, but his role as a symbol of natural fertility and rebirth is emphasized in images of him as a child. the portrayal of bacchus as an infant often emphasizes his connection to the cycles of nature, growth, and the harvest, reinforcing his association with the bountiful gifts of the earth, particularly wine. these images were common in roman art, appearing in sculptures, frescoes, and reliefs, often showing the baby bacchus in the care of nymphs, satyrs, or his adoptive father, silenus. \n \n in roman art, the infant bacchus is frequently depicted surrounded by symbols of abundance, such as grapevines, ivy, and animals like leopards, which were sacred to him. these representations often had a playful, carefree quality, celebrating the innocence of youth while also foreshadowing bacchus's later role as the god of ecstatic joy and uncontrolled revelry. the portrayal of bacchus as a child often invoked themes of growth and the passage from childhood to adulthood, mirroring the way the vine grows and matures before it produces wine. his imagery served as a reminder of the eternal cycle of birth, growth, decay, and renewal that governed not only the natural world but also human existence. \n \n the infant bacchus also carried significant religious and cultural meaning in roman society. as the god who brought the art of winemaking to humanity, his childlike form could symbolize the nurturing care required for cultivating vineyards, reflecting both agricultural labor and divine blessing. additionally, bacchus was closely linked to mystery cults, where his role as a symbol of rebirth and eternal life was central. devotees of bacchus, particularly in the bacchic mysteries, would celebrate him not just as the god of wine, but as a deity who represented life\u2019s transformations and the liberation of the soul. thus, the image of bacchus as an infant encapsulates both his nurturing, fertile aspect and his later association with spiritual release and celebration."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"41","title":{"es":"roman statuette of infant bacchus"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17668/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:22.993Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17668,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":260,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17669/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17669/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17669/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17669/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17669/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab as a commemorative of ramesses ii or prenomen of shoshenq iii \n \n material: black steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: new kingdom to third intermediate period, 1279 \u2013 664 b.c \n \n dimensions: 15 mm x 10 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n scarabs served as important commemorative artifacts during the reign of ramesses ii, often produced to celebrate significant events or achievements of the pharaoh. these scarabs typically featured inscriptions and iconography glorifying ramesses ii\u2019s military victories, monumental building projects, or religious devotion. for example, scarabs commemorating ramesses ii\u2019s victory at the battle of kadesh against the hittites in 1274 bce depicted scenes of the battle and praised the pharaoh\u2019s courage and prowess in overcoming his enemies. other scarabs celebrated ramesses ii\u2019s construction of massive temples and monuments, such as the great temple of abu simbel, portraying the pharaoh as a divine ruler favored by the gods. \n \n similarly, scarabs bearing the prenomen of shoshenq iii, a pharaoh of the 22nd dynasty who ruled egypt during the third intermediate period (circa 8th century bce), served as commemorative artifacts reflecting the political and religious climate of the time. shoshenq iii\u2019s prenomen, usermaatre setepenamun, emphasized his divine mandate to rule and his connection to the god amun, the chief deity of the egyptian pantheon. scarabs featuring shoshenq iii\u2019s prenomen often depicted the pharaoh in traditional regalia, wearing the double crown of upper and lower egypt, and offering homage to the gods, symbolizing his role as a pious ruler devoted to maintaining maat, the cosmic order. \n \n these commemorative scarabs played a vital role in promoting the legitimacy and authority of egyptian rulers, both domestically and abroad. they were distributed as gifts to loyal subjects, foreign allies, and members of the royal court, serving as tangible symbols of royal favor and patronage. additionally, scarabs bearing the names and titles of pharaohs like ramesses ii and shoshenq iii were buried with the deceased as part of funerary offerings, believed to provide protection and assistance in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"42","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab as a commemorative of ramesses ii"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17669/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":260,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.507Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17669,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":3450,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17670/010/010.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of a fat lady \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, tang dynasty \n \n period: 618 \u2013 907 a.d \n \n dimensions: 655 mm x 265 mm x 210 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by laboratory kotalla (reference 05b101123). includes certificate of authenticity from dutch gallery \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired from dutch art gallery \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n \n due to the fragility and size of this piece, it can only be shipped within the european union, united kingdom and neighbouring countries that can be transported by road by private courier (door to door) and costs 350 euros, 100 euros for spain. \n \n this beautifully-finished ceramic attendant was made during what many consider to be china\u2019s golden age, the tang dynasty. it was at this point that china\u2019s outstanding technological and aesthetic achievements opened to external influences, resulting in the introduction of numerous new forms of self-expression, coupled with internal innovation and considerable social freedom. the tang dynasty also saw the birth of the printed novel, significant musical and theatrical heritage and many of china\u2019s best- known painters and artists. \n \n the tang dynasty was created on the 18th of june, 618 ad, when the li family seized power from the last crumbling remnants of the preceding sui dynasty. this political and regal regime was long-lived, and lasted for almost 300 years. the imperial aspirations of the preceding periods and early tang leaders led to unprecedented wealth, resulting in considerable socioeconomic stability, the development of trade networks and vast urbanisation for china\u2019s exploding population (estimated at around 50 million people in the 8th century ad). the tang rulers took cues from earlier periods, maintaining many of their administrative structures and systems intact. even when dynastic and governmental institutions withdrew from management of the empire towards the end of the period \u2013 their authority undermined by localised rebellions and regional governors known as jiedushi \u2013the systems were so well- established that they continued to operate regardless. \n \n the artworks created during this era are among china\u2019s greatest cultural achievements. it was the greatest age for chinese poetry and painting, and sculpture also developed (although there was a notable decline in buddhist sculptures following repression of the faith by pro-taoism administrations later in the regime). it is disarming to note that the eventual decline of imperial power, followed by the official end of the dynasty on the 4th of june 907, hardly affected the great artistic turnover. \n \n during the tang dynasty, restrictions were placed on the number of objects that could be included in tombs, an amount determined by an individual\u2019s social rank. in spite of the limitations, a striking variety of tomb furnishings \u2013 known as mingqi \u2013 have been excavated. entire retinues of ceramic figures \u2013 representing warriors, animals, entertainers, musicians, guardians and every other necessary category of assistant \u2013 were buried with the dead in order to provide for the afterlife. warriors (lokapala) were put in place to defend the dead, while horses/ camels were provided for transport, and officials to run his estate in the hereafter. of all the various types of mingqi, however, there are none more elegant or charming than the sculptures of sophisticated female courtiers, known \u2013 rather unfairly \u2013 as \u201cfat ladies\u201d. these wonderfully expressionistic sculptures represent the idealised beauty of tang dynasty china, while also demonstrating sculptural mastery in exaggerating characteristics for effect, and for sheer elegance of execution. \n \n it is likely that the original purpose of the figure was that of a mingqi, terracotta figures designed to be included in a burial in order to accompany the deceased in the afterlife for protection, service and companionship. \n \n they included daily utensils, musical instruments, weapons, armor, and intimate objects such as the deceased\u2019s cap, can and bamboo mat. mingqi also could include figurines, spiritual representations rather than real people, of soldiers, servants, musicians, polo riders, houses, and horses. extensive use of mingqi during certain periods may either have been an attempt to preserve the image of ritual propriety by cutting costs, or it may have a new idea separating the realm of the dead from that of the living. \n \n though these were particularly popular during the tang dynasty (618-906 ad), mingqi from a broad range of historical periods have been found, with this piece acting as a particularly early example of the practice."},"estimateMax":5500,"lotNumber":"43","title":{"es":"chinese statuette of a fat lady"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17670/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esinternational","esinternational_all","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":3450,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:22.996Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac5,000 - \u20ac5,500","currency":"EUR","id":17670,"dimensions":{"depth":21},"estimateMin":5000},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17671/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17671/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17671/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17671/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: kyathos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: villanovan / early etruscan \n \n period: 8th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 75 mm x 103 mm x 117 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, acquired between 1960 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the villanovan kyathos is a type of vessel associated with the early iron age villanovan culture in italy, often considered the precursor to the etruscans. the kyathos is a ladle-like drinking or pouring vessel, typically characterized by a deep, rounded bowl and a single high handle. these vessels were crafted primarily from bronze or clay and often featured incised geometric patterns or simple decorations that were stylistically distinct from later etruscan and greek pottery. the function of the kyathos likely ranged from daily utility in communal drinking practices to ceremonial use, underscoring the villanovans' social customs and their early development of metalworking and pottery skills. \n \n villanovan kyathoi (plural for kyathos) reveal significant information about the culture's technological advancements and societal structures. early examples were often handmade and display the villanovans\u2019 proficiency in bronze-casting and clay firing. the vessel's form and decoration evolved over time, reflecting increasing contact with neighboring cultures. the designs often included geometric motifs, such as lines, triangles, and zigzags, which were likely symbolic or had aesthetic significance. these decorative elements highlight how villanovan artisans began to develop a unique artistic language that would later influence etruscan art and the broader italian peninsula's material culture. \n \n the discovery of villanovan kyathoi in burial contexts, particularly in elite graves, suggests their role in funerary practices. placing vessels like the kyathos in tombs likely symbolized the deceased's status or role in society, as well as beliefs about the afterlife and the continuation of feasting or drinking rituals. such artifacts also indicate the villanovan society\u2019s early connections to mediterranean trade networks, as they show similarities to contemporary vessels from other regions, such as greece."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"44","title":{"es":"villanovan / early etruscan kyathos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17671/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.509Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17671,"dimensions":{"depth":11.7},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17672/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17672/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17672/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 66 mm x 65 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek olpe is a type of pottery vessel used primarily for pouring liquids, such as wine or water, and is characterized by its distinctive shape. typically, an olpe has a tall, cylindrical body that tapers slightly towards the top, a high, narrow neck, and a trefoil mouth, which is designed with three spouts or lobes to facilitate controlled pouring. the vessel usually has a single handle attached vertically from the top of the neck to the body, allowing for easy handling. originating in the geometric period (c. 900-700 bce), the olpe became particularly popular during the archaic (c. 700-480 bce) and classical (c. 480-323 bce) periods of ancient greece. \n \n the decoration of olpai (plural for olpe) reflects the artistic styles and motifs prevalent in their respective periods. in the geometric period, olpai were often adorned with linear patterns, meanders, and geometric shapes. as greek pottery evolved, so did the decoration on these vessels. during the archaic period, black-figure technique became prominent, featuring silhouetted figures painted in black slip on the natural red clay background. scenes depicted on olpai from this period often included mythological narratives, daily life activities, and animal friezes. in the later classical period, the red-figure technique, where the background was painted black and the figures left in red, allowed for greater detail and realism in the depiction of human figures and complex scenes. \n \n the greek olpe was not only a functional object but also held social and ceremonial significance. in domestic settings, it was used during symposia, which were social gatherings where wine played a central role in fostering intellectual discussions and entertainment. the olpe\u2019s elegant shape and intricate decoration made it a suitable vessel for such occasions, symbolizing the host\u2019s wealth and cultural refinement. additionally, olpai were used in religious and funerary contexts, often as offerings to gods or as grave goods."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"45","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17672/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.511Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17672,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":50,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17673/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17673/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17673/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17673/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: phallic amulet \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 32 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in english auction house. ex english private collection, oxfordshire, acquired from alan cherry of bournemouth between 2003 - 2005 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman phallic amulets, known as fascina (plural of fascinum), were widespread symbols of protection, particularly against the evil eye, in roman culture. these small, often intricately carved amulets typically depicted the male genitalia and were considered potent talismans for warding off negative influences and harmful magic. the romans believed that the image of the phallus had the power to avert misfortune and bring good luck, due to its association with fertility, strength, and vitality. phallic amulets could be made from materials such as bronze, bone, or terracotta, and were worn as jewelry or placed in homes, businesses, and even public spaces like crossroads and gates to ensure protective benefits. \n \n these amulets were not limited to personal adornment but were also incorporated into broader social and religious contexts. in roman households, phallic symbols could be found on doorways or incorporated into the decor to protect the home from malevolent spirits. additionally, children, who were considered particularly vulnerable to harm, were often given phallic amulets to wear around their necks or as part of their clothing to shield them from danger. the presence of these symbols in everyday life reflects the deeply ingrained superstitious beliefs in ancient roman society, where the need for protection was a constant concern. \n \n beyond their apotropaic (warding-off) function, phallic amulets also reflected roman attitudes toward sexuality and masculinity. the open display of the phallus was not considered vulgar but rather a symbol of life, virility, and generative power. this frankness about sexual symbols stood in contrast to later cultural norms and reveals the roman perspective on sexuality as a natural and essential force."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"46","title":{"es":"roman phallic amulet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17673/view","directSalePrice":50,"soldPrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T16:31:47.161Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17673,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17674/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17674/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17674/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17674/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: lunula pendant \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 16 mm x 21 mm, 0,7 gr \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman lunula, named after its crescent or \"lunar\" shape, was a pendant or amulet worn primarily by women and young girls, symbolizing protection, femininity, and good fortune. made commonly from gold, silver, or bronze, these crescent-shaped ornaments were typically worn around the neck or wrist. the lunula served as both a fashionable accessory and a powerful protective charm, believed to harness the protective qualities of the moon and the goddess diana, the roman goddess of the moon and hunting. the design of the lunula was popular among roman women, particularly during the empire, reflecting both its aesthetic appeal and its associations with fertility, purity, and the feminine divine. \n \n the use of the lunula has origins in earlier italic and etruscan cultures, where similar crescent-shaped amulets were worn by both women and men. however, during the roman period, the lunula became more closely associated with female protection and youth. many girls wore these pendants to ward off the \"evil eye\" or other malevolent forces, and some sources suggest they were thought to safeguard against infertility or harm to young women. occasionally, these amulets were passed down through generations, which added to their sentimental and protective significance. the popularity of the lunula extended throughout the roman empire, with examples found in diverse regions, from britannia to north africa, underscoring its widespread cultural resonance. \n \n in addition to its protective role, the lunula had symbolic ties to roman religious and cultural beliefs surrounding the moon and femininity. the crescent shape mirrored lunar cycles, which were often associated with women\u2019s monthly cycles and fertility."},"estimateMax":260,"lotNumber":"47","title":{"es":"roman lunula pendant"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17674/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:22.998Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac260","currency":"EUR","id":17674,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17675/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17675/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17675/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17675/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17675/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: harpocrates pendant \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 45 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in english auction house. ex english private collection, acquired between 1965 - 1975. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n harpocrates pendants from the roman period represent a fascinating blend of egyptian and greco-roman religious symbolism. harpocrates, originally the greek version of the egyptian god horus, was depicted as a child and was associated with secrecy, silence, and protection. in roman times, this deity was often portrayed in amulets and pendants as a youthful figure, with his finger to his lips, symbolizing silence and mystery. these pendants were typically worn as protective charms, believed to ward off evil, especially the \"evil eye, \" and bring good fortune to the wearer. crafted from materials like gold, silver, bronze, and even faience, these pendants were popular not only for their religious significance but also for their aesthetic appeal. \n \n the image of harpocrates as a child with his finger to his lips was especially potent in roman culture, where it symbolized discretion and the power of hidden knowledge. the romans, who had incorporated many egyptian deities into their pantheon, embraced harpocrates as a symbol of silence and wisdom. his association with secrecy also tied into the mystery religions of the roman empire, such as the cult of isis, where harpocrates was seen as a protector of sacred mysteries. in these contexts, wearing a harpocrates pendant might have symbolized a personal connection to divine secrets or a role in one of the many secretive religious groups that flourished during the roman period. \n \n additionally, harpocrates pendants were often associated with fertility and new beginnings. as the youthful form of horus, the child god of the sun, harpocrates symbolized the dawning of new life and the potential for growth and regeneration. this made his image popular among those seeking protection for children or hoping to ensure fertility and safe childbirth. the popularity of harpocrates pendants across the roman empire highlights the cross-cultural exchange between egyptian, greek, and roman traditions, with the image of the god evolving to reflect roman values while retaining its roots in egyptian religion."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"48","title":{"es":"roman harpocrates pendant"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17675/view","directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.400Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17675,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17676/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17676/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: tondo depicting a satyr \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 61 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a roman tondo refers to a circular artwork or relief, often used for portraits, mythological scenes, or decorative motifs. the term tondo, derived from the italian word for \u201cround, \u201d describes these circular formats, which were popular in roman wall decorations, sculptures, and mosaics. the tondo form provided a unique aesthetic that framed subjects with a sense of intimacy, inviting the viewer into the scene in a manner distinct from traditional rectangular compositions. in roman architecture and interior design, tondi were often installed on walls or ceilings, either as freestanding pieces or embedded in frescoes, where they contributed to the overall decorative scheme of roman homes, temples, and public buildings. \n \n roman tondi served various purposes depending on their subject matter. portrait tondi frequently featured emperors, gods, or family members, with the circular shape emphasizing the face and expression of the subject, often in a heroic or divine context. these pieces served not only as personal art but also as political propaganda, particularly when depicting emperors or deities, as the round frame lent the subjects a celestial, eternal quality. other tondi might depict mythological scenes, capturing stories from roman and greek mythology in a way that highlighted key figures and moments. this focus on central figures within the tondo format made these works effective storytelling devices in roman visual culture. \n \n in funerary and architectural settings, tondi were used to create a sense of continuity and movement. in roman sarcophagi, for example, circular motifs framed individual figures or scenes, contributing to a rhythmic narrative flow."},"estimateMax":1000,"lotNumber":"49","title":{"es":"roman tondo / roundel depicting a satyr"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17676/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:23Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,000","currency":"EUR","id":17676,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17677/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17677/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 145 mm x 130 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, r.villinger-schmeller, bavaria, acquired before 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman jugs, known as urceus or ampullae depending on their style and purpose, were essential vessels in both daily life and ceremonial contexts throughout the roman empire. these jugs varied widely in form, size, and material, ranging from simple clay or terracotta jugs for household use to elaborate glass or bronze vessels used for special purposes. many roman jugs had narrow necks and handles that allowed for easy pouring, and some had spouts that directed liquid precisely, making them ideal for both kitchen and table use. the utilitarian versions of these vessels were often undecorated and mass-produced in local pottery workshops, while finer examples were decorated with motifs or painted in colorful glazes. \n \n in addition to their use in homes, jugs played a prominent role in religious and social rituals. in ceremonies, they were often used to pour libations, an offering of wine or oil to the gods, which held great spiritual significance in roman religious practices. many jugs found at excavation sites bear traces of wine or oil residues, which suggests their use in these ritual contexts. glass jugs, which became more popular as glassblowing technology spread in the first century bce, were particularly valued for their translucency and beauty. these glass vessels were sometimes engraved or blown into ornate shapes and used in wealthy households and temples, demonstrating the wealth and piety of their owners. \n \n the discovery of roman jugs across former roman territories, from britain to north africa, highlights their role as key items in roman trade networks."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"50","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17677/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.512Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17677,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":220,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17678/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17678/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17678/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17678/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17678/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: piriform aryballos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, proto-corinthian \n \n period: 7th \u2013 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 65 mm x 40 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swiss private collection, h. d., acquired between 1919 - 2019 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the aryballos (pl. aryballoi) has a small round or ovoid body and a narrow neck. the typically broad and flat lip prevents spillage. the use of the greek term aryballos for this particular shape is a modern convention. it may well have been used in antiquity, but we know that other names, such as lekythos, were also applied. \n \n aryballoi are common in corinthian ware, some being tiny and meticulously decorated. examples are less widespread in athenian, although the shape is depicted on vases or funerary stelai, either hanging up, often with a strigil or sponge in an athletic setting, or being used by the athletes themselves. \n \n in corinth and east greece, warrior\u2019s heads, animals, and other mould-made figures could serve as the body of aryballoi. athenian potters sustain the habit, and there are examples in the form of female heads, shells, even genitals."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"51","title":{"es":"greek piriform aryballos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17678/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":220,"soldPrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:31.055Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17678,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":220,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17679/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17679/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pot \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 183 mm x 223 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pots, essential to daily life in ancient rome, were crafted in various shapes, sizes, and materials for uses ranging from cooking to storage and serving. common pottery types included jars, cooking pots, storage amphorae, and tableware, with many vessels made from terracotta due to its affordability and versatility. everyday pots, often found in domestic contexts, were simple in design with minimal decoration, reflecting their utilitarian purpose. they were typically mass-produced in regional workshops, making pottery accessible to a wide demographic across the empire. different types of clay were used in specific regions, which often gave roman pots distinctive characteristics and finishes depending on their geographical origin. \n \n roman pottery, especially the fine red-slip tableware known as terra sigillata, was also an indicator of social status and aesthetic taste. this type of pottery featured smooth, glossy surfaces and sometimes intricate stamped designs or reliefs, showcasing scenes from mythology or daily life. terra sigillata was prized for its appearance and durability and became a symbol of roman influence as it was widely traded across the empire. the manufacture and trade of such fine wares underscore the sophistication of roman pottery production techniques, including wheel-throwing, kiln firing, and even early forms of assembly-line production to meet high demand. \n \n the discovery of roman pots in archaeological sites across europe, north africa, and the middle east provides insight into roman trade routes, daily customs, and economic organization."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"52","title":{"es":"huge roman pot"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17679/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:31.058Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17679,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17680/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17680/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, spatula \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 130 mm x 11 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"53","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, spatula"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17680/view","directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.404Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17680,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17681/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17681/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17681/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: key \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 60 mm x 32 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, dr. k.b., munich, since the 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman keys were essential tools for securing locks on doors, chests, and personal items, reflecting the roman emphasis on security, privacy, and property ownership. made primarily from iron, bronze, or sometimes brass, roman keys varied in design, but they generally consisted of a long shaft with a curved or looped head that engaged with the lock mechanism. the keys were often large and heavy, particularly those used for doors or storage chests, and they were frequently carried as symbols of authority, wealth, and access. roman keys were also integral to the organization of private and public spaces, from households to temples, demonstrating how the romans valued controlled access to both physical property and private life. \n \n the design of roman keys was functional yet varied, with some keys featuring intricate, ornate designs, while others were more utilitarian. large, ornate keys were often used by the wealthy or in the context of important state or religious buildings, while smaller, simpler keys were used by ordinary citizens. the variation in size and decoration of roman keys reflects the different types of locks they were designed for, from the elaborate locking mechanisms used in villas and public buildings to simpler locks for personal use. many roman keys found in archaeological excavations bear decorative elements such as animal heads, religious symbols, or family crests, which were sometimes engraved into the head of the key, showcasing the owner\u2019s identity, status, or affiliations. \n \n in addition to their practical and decorative purposes, roman keys have an important symbolic role in roman culture. they were sometimes depicted in art, especially in funerary contexts, to signify ownership, protection, and the safeguarding of personal or family treasures."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"54","title":{"es":"roman key"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17681/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:31.060Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17681,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":460,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17682/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17682/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17682/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17682/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17682/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17682/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: figurine of a little eros riding on a dolphin, holding a lyre with remains of polychromy \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 145 mm x 140 mm x 65 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the depiction of eros riding on a dolphin while holding a lyre is a classical motif from ancient greek art that symbolizes the association of love, music, and the sea. eros, the greek god of love and desire, is often portrayed in various forms, and the image of him riding a dolphin is a representation of his playful and mischievous nature. the dolphin, a creature associated with the sea, was considered sacred to the goddess aphrodite, who is closely linked to eros in greek mythology. this imagery not only emphasizes eros's connection to the watery realms but also underscores the harmonious and poetic aspects of love. \n \n the inclusion of the lyre in eros's hands adds another layer of meaning to the composition. the lyre, a stringed musical instrument, was associated with apollo, the god of music and arts. the combination of eros with the lyre suggests a fusion of love and artistic expression, highlighting the transformative and inspiring power of love in the realm of creativity. this motif can be found in various forms of greek art, including sculptures, pottery, and frescoes, reflecting the cultural significance of these themes in the classical period and their enduring influence on western artistic traditions."},"estimateMax":1100,"lotNumber":"55","title":{"es":"greek statuette of eros riding on a dolphin"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17682/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":460,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.566Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,100","currency":"EUR","id":17682,"dimensions":{"depth":6.5},"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17683/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17683/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17683/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17683/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17683/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: figurine of idol \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: indus valley \n \n period: 3000 - 2000 b.c \n \n dimensions: 165 mm x 80 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the indus valley civilization was rediscovered in 1920-21 when engraved seals were unearthed in the punjab province of pakistan at a site called harappa, a name which is often used to describe the civilization as a whole. subsequent excavations at harappa revealed the size and complexity of this ancient city. other sites were unearthed as well along the banks of the indus river, including the equally large city of mohenjodaro. through archaeological and historical research, we can now say for certain that a highly developed urban civilization flourished in the indian subcontinent over five thousand years ago. though the indus valley script remains undeciphered, the numerous seals, statuary, and pottery discovered during excavations, not to mention the urban ruins, have enabled scholars to construct a reasonably plausible account of the indus valley civilization. \n \n some kind of centralized state, and certainly fairly extensive town planning, is suggested by the layout of the great cities of harappa and mohenjodaro. the same kind of burnt brick appears to have been used in the construction of buildings in cities that were several hundred miles apart. the weights and measures also show a very considerable regularity, suggesting that these disparate cities spread out across a vast desert shared a common culture. the indus valley people domesticated animals, and harvested various crops, such as cotton, sesame, peas, barley, and cotton. indus valley seals have been excavated in far away cities such as sumer, suggesting that a wealthy merchant class existed, engaged in extensive trading throughout the subcontinent and the near east. \n \n other than the archaeological ruins of harappa and mohenjodaro, these seals provide the most detailed clues about the character of the indus valley people. bulls and elephants appear on these seals, but the horned bull, most scholars agree, should not be taken to be congruent with nandi, for the horned bull appears in numerous central asian figures as well. the women portrayed on the seals are shown with elaborate coiffures, sporting heavy jewelry, suggesting that the indus valley people were an urbane people with cultivated tastes and a refined aesthetic sensibility. a few thousand seals have been discovered in indus valley cities, showing some 400 pictographs: too few in number for the language to have been ideographic, and too many for the language to have been phonetic."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"56","title":{"es":"indus valley figurine of idol"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17683/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esinternational_southasian","esart","esinternational","esinternational_all","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.568Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":17683,"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":180,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17684/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17684/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: wagon applique in shape of eagle and duck head \n \n material: brnze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 65 mm x 48 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a roman wagon applique shaped like an eagle or duck head served as an ornamental piece, typically attached to ceremonial or military vehicles. these appliques were often crafted in bronze and designed to convey power, protection, and prestige. the eagle, in particular, held significant symbolism in roman culture, representing jupiter, the king of the gods, and becoming a symbol of the roman empire itself. thus, an eagle-shaped applique would signal strength, dominance, and divine favor. meanwhile, a duck head shape could represent themes related to water, fertility, or pastoral life, as ducks and other animals had their own symbolic value within roman mythology and art. \n \n the detail and craftsmanship of such appliques reveal the roman commitment to artistry and symbolism in even practical items like wagons and chariots. these items were likely attached to vehicles used in parades, religious ceremonies, or military contexts, allowing the display of roman iconography in public spaces. the combination of both an eagle and duck head might reflect dual themes, such as the unification of military prowess (eagle) with peaceful or prosperous associations (duck), creating a dynamic piece that embodied multiple aspects of roman ideology. the use of bronze also suggests durability and the intention to convey wealth and power, as bronze was both visually impressive and resistant to wear. \n \n artifacts like these appliques provide insight into roman decorative arts and the importance of symbolic expression in everyday objects."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"57","title":{"es":"roman wagon applique in shape of eagle and duck head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17684/view","directSalePrice":180,"soldPrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T16:38:46.414Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17684,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17685/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17685/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: brazier fragment with odysseus mask \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 122 mm x 203 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection. maurice fallies (1883-1965) and thence by family descent. fallies was an artist active in the early to mid 20th century and known mostly for his paintings of paris street scenes. \n \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 1868,0405.127 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n odysseus, the legendary hero of homer\u2019s odyssey, endured as a central figure in greek culture long beyond the classical period, especially within the hellenistic world, which saw a revitalized interest in mythological heroes. in this period, roughly from the 4th to the 1st centuries bce, odysseus' character took on new dimensions that aligned with the hellenistic values of intellect, adventure, and resilience. artists, poets, and historians explored his tales with renewed perspective, often portraying him as a clever strategist rather than a mere warrior. this portrayal reflected a broader hellenistic admiration for wisdom and cleverness, qualities associated with odysseus\u2019 ability to navigate diverse cultural encounters, tricky political landscapes, and, famously, to outwit monstrous challenges. \n \n the hellenistic period saw a flourishing of art and literature, where odysseus appeared frequently in sculptural and literary works. sculptors often depicted him in thoughtful or pensive poses, reinforcing his reputation as the \u201cman of twists and turns.\u201d this contrasted with earlier depictions, which often focused on heroic postures or scenes of battle. the hellenistic reinterpretation of odysseus spoke to the complexities of the human experience, as well as the nuanced understanding of heroism. he was no longer portrayed merely as a victorious warrior but rather as a figure of endurance and intelligence. this perspective is also seen in the expanded literature of the time, where poets and playwrights would highlight his psychological depth, his inner struggles, and his resilience in the face of the gods\u2019 manipulation. \n \n the legacy of odysseus in hellenistic culture underscored the shift from the communal, martial values of earlier greek society to the more personal, intellectual pursuits characteristic of the hellenistic ethos. this was also a time of intense cultural exchange, and odysseus, often seen as a \"wanderer, \" was a fitting emblem for a world increasingly interconnected by trade, politics, and philosophical exchange. his stories became a means of examining cultural identity and the nature of human resilience."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"58","title":{"es":"greek brazier fragment with odysseus mask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17685/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:31.061Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17685,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17686/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17686/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: military phalera depicting a head \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 65 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1960 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman phalerae were decorative medallions awarded to soldiers for acts of bravery, achievements, or distinguished service, functioning as symbols of honor and status within the military. made of materials like bronze, silver, or gold, these medallions were worn on the chest as part of a soldier\u2019s ceremonial attire and were often circular, featuring intricate designs, mythological figures, or symbolic motifs. phalerae originated from military traditions that valued visible markers of valor, with roman soldiers displaying them during parades or public gatherings as emblems of personal and unit pride. these awards not only recognized individual acts of courage but also reinforced loyalty to the empire and its values of discipline and strength. \n \n the designs on roman phalerae were both artistic and symbolic, typically featuring figures from mythology, deities, or representations of animals, each carrying specific meanings related to power, protection, or courage. for example, common motifs included representations of hercules, symbolizing strength, or mars, the god of war, to evoke martial prowess. these detailed engravings demonstrated the skill of roman metalworkers and imbued the phalerae with layers of meaning, making each piece unique to the recipient. while primarily worn by soldiers, phalerae were also found in some civilian contexts, where they were given as honorary awards or worn by prominent individuals who wished to convey power and prestige. these medallions thus served as a visual language of honor, connecting military virtues with divine approval and reinforcing the soldier\u2019s elite status within society."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"59","title":{"es":"roman military phalera depicting a head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17686/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.570Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,000 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17686,"estimateMin":1000},{"startPrice":550,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17687/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17687/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17687/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17687/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17687/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: lekythos with palmettes \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 118 mm x 44 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, p.a., munich, since 2021, previously from german private collection acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 4 to 6 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the amount of the sale, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek lekythos is a type of ancient greek pottery vessel characterized by its slender, cylindrical body, narrow neck, and flared mouth. lekythoi were commonly used in ancient greece for storing and pouring perfumed oils, such as olive oil or scented unguents, which were often used in religious rituals, funerary practices, and personal grooming. these vessels were typically made from clay and decorated with various techniques, including painted designs, relief ornamentation, and incised motifs. \n \n palmettes are a common decorative motif found on greek lekythoi and other pottery vessels. a palmette is a stylized design resembling the fan-shaped leaves of a palm tree or the petals of a flower, arranged symmetrically around a central point. palmettes were often used as decorative elements in ancient greek art and architecture, appearing on a wide range of objects, including pottery, textiles, metalwork, and architectural friezes. \n \n lekythoi depicting palmettes typically feature the motif arranged in bands or friezes around the body of the vessel. these decorative bands may be painted in black-figure or red-figure techniques, with the palmettes alternating with other decorative elements such as geometric patterns, meanders, or floral designs. the use of palmettes on greek lekythoi served both aesthetic and symbolic purposes, enhancing the visual appeal of the vessel while also conveying messages of beauty, fertility, and divine favor."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"60","title":{"es":"greek lekythos with palmettes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17687/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":550,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:31.063Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,000 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17687,"dimensions":{"depth":4.4},"estimateMin":1000},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17688/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17688/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17688/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17688/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17688/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17688/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos with graffiti \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, attic \n \n period: 5th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 44 mm x 160 mm x 103 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, p.a., munich, acquired from a german private collection before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek pottery with graffiti provides a fascinating lens into the everyday lives, thoughts, and social dynamics of ancient greeks. pottery was used extensively across greek society, from simple cups and jars to intricately decorated amphorae. while most surviving greek pottery is celebrated for its exquisite painted scenes and fine craftsmanship, some pieces also carry graffiti, offering a unique glimpse into the more personal, unfiltered side of ancient life. graffiti on pottery\u2014often scratched, incised, or painted after the pot was fired\u2014could range from simple names, ownership marks, and prices to playful messages, crude jokes, and even snippets of poetry. these inscriptions hint at the interactions between individuals in marketplaces, homes, and social gatherings, bringing a lively, human element to what would otherwise be silent artifacts. \n \n much of the graffiti found on pottery falls into two main categories: ownership marks and dedications. in marketplaces and public gatherings, where pottery was bought, sold, and heavily circulated, marking one's vessel could serve practical purposes. people often scratched their names or initials onto drinking cups, for example, to claim ownership or differentiate them from others. in some cases, especially in sanctuaries, individuals would leave inscriptions on pottery as offerings to the gods. these dedications could be as simple as \u201ci am the cup of x, \u201d denoting the owner or the deity to whom the vessel was dedicated. such graffiti helps scholars understand the personalization of everyday objects in greek society and offers clues to the names, identities, and social behaviors of individuals from all walks of life. \n \n some greek pottery graffiti, however, is less formal and provides hints of humor, competition, or rivalry. in symposium settings, where drinking vessels were shared among a social group, people might inscribe playful taunts, boasts of drinking prowess, or even love messages on cups and kraters. this form of graffiti brings ancient personalities to life, showing that humor, camaraderie, and even conflict were as much a part of ancient greek life as they are today. occasionally, merchants would also inscribe prices or advertising slogans on vessels, pointing to the commercial practices surrounding pottery."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"61","title":{"es":"greek skyphos with graffiti"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17688/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.562Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":17688,"dimensions":{"depth":10.3},"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17689/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17689/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17689/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sling bullet with inscription 'eyboylidas' and fork \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 17 mm x 32 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: draskowski, n., & weiss, p., neue griechische schleuderbleie. tissaphernes und weitere kommandeure, p. 136 - 143 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek sling bullets are intriguing artifacts from ancient greece, offering insights into the military practices and technological advancements of the time. these small, often round or oval-shaped objects were used as projectiles in slings, a common ranged weapon in ancient warfare. made from materials such as lead, stone, or clay, sling bullets were designed to be hurled with great force, and their effectiveness depended on the skill of the slinger. the bullets typically weighed between 30 to 100 grams, and their size and shape were optimized for aerodynamic stability and impact. the use of slings in battle was prevalent due to their portability and the ease with which slingers could be trained. \n \n one of the distinctive features of greek sling bullets is the variety of inscriptions and markings found on them. many bullets were inscribed with names, symbols, or messages, which could serve various purposes. some inscriptions identified the owner or user of the sling bullet, while others were meant to convey threats or psychological intimidation to the enemy. the presence of these inscriptions provides valuable information about the individuals or groups involved in conflicts and the nature of the battles in which these projectiles were used. additionally, the inscriptions offer insights into the practice of psychological warfare, where such messages could be used to demoralize or intimidate opponents. \n \n the study of greek sling bullets also reveals aspects of the broader military and social contexts of ancient greece. they were used in numerous historical battles, including the famous conflicts of the peloponnesian war, and their archaeological discovery can help scholars understand the tactics and strategies employed in ancient warfare. sling bullets provide evidence of the widespread use of slings across different greek city-states and regions, highlighting the weapon\u2019s role in both offensive and defensive operations. overall, these artifacts offer a glimpse into the technological, psychological, and strategic dimensions of ancient greek warfare, reflecting the complexity and sophistication of military practices in the ancient world."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"62","title":{"es":"greek sling bullet with inscription 'eyboylidas' and fork"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17689/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:13.951Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17689,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17690/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17690/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pair of cymbals \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 60 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, a.k., with israeli export licence number 57470 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman cymbal, crafted from bronze, played a significant role in the musical and religious practices of ancient rome. these percussion instruments were crucial components of roman music, adding rhythm and texture to various musical compositions and performances. cymbals consisted of two circular plates made of bronze alloyed with tin, which were struck together or against other surfaces to produce a sharp, metallic sound. the size and thickness of the cymbals varied, allowing for a range of tones and timbres to be produced. \n \n in roman society, cymbals were not only used for secular music but also held religious significance. they were commonly employed in religious ceremonies, processions, and rituals dedicated to various deities, including those associated with fertility, harvest, and war. the rhythmic clashing of cymbals was believed to invoke divine favor, drive away malevolent spirits, and enhance the spiritual atmosphere of religious gatherings. as such, cymbals were integral to the performance of sacred music and played a role in connecting worshippers with the divine. \n \n the craftsmanship of roman bronze cymbals reflected the advanced metallurgical techniques of the time. skilled artisans carefully shaped and tuned the bronze plates to achieve the desired sound quality and resonance. some cymbals were decorated with intricate designs, engravings, or inscriptions, further highlighting their cultural and aesthetic significance."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"63","title":{"es":"roman pair of cymbals"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17690/view","tags":["escollectibles_musicalinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.564Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17690,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17691/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17691/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17691/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 105 mm x 93 mm (without frame) \n \n condition: good condition. includes frame \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich (1928 - 2015), acquired between 1970s - 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"64","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17691/view","directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.418Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17691,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17692/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17692/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17692/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17692/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17692/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with representation of uraeus-serpent above neb-figure (\u201clord\u201d), protection/luck \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: second intermediate period, 1700 - 1500 b.c \n \n dimensions: 13 mm x 10 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the egyptians saw the egyptian scarab (scarabaeus sacer) as a symbol of renewal and rebirth. the beetle was associated closely with the sun god because scarabs roll large balls of dung in which to lay their eggs, a behavior that the egyptians thought resembled the progression of the sun through the sky from east to west. its young were hatched from this ball, and this event was seen as an act of spontaneous self-creation, giving the beetle an even stronger association with the sun god\u2019s creative force. the connection between the beetle and the sun was so close that the young sun god was thought to be reborn in the form of a winged scarab beetle every morning at sunrise. as this young sun god, known as khepri, rose in the sky, he brought light and life to the land. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"65","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab with representation of uraeus-serpent above neb-figure (\u201clord\u201d), protection/luck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17692/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:13.954Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17692,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17693/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17693/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17693/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17693/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17693/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17693/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with red carnelian gem depicting sol with crown of rays \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 17 mm x 15 mm, 0,7 gr. us 3.0 , uk f, f 4 \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, h.l., acquired before 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman rings crafted from special gold materials were symbols of wealth, power, and sometimes even political status, reflecting the significance that romans attached to jewelry as markers of identity and social prestige. the finest roman gold rings were often made from high-purity gold alloys sourced from imperial mines or imported from distant parts of the empire, where mineral wealth was abundant. roman goldsmiths employed various techniques to craft these rings, including casting, hammering, and engraving, and they sometimes incorporated gemstones such as garnet, emerald, or sapphire to add further value and beauty. gold rings, particularly those worn by members of the senatorial or equestrian classes, displayed intricate designs and high-quality materials that distinguished the wearer\u2019s elite status in roman society, where luxurious materials were a key way to visually communicate rank and influence. \n \n some gold rings in ancient rome served a practical purpose beyond decoration, functioning as signet rings or seals used to authenticate documents and letters. the face of these rings would be engraved with unique designs, often incorporating family crests, personal symbols, or initials that represented the individual or family. these rings were used to press an impression onto wax seals, ensuring the security and authenticity of important communications. signet rings made from special gold alloys signaled both the authority of the document and the high rank of the sender, making them highly prized among the roman elite. this dual purpose of beauty and functionality allowed these rings to become personal emblems of trustworthiness, binding the individual\u2019s word with their seal."},"estimateMax":1000,"lotNumber":"66","title":{"es":"roman ring with red carnelian gem depicting sol with crown of rays"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17693/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.566Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,000","currency":"EUR","id":17693,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17694/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17694/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17694/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 138 mm x 64 mm (without frame) \n \n condition: good condition. includes frame \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich (1928 - 2015), acquired between 1970s - 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"67","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17694/view","directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.420Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17694,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17695/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17695/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17695/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17695/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17695/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of a horse \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: luristan \n \n period: 1st millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 37 mm x 21 mm x 46 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, a.d, acquired in 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n luristan statuettes of horses are artifacts originating from the ancient region of luristan, located in modern-day western iran. these bronze statuettes are renowned for their exquisite craftsmanship and artistic detail, reflecting the skills of the artisans who produced them during the iron age, approximately from the 10th to the 7th century bce. the luristan statuettes of horses are characterized by their dynamic and lifelike poses, capturing the vitality and strength of the animals they represent. \n \n the luristan statuettes of horses typically depict the animals in various poses, such as standing, trotting, or rearing, often with intricate details such as finely rendered manes, tails, and facial features. these statuettes were likely used for votive or ceremonial purposes, possibly as offerings in religious rituals or as symbols of status and wealth. horses held significant cultural and symbolic importance in ancient luristan society, serving as symbols of power, mobility, and prestige. \n \n the discovery of luristan statuettes of horses provides valuable insights into the artistic and cultural practices of ancient iranian civilizations during the iron age. these artifacts demonstrate the mastery of bronze casting techniques by luristan artisans and highlight the importance of horses in the socio-economic and religious life of the region."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"68","title":{"es":"luristan statuette of a horse"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17695/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.568Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17695,"dimensions":{"depth":4.6},"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17696/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17696/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17696/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17696/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17696/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with prenomen for amenhotep ii  material: steatite  culture: egyptian  period: new kingdom, xviii dynasty, 1443 \u2013 1417 b.c  dimensions: 15 mm x 11 mm  condition: good condition  provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954.   comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice.   amenhotep ii, the seventh pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of ancient egypt, ruled during the new kingdom period around the 15th century bce. renowned for his military prowess, amenhotep ii expanded the egyptian empire through numerous campaigns, solidifying control over territories in nubia and the levant. his expeditions into syria and canaan, notably the battle of megiddo, showcased his strategic acumen as he secured victories against local rebellions and coalitions, leaving behind inscriptions and reliefs that celebrated his triumphs. \n  \n  \n \n \n \n beyond his military endeavors, amenhotep ii also left a mark through his architectural projects, albeit less pronounced compared to other pharaohs. he oversaw the construction of temples and monuments across egypt, contributing to the cultural landscape of the time. additionally, amenhotep ii was known for his personal interests in sports and physical activities, with depictions showcasing him engaging in hunting, chariot racing, and archery, reflecting the pursuits of egyptian nobility and emphasizing the ideal of the warrior-king. \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n \n while amenhotep ii\u2019s reign brought stability and prosperity to egypt, his legacy is overshadowed by some of his predecessors and successors. despite his military successes and contributions to egyptian architecture, he is not as widely celebrated as figures like thutmose iii or ramses ii."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"69","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab with prenomen for amenhotep ii"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17696/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:13.956Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":17696,"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":160,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17697/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17697/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17697/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17697/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17697/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: mastoid bowl \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic period \n \n period: 3rd \u2013 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 140 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, b. k., in germany since before 1950. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n during the hellenistic period, which lasted from the death of alexander the great in 323 bce to the establishment of the roman empire in 31 bce, greek pottery underwent significant changes in style, technique, and function. hellenistic pottery was influenced by the artistic trends of the time, which were characterized by a greater emphasis on realism, theatricality, and individual expression. this period saw the rise of regional styles as greek culture spread throughout the mediterranean world, leading to a diverse array of pottery traditions. \n \n one notable development in hellenistic pottery was the increased popularity of utilitarian wares, such as cooking vessels, storage jars, and tableware. these objects were often decorated with simple, functional designs and served practical purposes in everyday life. at the same time, there was a continued demand for luxury pottery, including finely crafted vessels adorned with elaborate scenes and motifs. hellenistic potters experimented with new forms and techniques, producing innovative shapes and decorative patterns that reflected the eclectic tastes of the period. \n \n hellenistic pottery also played a significant role in the dissemination of greek art and culture beyond the borders of the greek world. as greek colonies spread throughout the mediterranean and beyond, so too did the influence of greek pottery. hellenistic pottery found its way into the hands of traders, diplomats, and settlers, serving as both a commodity for trade and a means of cultural exchange."},"estimateMax":350,"lotNumber":"70","title":{"es":"greek mastoid bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17697/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":160,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:24.569Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac350","currency":"EUR","id":17697,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":1000,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17698/010/010.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: kantharos (karchesion) with graffiti, perirrhanterion and karchesion, underneath a curved sword (harpa) \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, boeotian \n \n period: 5th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 110 mm x 163 mm x 102 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, p.a., munich, acquired from a german private collection before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek pottery with graffiti provides a fascinating lens into the everyday lives, thoughts, and social dynamics of ancient greeks. pottery was used extensively across greek society, from simple cups and jars to intricately decorated amphorae. while most surviving greek pottery is celebrated for its exquisite painted scenes and fine craftsmanship, some pieces also carry graffiti, offering a unique glimpse into the more personal, unfiltered side of ancient life. graffiti on pottery\u2014often scratched, incised, or painted after the pot was fired\u2014could range from simple names, ownership marks, and prices to playful messages, crude jokes, and even snippets of poetry. these inscriptions hint at the interactions between individuals in marketplaces, homes, and social gatherings, bringing a lively, human element to what would otherwise be silent artifacts. \n \n much of the graffiti found on pottery falls into two main categories: ownership marks and dedications. in marketplaces and public gatherings, where pottery was bought, sold, and heavily circulated, marking one's vessel could serve practical purposes. people often scratched their names or initials onto drinking cups, for example, to claim ownership or differentiate them from others. in some cases, especially in sanctuaries, individuals would leave inscriptions on pottery as offerings to the gods. these dedications could be as simple as \u201ci am the cup of x, \u201d denoting the owner or the deity to whom the vessel was dedicated. such graffiti helps scholars understand the personalization of everyday objects in greek society and offers clues to the names, identities, and social behaviors of individuals from all walks of life. \n \n some greek pottery graffiti, however, is less formal and provides hints of humor, competition, or rivalry. in symposium settings, where drinking vessels were shared among a social group, people might inscribe playful taunts, boasts of drinking prowess, or even love messages on cups and kraters. this form of graffiti brings ancient personalities to life, showing that humor, camaraderie, and even conflict were as much a part of ancient greek life as they are today. occasionally, merchants would also inscribe prices or advertising slogans on vessels, pointing to the commercial practices surrounding pottery."},"estimateMax":2000,"lotNumber":"71","title":{"es":"greek kantharos (karchesion) with graffiti, a curved sword (harpa), perirrhanterion and karchesion"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17698/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":1000,"soldPrice":1000,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.054Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,500 - \u20ac2,000","currency":"EUR","id":17698,"dimensions":{"depth":10.2},"estimateMin":1500},{"startPrice":110,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17699/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17699/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17699/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17699/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17699/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17699/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: seal with animals \n \n material: stone \n \n culture: bronze age, anatolian \n \n period: 3000 - 1500 b.c \n \n dimensions: 20 mm x 20 mm x 19 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the anatolians during the bronze age, particularly in regions like modern-day turkey, were part of a diverse cultural landscape that included various civilizations such as the hittites, luwians, and others. seals were significant cultural artifacts in anatolian societies during this period, serving multiple purposes ranging from administrative to religious and artistic. these seals were typically made of materials like stone, metal, or clay, and they played a crucial role in the socio-political and economic systems of bronze age anatolia. \n \n in administrative contexts, seals were used to authenticate documents and mark ownership or authority. anatolian seals often featured engraved designs or inscriptions that identified the owner or indicated the purpose of the document. these seals helped maintain order and facilitate communication within complex bureaucratic structures, such as those found in hittite administrative centers like hattusa. they were also employed in trade and commerce to certify the authenticity of goods and transactions, contributing to the development of commercial networks across anatolia and beyond. \n \n beyond their practical functions, anatolian seals were also imbued with religious and symbolic significance. many seals depicted mythological figures, deities, or scenes from religious narratives, reflecting the spiritual beliefs and cultural values of bronze age anatolian societies. these seals were sometimes used in religious rituals or as amulets for protection and spiritual guidance."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"72","title":{"es":"bronze age, anatolian seal with animals"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17699/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":110,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:13.958Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17699,"dimensions":{"depth":1.9},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17700/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17700/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17700/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: eagle pendant \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 16 mm x 17 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the aquila, or eagle, is one the most enduring symbols of roman civilization. while different animals and mythological creatures served as meaningful signifiers throughout the republic and imperial eras, the eagle continuously symbolized power and authority. \n \n the eagle was considered majestic and transcendent, to the point that live birds were often caged on emperors\u2019 funeral pyres. once they broke free and flew skyward, the romans considered it a manifestation of the deceased emperor\u2019s transition to godhood."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"73","title":{"es":"roman eagle pendant"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17700/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.056Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17700,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17701/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17701/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17701/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17701/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: duck mount \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: iron age, celtic \n \n period: 2nd century b.c - 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 12 mm x 21 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, suffolk, acquired in u.k art market in 2015, before from english private collection, kent. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the iron age celtic silver duck mount is a remarkable artifact that reflects the artistic and cultural sophistication of the celtic peoples during the late iron age (around 500 bce to the roman conquest). the celts, known for their intricate metalwork and symbolic art, often created decorative mounts and fittings for various objects, including weapons, chariots, and ceremonial items. the silver duck mount is an example of their skill in metalworking and their use of animal motifs, which were common in celtic art, symbolizing various spiritual and cultural beliefs. \n \n this silver duck mount likely served as a decorative piece, possibly attached to a ceremonial object such as a shield, helmet, or chariot. the duck itself holds symbolic significance in celtic culture, often associated with water, fertility, and the otherworld. waterfowl, like ducks, were believed to be creatures that could traverse both the earthly and spiritual realms, making them potent symbols of transition and connection between worlds. the use of silver, a precious metal, further indicates the mount's importance, suggesting it may have belonged to a person of high status, perhaps a chieftain or a warrior of significant rank. \n \n the craftsmanship of the celtic silver duck mount is notable for its detailed and stylized representation of the bird, reflecting the celts' deep appreciation for nature and their ability to infuse symbolic meaning into their art. the design likely incorporated the flowing, curvilinear patterns typical of la tène art, the dominant artistic style of the celts during the iron age. this style is characterized by its intricate patterns and abstract forms, often inspired by natural elements."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"74","title":{"es":"iron age, celtic duck mount"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17701/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_silver","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.058Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17701,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17702/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17702/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17702/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17702/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17702/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 120 mm x 78 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"75","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17702/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.060Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17702,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17703/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17703/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17703/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17703/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery, xenon-ware \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 57 mm x 60 mm x 46 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n xenon ware is a distinctive type of greek pottery that emerged during the late classical to early hellenistic periods, around the 4th century bce. named after a potter or painter named xenon, whose signature or name is associated with this style, xenon ware is characterized by its unique decorative elements, which combine black-figure and red-figure techniques with white-ground painting. the pottery often features delicate, figural scenes set against a light-colored or white background, with added colors such as red, yellow, and even gilded details. this sophisticated style marks a departure from the earlier, more straightforward techniques of greek pottery, signaling a shift towards a more decorative and visually expressive aesthetic that suited the tastes of a refined clientele. \n \n the designs on xenon ware typically depict scenes of daily life, mythology, and athletic events, often with an eye for intricate detail and a sense of elegance. these scenes are carefully composed and executed, with human figures, animals, and decorative patterns arranged harmoniously on the pottery surface. the themes of xenon ware reflect the interests and values of the greek elite, who were the primary patrons of such fine pottery. scenes from mythology, especially those involving the gods and heroes, were particularly popular, serving both as decoration and as a way to reinforce cultural narratives. in some cases, xenon ware also displays a playful quality, with decorative motifs that show animals or mythological creatures in relaxed, often whimsical poses, adding a touch of lightheartedness to the otherwise formal designs. \n \n xenon ware was likely produced for a more exclusive market, as its complex techniques and delicate details required considerable skill and time to produce."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"76","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17703/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.066Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17703,"dimensions":{"depth":4.6},"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17704/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17704/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17704/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: intaglio depicting fortuna tyche \n \n material: carnelian \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 10 mm x 8 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n fortuna, known as tyche in greek culture, was the goddess embodying luck, fortune, and the unpredictable nature of fate. in both greek and roman mythologies, she was worshipped as a powerful deity who could bestow both good and bad fortune upon mortals. tyche was especially revered in the greek cities of the hellenistic period, where rapidly changing political fortunes and the rise and fall of rulers made her influence feel immediate and essential. as the goddess of fortune, she was often depicted holding symbols that represented chance and fate, such as a cornucopia, symbolizing abundance, or a rudder, showing her role in steering the course of people\u2019s lives. fortuna was sometimes associated with nemesis, the goddess of retribution, underscoring the belief that fortune could be both a blessing and a potential pitfall if handled poorly. \n \n in art, tyche was commonly portrayed with a crown shaped like city walls, known as a mural crown, symbolizing her role as the protector and patroness of cities. cities throughout the hellenistic world, like antioch, honored her as their guardian deity, believing that her favor could bring prosperity and stability, while her displeasure might lead to calamity. her imagery with the cornucopia also highlights her role in bringing good fortune, wealth, and abundance to those under her protection. tyche\u2019s popularity increased during times of uncertainty, as the greek world transitioned from the rule of individual city-states to larger hellenistic kingdoms. worshipers offered sacrifices and prayers, hoping to secure her favor in uncertain political and economic times, where luck and the goddess's favor were seen as essential for success and survival. \n \n in roman culture, fortuna's role expanded as she was associated with a wide array of personal and state concerns. fortuna primigenia, for instance, was worshipped as a goddess of fortune from birth, believed to influence the fate of each individual from their very first moments."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"77","title":{"es":"roman carnelian intaglio depicting fortuna tyche"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17704/view","tags":["esjewelry_loosegemstones","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.067Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":17704,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":140,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17705/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17705/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17705/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17705/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: horse head \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: greek, archaic period \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 23 mm x 38 mm x 11 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the horse head motif was a prominent and revered symbol in greek art during the archaic period, reflecting the importance of horses in greek society and culture. horses were symbols of wealth, power, and status, as only the elite could afford to own, care for, and breed these animals. they played an essential role in warfare, transportation, and competitive sports, particularly in chariot racing, which became a prestigious event in greek games. during the archaic period, from around 800 to 480 bce, depictions of horse heads began to appear in various art forms, including pottery, sculptures, and decorative elements, symbolizing the power and nobility associated with the horse and its rider. \n \n sculptural representations of horse heads from this period often reveal the evolving style of archaic greek art, which combined stylized forms with increasing naturalism. horse head sculptures and reliefs from the archaic period typically display a strong sense of geometric balance, with rounded, well-defined contours that emphasize the animal's nobility and strength. these sculptures often feature detailed treatment of the mane, eyes, and muzzle, while maintaining a sense of idealized symmetry characteristic of the archaic aesthetic. some horse head sculptures served as votive offerings in sanctuaries, particularly in sites dedicated to gods associated with horses and chariots, like poseidon. such pieces were crafted to honor deities, secure favor in competitions, or express gratitude, showcasing the horse's sacred and esteemed status."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"78","title":{"es":"greek horse head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17705/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":140,"soldPrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.069Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":17705,"dimensions":{"depth":1.1},"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17706/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17706/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17706/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17706/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cup \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 34 mm x 72 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"79","title":{"es":"chinese cup, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17706/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.071Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17706,"dimensions":{"depth":7.2},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17707/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17707/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17707/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with commodus denarius. obverse: comm ant avg p brit, laureate head right. reverse: p m tr p x imp vii cos iiii, jupiter seated left olding thunderbolt and scepter. references: rsc 472a, ric 01, bmc 151 \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 180 - 192 a.d \n \n dimensions: es 18, f 58, usa 8,5 , 25,8 gr \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade silver ring. \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in austrian auction house (coin) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n commodus, roman emperor from 180 to 192 ce, was a controversial figure whose reign marked a significant turning point in the history of the roman empire. he was the son of emperor marcus aurelius, a philosopher-king whose rule represented the ideals of stoicism and duty. unlike his father, commodus was notorious for his erratic behavior, vanity, and indulgence. early in his reign, commodus abandoned the rigorous administrative practices of his predecessors, choosing instead to enjoy a life of luxury and leaving governance in the hands of his favorites and corrupt officials. his disregard for the responsibilities of rule and the welfare of the empire eroded much of the stability that had been built during the years of the \"five good emperors.\" \n \n one of commodus's most distinctive and troubling traits was his obsession with portraying himself as the roman hero hercules. commodus frequently appeared in public dressed as hercules, donning a lion's skin and carrying a club, symbols traditionally associated with the mythical hero. he even renamed rome\u2019s months and institutions in his own honor, reflecting a delusion of grandeur and desire to be worshipped as a god. commodus went so far as to rename rome \"colonia commodiana, \" or \"the colony of commodus, \" in an attempt to imprint his legacy on the city itself. his self-deification and extreme measures to be seen as a heroic figure not only alienated the senate but also deeply disturbed the roman people, who viewed his actions as sacrilegious and destabilizing. \n \n commodus\u2019s rule is often seen as the beginning of rome\u2019s decline, as his mismanagement and indulgent behavior depleted the empire's resources and set a precedent for unchecked imperial power. his reign ended violently in 192 ce when he was assassinated in a conspiracy involving his closest advisers, including the praetorian prefect and his mistress marcia."},"estimateMax":360,"lotNumber":"80","title":{"es":"ring with commodus denarius"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17707/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:29.072Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac260 - \u20ac360","currency":"EUR","id":17707,"estimateMin":260},{"startPrice":650,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17708/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17708/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: tondo / roundel depicting a medusa or silenus \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 56 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n in roman art and mythology, both medusa and silenus held distinct yet powerful symbolic roles, reflecting different aspects of the roman worldview and cultural influences from earlier greek traditions. medusa, one of the three gorgon sisters, was famously cursed with a gaze that turned onlookers to stone. originally depicted as monstrous, with serpentine hair and a terrifying visage, medusa\u2019s image evolved in roman art, where she was often portrayed as a beautiful, almost alluring figure with a haunting expression and characteristic snake hair. romans used her likeness as a protective talisman on shields, armor, and household items, believing that her fearsome powers could ward off evil and protect from harm. this \u201capotropaic\u201d function transformed medusa into a guardian figure, fusing fear with beauty in a uniquely roman interpretation. \n \n silenus, on the other hand, was an embodiment of revelry, wisdom, and the pleasures of wine. known as the teacher and loyal companion of the god bacchus (dionysus in greek mythology), silenus was often depicted as an older, rotund man with a jovial expression, typically shown in a state of intoxication. romans associated silenus with the festive, liberating aspects of bacchic rites and often portrayed him in sculptures and reliefs as a merry figure surrounded by satyrs and nymphs. despite his comic appearance, silenus also held a deeper significance as a symbol of sagacity and insight gained from a life of indulgence, occasionally even depicted imparting prophetic wisdom. his dual role as both a figure of excess and a wise sage made him a complex and relatable character in roman culture."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"81","title":{"es":"roman tondo / roundel depicting a medusa or silenus"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17708/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":650,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:21.365Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,000 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17708,"estimateMin":1000},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17709/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17709/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: theatre mask head applique \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 34 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman theater mask was an essential element in ancient roman drama, used extensively in comedies, tragedies, and other theatrical performances. derived from greek traditions, these masks enabled actors to convey specific emotions and character types, often exaggerated for visibility and effect in large open-air theaters. roman masks were made of materials like linen or wood, covered in plaster, and painted to create distinct features. the masks had exaggerated facial expressions\u2014broad smiles or grimaces\u2014which allowed audiences, even those seated far from the stage, to quickly recognize the mood, role, or identity of each character. the wide-open mouth of the masks served both as an amplification device for the actor's voice and as a tool to enhance facial expressions. \n \n roman theater masks were designed to represent specific character archetypes common in roman plays, such as the braggart soldier, the cunning slave, the young lover, or the miserly old man. each mask type was carefully crafted to correspond to these stock characters, which were familiar to roman audiences and helped structure the narrative of the plays. for example, masks representing comedic characters might have exaggerated smiles or frowns, while masks for tragic characters featured somber, pained expressions. this standardized design allowed actors to portray multiple roles within a single performance simply by switching masks, an important aspect of roman theater where few actors were often cast to play many characters. \n \n the cultural significance of the theater mask extended beyond the stage, symbolizing the themes of transformation and duality in roman society. masks were sometimes featured in roman art, such as frescoes, mosaics, and decorative items, where they symbolized the theater itself or were used as metaphors for deception, disguise, or the multiplicity of human experience."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"82","title":{"es":"roman theatre mask head applique"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17709/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:13.960Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17709,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17710/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17710/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17710/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17710/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 36 mm x 54 mm x 77 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps were essential everyday objects in ancient roman society, used primarily for illumination but also serving as decorative and functional items. these lamps, typically made from clay, bronze, or terracotta, were fueled by oil, often olive oil, which was abundant in the roman empire. the lamps had a simple design, usually consisting of a shallow basin with a spout where a wick would be placed to burn the oil. some lamps featured intricate designs, including depictions of gods, animals, mythological scenes, and geometric patterns, making them not only practical tools but also a form of artistic expression. roman oil lamps were widely used in homes, public buildings, and outdoor spaces, offering a much-needed light source after sunset. \n \n the production of oil lamps was widespread, and their forms varied depending on the region and period. early roman lamps often featured a round or oval shape, but by the 1st century bce, they began to take on more elaborate designs, including those shaped like animals, heads, and even miniature architectural forms. lamps were frequently mass-produced in workshops, and many examples have been found in archaeological sites across the roman empire, from britain to north africa. some lamps were designed with multiple spouts, allowing several wicks to burn at once, while others were simple and utilitarian. the widespread use and variety of these lamps suggest they were integral to daily roman life, found in homes, tombs, temples, and even used for public ceremonies. \n \n in addition to their functional role, roman oil lamps had symbolic and religious significance. lamps were often placed in tombs as part of funerary rituals, symbolizing the continuation of life or guiding the deceased\u2019s soul to the afterlife. they were also used in religious ceremonies and offerings to gods, particularly in the context of private worship or in the homes of wealthy romans who could afford to have them as part of their domestic cult practices."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"83","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17710/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:13.962Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17710,"dimensions":{"depth":7.7},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17711/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17711/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17711/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17711/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cup \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 71 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"84","title":{"es":"chinese cup, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17711/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:21.367Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17711,"dimensions":{"depth":7.1},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17712/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17712/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17712/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17712/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: iron age, central asia, amlash or bactrian \n \n period: 1st millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 22 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired from london gallery (1970s - 2000s) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the bactrian culture thrived in the region of bactria, which encompassed parts of present-day afghanistan, uzbekistan, and tajikistan, during the bronze age, roughly from the 3rd to the 2nd millennium bce. bactria served as a crucial crossroads along the ancient silk road, connecting the civilizations of the mediterranean, central asia, china, and the indian subcontinent. the culture is known for its advanced urban centers, sophisticated metallurgy, and rich artistic traditions. bactrian art often depicted scenes of daily life, mythical creatures, and religious motifs. the bactrians are also believed to have played a significant role in the spread of early indo-iranian languages and culture. \n \n on the other hand, amlash culture was prevalent in the amlash region of northern iran during the iron age, dating roughly from the 1st millennium bce. the amlash culture is characterized by its distinctive pottery styles, including painted ceramics adorned with intricate geometric and zoomorphic designs. archaeological evidence suggests that amlash society was organized into small-scale agricultural communities, with evidence of terraced agriculture and irrigation systems. additionally, amlash culture is notable for its burial practices, which often included inhumation in cemeteries and burial mounds, sometimes accompanied by grave goods such as pottery vessels and metal objects. \n \n while the bactrian and amlash cultures developed in different time periods and geographical regions, they both represent important stages in the cultural evolution of the broader central asian and iranian regions."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"85","title":{"es":"iron age ring"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17712/view","directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":45,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T16:54:38.782Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17712,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":500,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17713/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17713/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17713/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17713/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17713/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jar handle of samki, the son of zephanyahu, official of king hezekiah of judah \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: iron age \n \n period: 700 b.c \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 60 mm x 36 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession), ex shlomo moussaieff private collection \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n samki, the son of zephanyahu, was a figure mentioned in ancient jewish and biblical texts, notably in the context of king hezekiah's reign in judah during the 8th century bce. while his name appears infrequently in primary sources, his role as a minister or official in the royal administration of king hezekiah suggests a position of significant responsibility. he is mentioned in the context of the events surrounding the assyrian siege of jerusalem in 701 bce, a critical moment in judah\u2019s history. as a high-ranking minister, samki would have likely been involved in the political, military, and administrative affairs of the kingdom, particularly during this period of intense external threat. \n \n the historical and biblical records focus primarily on the reign of king hezekiah, who is known for his religious reforms and for resisting the assyrian king sennacherib's invasion of judah. samki, as a royal minister, would have been part of the inner circle of hezekiah\u2019s government, overseeing various aspects of governance. the bible mentions various officials during this time, though samki's specific duties or actions are not detailed in great depth. given the turmoil of the assyrian threat, it is likely that samki's role involved managing the kingdom's defenses, assisting with diplomatic negotiations, or helping organize the resources needed for the defense of jerusalem. \n \n biblical references to samki are brief, but they contribute to the broader understanding of the complex network of officials and ministers who supported king hezekiah during a time of national crisis. in the biblical account, judah\u2019s survival during the assyrian siege is portrayed as a result of hezekiah\u2019s faith and strategic planning, and officials like samki would have played a key role in the execution of royal strategies. the absence of more detailed information about samki suggests that, while he was likely an important figure in hezekiah\u2019s court, his legacy was overshadowed by the more prominent religious and military figures of the time, such as the prophet isaiah and the king himself. nevertheless, samki\u2019s inclusion in the historical record serves as a testament to the intricate administrative structure that existed in the kingdom of judah during this pivotal period."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"86","title":{"es":"iron age jar handle of samki, the son of zephanyahu, official of king hezekiah of judah, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17713/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"soldPrice":1550,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.294Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":17713,"dimensions":{"depth":3.6},"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17714/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17714/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17714/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17714/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17714/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17714/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: iron age, neo-assyrian \n \n period: 9th - 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 65 mm x 192 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition, see pictures \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, london, acquired in 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the neo-assyrian empire (c. 911\u2013609 bce) was one of the most powerful and influential empires of the ancient near east, known for its military prowess, administrative efficiency, and cultural achievements. the empire expanded through a series of successful military campaigns, reaching its zenith under kings like tiglath-pileser iii, sargon ii, sennacherib, and ashurbanipal. the neo-assyrians established a centralized and well-organized state with a sophisticated bureaucracy, extensive road systems, and an innovative postal service, which helped maintain control over a vast and diverse territory stretching from the mediterranean to the persian gulf. \n \n culturally, the neo-assyrians were renowned for their contributions to art, architecture, and literature. they built grand palaces and temples, adorned with intricate bas-reliefs and colossal statues depicting gods, kings, and mythological creatures. these artworks often celebrated the king's military victories and divine favor, serving both as propaganda and as a testament to the empire's power. the neo-assyrians also preserved and expanded the literary traditions of mesopotamia, maintaining vast libraries that housed texts on history, science, religion, and mythology. the most famous of these was the library of ashurbanipal in nineveh, which contained thousands of cuneiform tablets and remains one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the ancient world. \n \n religion played a central role in neo-assyrian culture, with the king seen as the earthly representative of the gods, particularly the chief deity ashur. the assyrians practiced a polytheistic religion, worshiping a pantheon of gods who governed various aspects of life and the cosmos. religious rituals, including sacrifices and divination, were integral to state affairs, and temples served as both religious and economic centers."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"87","title":{"es":"iron age, neo-assyrian bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17714/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.296Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17714,"dimensions":{"depth":19.2},"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":50,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17715/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17715/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17715/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: phallic amulet \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 15 mm x 7 mm x 25 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in english auction house. ex english private collection, oxfordshire, acquired from alan cherry of bournemouth between 2003 - 2005 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman phallic amulets, known as fascina (plural of fascinum), were widespread symbols of protection, particularly against the evil eye, in roman culture. these small, often intricately carved amulets typically depicted the male genitalia and were considered potent talismans for warding off negative influences and harmful magic. the romans believed that the image of the phallus had the power to avert misfortune and bring good luck, due to its association with fertility, strength, and vitality. phallic amulets could be made from materials such as bronze, bone, or terracotta, and were worn as jewelry or placed in homes, businesses, and even public spaces like crossroads and gates to ensure protective benefits. \n \n these amulets were not limited to personal adornment but were also incorporated into broader social and religious contexts. in roman households, phallic symbols could be found on doorways or incorporated into the decor to protect the home from malevolent spirits. additionally, children, who were considered particularly vulnerable to harm, were often given phallic amulets to wear around their necks or as part of their clothing to shield them from danger. the presence of these symbols in everyday life reflects the deeply ingrained superstitious beliefs in ancient roman society, where the need for protection was a constant concern. \n \n beyond their apotropaic (warding-off) function, phallic amulets also reflected roman attitudes toward sexuality and masculinity. the open display of the phallus was not considered vulgar but rather a symbol of life, virility, and generative power. this frankness about sexual symbols stood in contrast to later cultural norms and reveals the roman perspective on sexuality as a natural and essential force."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"88","title":{"es":"roman phallic amulet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17715/view","directSalePrice":50,"soldPrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T16:57:10.796Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17715,"dimensions":{"depth":2.5},"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":600,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17716/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17716/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: military phalera with the head of zeus ammon \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 61 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman phalerae were decorative medallions awarded to soldiers for acts of bravery, achievements, or distinguished service, functioning as symbols of honor and status within the military. made of materials like bronze, silver, or gold, these medallions were worn on the chest as part of a soldier\u2019s ceremonial attire and were often circular, featuring intricate designs, mythological figures, or symbolic motifs. phalerae originated from military traditions that valued visible markers of valor, with roman soldiers displaying them during parades or public gatherings as emblems of personal and unit pride. these awards not only recognized individual acts of courage but also reinforced loyalty to the empire and its values of discipline and strength. \n \n the designs on roman phalerae were both artistic and symbolic, typically featuring figures from mythology, deities, or representations of animals, each carrying specific meanings related to power, protection, or courage. for example, common motifs included representations of hercules, symbolizing strength, or mars, the god of war, to evoke martial prowess. these detailed engravings demonstrated the skill of roman metalworkers and imbued the phalerae with layers of meaning, making each piece unique to the recipient. while primarily worn by soldiers, phalerae were also found in some civilian contexts, where they were given as honorary awards or worn by prominent individuals who wished to convey power and prestige. these medallions thus served as a visual language of honor, connecting military virtues with divine approval and reinforcing the soldier\u2019s elite status within society."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"89","title":{"es":"roman military phalera with the head of zeus ammon"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17716/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":600,"soldPrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.297Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,000 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17716,"estimateMin":1000},{"startPrice":700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17717/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17717/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17717/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of priapus \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 77 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n parallel: portable antiquities scheme, id ess-e6f9e3 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n priapus, a minor yet distinctive deity in roman mythology, was revered primarily as a god of fertility, gardens, and livestock. originating from greek mythology, where he was known as priapos, the romans adopted and adapted his attributes to fit their own cultural and agricultural contexts. unlike the major gods of the roman pantheon, priapus was often considered a rustic god, closely associated with the countryside and rural life. his role extended beyond mere fertility; he was also seen as a protector of gardens and orchards, ensuring the prosperity and abundance of crops. this made him an essential figure for farmers and gardeners who depended on his favor for successful harvests and the health of their livestock. \n \n in roman art and iconography, priapus is unmistakably recognizable by his exaggerated phallus, which symbolized fertility and protection against the evil eye. this prominent feature served both a symbolic and protective purpose, believed to ward off malevolent forces and ensure the fertility of the land. priapus was frequently depicted in frescoes, mosaics, and sculptures within gardens and private residences, emphasizing his role as a guardian of agricultural spaces. additionally, his images were often used in amulets and household items, reflecting the intimate relationship between the deity and the daily lives of roman citizens. the humorous and bawdy representations of priapus also highlight the roman penchant for blending reverence with a touch of irreverence, making him a unique figure within their religious landscape. \n \n priapus's worship in rome was intertwined with various festivals and agricultural rites, where he was invoked to bless fields, vineyards, and livestock. shrines dedicated to priapus, known as priapia, were typically located in or near gardens, symbolizing his protective presence over these vital spaces. rituals and offerings to priapus often involved items related to fertility and growth, such as grains, fruits, and flowers, underscoring his association with abundance and prosperity."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"90","title":{"es":"roman statuette of priapus"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17717/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:21.369Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac900 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":17717,"estimateMin":900},{"startPrice":40,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17718/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17718/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, ear probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 145 mm x 6 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"91","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, ear probe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17718/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.299Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17718,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":360,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17719/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17719/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17719/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17719/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17719/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab from apopi ii \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: second intermediate period, 1580 - 1540 b.c \n \n dimensions: 12 mm x 8 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n apopi ii, also known as apepi ii or apophis ii, was a significant ruler during the second intermediate period of ancient egypt, specifically during the hyksos domination of the nile delta region. he likely reigned during the 16th century bc, though precise dates are uncertain due to the fragmented nature of historical records from this period. apopi ii was the last ruler of the hyksos dynasty, which was of west semitic origin and had established control over lower egypt, ruling concurrently with the native egyptian rulers of the theban region in upper egypt. \n \n during apopi ii's reign, the hyksos maintained a tenuous hold over lower egypt, while tensions with the theban rulers in upper egypt simmered. apopi ii faced challenges from the theban pharaohs, particularly seqenenre tao and kamose, who sought to reunify egypt and drive out the foreign hyksos rulers. the conflict between the hyksos and the thebans culminated in a series of military campaigns known as the war of liberation, which ultimately led to the expulsion of the hyksos and the reunification of egypt under the new kingdom. \n \n despite his efforts to maintain control over lower egypt, apopi ii was ultimately unsuccessful in resisting the advances of the theban pharaohs. his reign marked the end of hyksos rule in egypt and the beginning of a new era of centralized power and territorial expansion under the new kingdom pharaohs."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"92","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab from apopi ii, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17719/view","tags":["esinternational_african","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":360,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.300Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac550 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17719,"estimateMin":550},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17720/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17720/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17720/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17720/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bracelet \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 64 mm x 67 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, london, acquired from art market before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bracelets were popular accessories worn by men, women, and even children across various social classes throughout the roman empire. these bracelets, made from a range of materials including gold, silver, bronze, glass, and iron, were both decorative and symbolic. wealthier romans favored bracelets made of precious metals and gemstones, which displayed their social status and wealth, while those of more modest means wore simpler versions made of bronze or iron. some bracelets were adorned with intricate designs, engraved patterns, and inlays of glass or colored stones, reflecting the roman love for beauty and craftsmanship in personal adornment. \n \n designs of roman bracelets varied widely, often reflecting cultural influences from the diverse regions within the empire. some bracelets featured open-ended designs with stylized animal heads, such as lions, snakes, or eagles, each carrying symbolic meaning, while others were fully enclosed with elaborate detailing. snake-shaped bracelets, for example, were quite popular and symbolized protection and healing, as the serpent was associated with the god asclepius. other bracelets bore inscriptions or engraved symbols, possibly functioning as talismans or amulets believed to bring good luck, health, or protection to the wearer. these decorative and symbolic elements illustrate the romans\u2019 appreciation for jewelry as both an art form and a source of personal meaning. \n \n bracelets were also significant in roman religious and funerary contexts. they were often left as offerings at temples or placed in graves as part of burial rites, symbolizing the individual\u2019s status or personal beliefs in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"93","title":{"es":"roman bracelet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17720/view","directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T17:00:21.547Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17720,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17721/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17721/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17721/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17721/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant with alexander the great drachm. obverse: head of herakles wearing lion-skin head-dress. reverse: zeus enthroned holding eagle and sceptre. \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 33 mm x 25 mm, 11,2 gr \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n alexander iii of macedon, commonly known as alexander the great, was a king of the ancient greek kingdom of macedon. he succeeded his father philip ii to the throne in 336 bc at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout western asia and egypt. by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from greece to northwestern india. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. \n \n until the age of 16, alexander was tutored by aristotle. in 335 bc, shortly after his assumption of kingship over macedon, he campaigned in the balkans and reasserted control over thrace and illyria before marching on the city of thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. alexander then led the league of corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all greeks in their conquest of persia. \n \n in 334 bc, he invaded the achaemenid persian empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. following his conquest of asia minor, alexander broke the power of achaemenid persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at issus and gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew darius iii and conquered the achaemenid empire in its entirety. after the fall of persia, the macedonian empire held a vast swath of territory between the adriatic sea and the indus river. alexander endeavored to reach the \"ends of the world and the great outer sea\" and invaded india in 326 bc, achieving an important victory over porus, an ancient indian king of present-day punjab, at the battle of the hydaspes. due to the demand of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the beas river and later died in 323 bc in babylon, the city of mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a greek invasion of arabia. in the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the macedonian empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the diadochi. \n \n with his death marking the start of the hellenistic period, alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as greco-buddhism and hellenistic judaism. he founded more than twenty cities that bore his name, with the most prominent being the city of alexandria in egypt. alexander's settlement of greek colonists and the resulting spread of greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the indian subcontinent. the hellenistic period developed through the roman empire into modern western culture; the greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the byzantine empire up until its collapse in the mid-15th century ad. greek-speaking communities in central anatolia and in far-eastern anatolia survived until the greek genocide of the 1910s and early 1920s as well as the greek\u2013turkish population exchange of the mid-1920s. alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both greek and non-greek cultures. his military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves, and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"94","title":{"es":"greek pendant with alexander the great drachm"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17721/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:22.190Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":17721,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17722/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17722/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17722/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab of queen hatshepsut \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: new kingdom, 15007 - 1458 b.c \n \n dimensions: 19 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n queen hatshepsut, one of ancient egypt\u2019s most remarkable rulers, reigned during the 18th dynasty, around 1479\u20131458 bce. she was one of the few women to take on the full title of pharaoh, assuming all the powers and symbols associated with kingship. although she was initially a regent for her stepson, thutmose iii, hatshepsut gradually consolidated power and declared herself pharaoh. her reign marked a period of peace, prosperity, and significant architectural accomplishments, which left a lasting mark on egypt\u2019s cultural landscape. as part of her royal image, she was often depicted in traditional male regalia, including the false beard and nemes headdress, signaling her role as a legitimate pharaoh, equal to any male predecessor. \n \n hatshepsut\u2019s reign is particularly notable for its focus on economic expansion and trade rather than military conquest. she revitalized trade networks that had been disrupted, particularly by undertaking the famous expedition to the land of punt, which brought back valuable goods like gold, ebony, incense, and exotic animals. this emphasis on trade brought wealth and stability to egypt, allowing for grand construction projects and cultural patronage. hatshepsut\u2019s expedition to punt was celebrated in vivid reliefs on the walls of her mortuary temple at deir el-bahri, which showcase her achievements and emphasize the prosperity she brought to her people. her policies and achievements strengthened egypt's economy and enhanced its influence abroad, contributing to a legacy of prosperity and artistic advancement. \n \n one of hatshepsut's most enduring contributions is her architectural legacy, especially the construction of her mortuary temple at deir el-bahri, which is considered a masterpiece of ancient egyptian architecture. the temple, with its terraced structure harmoniously integrated into the surrounding cliffs, reflects her commitment to both innovation and tradition."},"estimateMax":1000,"lotNumber":"95","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab of queen hatshepsut, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17722/view","tags":["esinternational_african","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.302Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,000","currency":"EUR","id":17722,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17723/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17723/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17723/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17723/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: eye of horus 'udjat eye' amulet \n \n material: lapis lazuli \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 644 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 17 mm x 20 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, j.c., acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the eye of horus, wedjat eye or udjat eye is a concept and symbol in ancient egyptian religion that represents well-being, healing, and protection. it derives from the mythical conflict between the god horus with his rival set, in which set tore out or destroyed one or both of horus's eyes and the eye was subsequently healed or returned to horus with the assistance of another deity, such as thoth. horus subsequently offered the eye to his deceased father osiris, and its revivifying power sustained osiris in the afterlife. the eye of horus was thus equated with funerary offerings, as well as with all the offerings given to deities in temple ritual. it could also represent other concepts, such as the moon, whose waxing and waning was likened to the injury and restoration of the eye. \n \n the eye of horus symbol, a stylized eye with distinctive markings, was believed to have protective magical power and appeared frequently in ancient egyptian art. it was one of the most common motifs for amulets, remaining in use from the old kingdom (c. 2686\u20132181 bc) to the roman period (30 bc \u2013 641 ad). pairs of horus eyes were painted on coffins from the first intermediate period (c. 2181\u20132055 bc) and middle kingdom (c. 2055\u20131650 bc). other contexts where the symbol appeared include on carved stone stelae and on the bows of boats. to some extent the symbol was adopted by the people of regions neighboring egypt, such as syria, canaan, and especially nubia. \n \n the ancient egyptian god horus was a sky deity, and many egyptian texts say that horus's right eye was the sun and his left eye the moon. the solar eye and lunar eye were sometimes equated with the red and white crown of egypt, respectively. some texts treat the eye of horus seemingly interchangeably with the eye of ra, which in other contexts is an extension of the power of the sun god ra and is often personified as a goddess. the egyptologist richard h. wilkinson believes the two eyes of horus gradually became distinguished as the lunar eye of horus and the solar eye of ra. other egyptologists, however, argue that no text clearly equates the eyes of horus with the sun and moon until the new kingdom (c. 1550\u20131070 bc); rolf krauss argues that the eye of horus originally represented venus as the morning star and evening star and only later became equated with the moon. \n \n katja goebs argues that the myths surrounding the eye of horus and the eye of ra are based around the same mytheme, or core element of a myth, and that \"rather than postulating a single, original myth of one cosmic body, which was then merged with others, it might be more fruitful to think in terms of a (flexible) myth based on the structural relationship of an object that is missing, or located far from its owner\". in the myths surrounding the eye of ra, the goddess flees ra and is brought back by another deity. in the case of the eye of horus, the eye is usually missing because of horus's conflict with his arch-rival, the god set, in their struggle for the kingship of egypt after the death of horus's father osiris."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"96","title":{"es":"egyptian eye of horus 'udjat eye' amulet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17723/view","tags":["esinternational_african","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:18.303Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17723,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17724/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17724/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17724/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17724/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17724/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: necklace \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: ptolemaic period, 305 - 30 b.c \n \n dimensions: 480 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the jewelry of the ptolemaic period in egypt (305\u201330 bce) reflects a blend of traditional egyptian design with greek influences, resulting from the cultural fusion under the macedonian greek rulers. ptolemaic necklaces often combined materials like gold, garnet, carnelian, and other semi-precious stones, fashioned in elaborate patterns that showcased both egyptian and hellenistic artistic motifs. necklaces from this period frequently displayed symbols associated with egyptian religion, such as the ankh (symbol of life), scarabs (representing rebirth), and the eye of horus (for protection). these symbols underscored the egyptians\u2019 deep-rooted beliefs in life, protection, and spirituality, while also appealing to greek settlers and rulers who respected egyptian traditions. \n \n the ptolemaic necklace designs were often characterized by a meticulous attention to detail, with goldsmiths employing filigree, granulation, and cloisonné techniques to create intricate and richly ornamented pieces. greek-style motifs, like acanthus leaves, vine scrolls, and the goddess isis depicted with hellenistic features, began to appear alongside traditional egyptian elements. this merging of styles made ptolemaic jewelry unique, as it represented both the tastes of the ruling greek elite and the enduring egyptian cultural heritage. certain necklaces included beadwork or chains with carefully crafted pendants, combining both egyptian amuletic forms and hellenistic elegance, indicating a harmony of styles that was characteristic of ptolemaic art. \n \n the cultural significance of these necklaces extended beyond mere adornment. many ptolemaic necklaces were crafted with amuletic significance, intended to provide spiritual protection or signify the wearer\u2019s devotion to specific gods, blending religious devotion with personal identity. wealthier egyptians, as well as greek settlers, wore these necklaces as a display of status, devotion, and cultural sophistication."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"97","title":{"es":"egyptian necklace"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17724/view","directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.464Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17724,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17725/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17725/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17725/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17725/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, tek sing shipwreck \n \n period: 19th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 31 mm x 152 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex nagel auction, with oficial tek sing trasure labels. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the tek sing shipwreck, which occurred in february 1822, is one of the most significant maritime disasters in east asian history. the ship, a large chinese junk, was sailing from amoy (modern-day xiamen, china) to batavia (now jakarta, indonesia) when it struck a reef in the gaspar strait. the ship was carrying a cargo of over 350,000 porcelain items, silks, spices, and other goods, intended for the eastern and european markets. tragically, over 1,500 people\u2014most of them chinese immigrants\u2014drowned in the incident, with only 190 survivors. the wreck's immense loss of life has earned it the nickname \"the titanic of the east\"\u200b \n \n in 1999, the wreck of the tek sing was rediscovered by marine salvage expert michael hatcher. the site was located in the south china sea, near the islands of sumatra and java. the salvage operation uncovered an astonishing collection of porcelain artifacts, including fine blue and white porcelain from the dehua region of china. these items were carefully recovered and auctioned in germany, where they became significant pieces for collectors and scholars studying early 19th-century chinese export goods\u200b \n \n the discovery of the tek sing wreck provided invaluable insight into both maritime trade routes and chinese porcelain craftsmanship. the cargo from the ship serves as a vital historical reference, particularly for understanding the global trade of goods between china and the wider world during the early 1800s. unfortunately, the treasure of artifacts recovered from the wreck was dispersed, and the wreck site itself was destroyed during the salvage operations"},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"98","title":{"es":"chinese plate, tek sing shipwreck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17725/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:22.192Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17725,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17726/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17726/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17726/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type kennedy 1, group c \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 1300 - 586 b.c \n \n dimensions: 37 mm x 140 mm x 136 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age oil lamps were among the earliest devices used for illumination, appearing as early as the third millennium bce across various regions including the near east, aegean, and mediterranean. made primarily of clay or stone, these lamps were simple in design, typically consisting of a shallow bowl or saucer with a pinched rim to hold a wick. this basic form allowed oil to pool in the lamp\u2019s basin, and when a wick\u2014usually made from plant fibers or twisted cloth\u2014was inserted, it could be lit to provide a small, steady flame. these lamps were fueled by animal fats or plant oils, such as olive oil, which was abundant in mediterranean regions. the accessibility and practicality of these lamps made them essential household items in bronze age settlements. \n \n the design of bronze age oil lamps varied slightly depending on cultural influences and resources available in specific regions. in the levant and mesopotamia, for example, lamps were often plain, functional vessels made from readily available clay, with minimal decoration. in minoan and mycenaean civilizations, however, some lamps were more refined and occasionally decorated with simple incised or painted patterns. as metalworking advanced during the bronze age, a small number of lamps were also made from bronze, though these were likely reserved for ceremonial or elite use due to the value of the material. despite their modest appearance, these lamps held cultural significance and were sometimes used in ritual contexts, indicating their role in both daily life and spiritual practices."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"99","title":{"es":"bronze age oil lamp, type kennedy 1, group c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17726/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.479Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17726,"dimensions":{"depth":13.6},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17727/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17727/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17727/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17727/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 16 mm x 112 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"100","title":{"es":"chinese plate, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17727/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:22.193Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17727,"dimensions":{"depth":11.2},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":450,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17728/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17728/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17728/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: mortarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 60 mm x 275 mm x 290 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman mortarium pottery, also known as mortaria, were kitchen vessels essential in roman culinary practices, specifically for grinding and mixing ingredients. these shallow, wide-mouthed bowls had thick, gritty interiors\u2014usually created by embedding small, hard grit particles into the clay or using a coarse finish. this texture was ideal for crushing spices, herbs, and grains, similar to a modern mortar and pestle. often made of reddish or buff-colored clay, mortaria were designed with a pouring lip, making it easier to transfer liquid mixtures or sauces. the utilitarian design and practicality of mortaria made them a common feature in both domestic kitchens and professional food preparation areas across the roman empire. \n \n the production of mortarium pottery was highly specialized, with specific pottery workshops dedicated to their creation, and certain regions became known for their high-quality mortaria. for example, in britain, mortaria from mancetter-hartshill and oxfordshire became highly sought after and were distributed throughout the roman empire. these workshops sometimes stamped their products with potters\u2019 marks, indicating a standardized production and distribution system. the distinctive style and quality of these vessels suggest that roman consumers valued both functionality and craftsmanship, with some mortaria displaying elegant shapes and well-formed spouts. the widespread distribution of these stamped mortaria also provides archaeologists with valuable information about trade networks and the movement of goods within the roman empire."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"101","title":{"es":"roman mortarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17728/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":450,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.919Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17728,"dimensions":{"depth":29},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17729/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17729/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17729/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17729/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 68 mm x 94 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps were essential everyday objects in ancient roman society, used primarily for illumination but also serving as decorative and functional items. these lamps, typically made from clay, bronze, or terracotta, were fueled by oil, often olive oil, which was abundant in the roman empire. the lamps had a simple design, usually consisting of a shallow basin with a spout where a wick would be placed to burn the oil. some lamps featured intricate designs, including depictions of gods, animals, mythological scenes, and geometric patterns, making them not only practical tools but also a form of artistic expression. roman oil lamps were widely used in homes, public buildings, and outdoor spaces, offering a much-needed light source after sunset. \n \n the production of oil lamps was widespread, and their forms varied depending on the region and period. early roman lamps often featured a round or oval shape, but by the 1st century bce, they began to take on more elaborate designs, including those shaped like animals, heads, and even miniature architectural forms. lamps were frequently mass-produced in workshops, and many examples have been found in archaeological sites across the roman empire, from britain to north africa. some lamps were designed with multiple spouts, allowing several wicks to burn at once, while others were simple and utilitarian. the widespread use and variety of these lamps suggest they were integral to daily roman life, found in homes, tombs, temples, and even used for public ceremonies. \n \n in addition to their functional role, roman oil lamps had symbolic and religious significance. lamps were often placed in tombs as part of funerary rituals, symbolizing the continuation of life or guiding the deceased\u2019s soul to the afterlife. they were also used in religious ceremonies and offerings to gods, particularly in the context of private worship or in the homes of wealthy romans who could afford to have them as part of their domestic cult practices."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"102","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17729/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.920Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17729,"dimensions":{"depth":9.4},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17730/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17730/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17730/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17730/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: vessel with decoration \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: indus valley \n \n period: 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 61 mm x 95 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired from various auctions houses and collections before 2000, ex english private collection, cambridgeshire, thence by descent \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n indus valley pottery, originating from the ancient indus valley civilization (circa 3300\u20131300 bce), represents a significant aspect of the material culture of one of the world\u2019s earliest urban civilizations. the pottery from this region is known for its high quality and diverse forms, including both utilitarian and decorative vessels. common types of pottery include storage jars, cooking pots, and serving dishes, all of which were crafted using advanced techniques for their time. the pottery was typically wheel-thrown, allowing for uniform shapes and smooth surfaces, and was often finished with a slip, which is a liquid mixture of clay and water, to create a shiny, polished appearance. \n \n one of the most notable features of indus valley pottery is its distinctive decoration. many pots were adorned with intricate geometric patterns, such as grids, zigzags, and diamonds, often applied using a technique called \"stamping\" or \"incising, \" where designs were pressed into the surface of the wet clay. some pottery also features naturalistic motifs, such as animals or plants, providing insights into the flora and fauna of the region and reflecting the aesthetic preferences of the indus people. the use of red and black slip to create contrasting designs further enhanced the visual appeal of these artifacts, demonstrating a sophisticated approach to artistic expression. \n \n indus valley pottery also provides valuable information about the socio-economic aspects of the civilization. the variety of pottery types suggests a well-developed system of production and trade, with different forms serving specific functions in daily life. the discovery of pottery at various archaeological sites, including major urban centers like mohenjo-daro and harappa, indicates that these vessels were integral to both domestic activities and long-distance trade."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"103","title":{"es":"indus valley vessel with decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17730/view","tags":["esinternational_southasian","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.922Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17730,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17731/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17731/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17731/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17731/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17731/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman, north africa \n \n period: 4th \u2013 6th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 50 mm x 310 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, l. w. r., acquired before 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman north african bowls from the 4th to the 6th centuries ad are a fascinating archaeological and historical subject, reflecting the complex cultural and economic interactions in this region during the late antiquity period. these centuries witnessed a transition from the roman empire to the byzantine empire, and north africa played a crucial role in this transformation. north african pottery, including bowls, provides insights into the changing political, economic, and cultural dynamics of the time. \n \n one significant type of pottery from this period is the african red slip ware, known for its characteristic red slip (a red, glossy surface) and finely decorated designs. these bowls were widely produced in north african pottery workshops and exported throughout the mediterranean. they often featured intricate motifs, including geometric patterns, floral designs, and even christian symbols as christianity became more prominent in the region. the exchange of these bowls served not only utilitarian purposes but also acted as a form of cultural exchange and status symbol. the transition from roman to byzantine rule in north africa is reflected in these ceramics, with some showing a shift in style and iconography that aligns with byzantine artistic influences. \n \n the 4th to 6th centuries in north africa were marked by political and economic changes, including the vandal invasions and later the byzantine reconquest. these shifts are mirrored in the pottery production of the time."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"104","title":{"es":"roman bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17731/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.924Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":17731,"dimensions":{"depth":31},"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17732/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17732/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17732/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17732/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: elamite, middle period \n \n period: 1200 - 900 b.c \n \n dimensions: 96 mm x 22 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n elamite period arrowheads, dating from roughly 2700 to 539 bce, provide valuable insights into the military practices and technological advancements of ancient elam, a civilization that flourished in what is now southwestern iran. these arrowheads, typically made of metal such as bronze or iron, were integral to elamite weaponry and warfare. the arrowheads varied in design, reflecting changes in military tactics and advancements in metallurgy over the centuries. common forms include leaf-shaped, barbed, and triangular designs, each serving different purposes in combat, such as penetrating armor or causing more severe wounds. \n \n the craftsmanship of elamite arrowheads showcases the technological expertise of the period. early elamite arrowheads were often forged from bronze and exhibited simple, functional designs. as technology progressed, there was a shift towards more sophisticated designs with improved materials, such as iron, which allowed for sharper and more durable points. this evolution in arrowhead technology reflects broader trends in ancient warfare, including the increased use of metal weaponry and the refinement of weapon-making techniques. the quality and design of these arrowheads also indicate the skill of elamite metalworkers and their ability to adapt to changing military needs. \n \n elamite period arrowheads also hold archaeological significance, as they have been found in various contexts, including battle sites, defensive structures, and burial sites. their presence in these locations helps researchers understand the scale and nature of conflicts in ancient elam. in burial contexts, arrowheads might be included as grave goods, symbolizing the warrior status of the deceased or reflecting the martial culture of the time."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"105","title":{"es":"elamite arrowhead"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17732/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.925Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17732,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17733/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17733/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17733/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17733/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17733/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 87 mm x 83 mm (without stand) \n \n condition: good condition. includes stand \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired from an american private collection between 1970s-1996 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"106","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17733/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.926Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17733,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17734/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17734/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17734/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with antoninus pius denarius. obverse: antoninvs avg pivs pp tr p xii, laureate head right. reverse: cos iiii, felicitas standing left, holding caduceus and cornucopia. references: rsc 252, bmc 664, ric 178 \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 148 - 149 a.d \n \n dimensions: es 16, f 56, usa 7,5 , 27,2 gr \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade silver ring. \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in austrian auction house (coin) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antoninus pius, roman emperor from 138 to 161 ce, was one of the \"five good emperors\" and is remembered for his stable, prosperous, and peaceful reign. born in lanuvium, italy, antoninus was adopted by emperor hadrian, who saw in him a steady and principled successor. after hadrian's death, antoninus succeeded him and devoted his reign to maintaining the empire\u2019s stability and administrative efficiency rather than military conquest. his rule marked a period of peace, known as the pax romana, where few military campaigns were launched, and the focus was instead placed on domestic development and the reinforcement of legal and administrative systems throughout the provinces. his governance style emphasized patience, moderation, and fairness, setting an example of integrity and continuity. \n \n one of antoninus pius's significant contributions was his attention to law and administration, particularly in the provinces, where he worked to unify and codify legal practices. he enacted several reforms that protected slaves from abuse, established fairer treatment of freedmen, and improved the rights of provincial citizens under roman law. his commitment to justice extended to the empire\u2019s financial health as well; antoninus is noted for his careful management of imperial resources, which he used prudently without raising taxes or indebting the state. under his administration, the roman economy flourished, and public works like roads, temples, aqueducts, and theaters were developed, strengthening the infrastructure and facilitating trade and communication across the empire. \n \n antoninus pius's reign was marked by a notable absence of internal strife or rebellion, a testament to his diplomatic approach and administrative skills. his loyalty to traditional roman values and his respect for the senate helped him maintain harmony with rome\u2019s political elite, avoiding the conflicts that had plagued previous emperors. when antoninus died in 161 ce, he was deeply mourned by romans, who saw him as a model of virtuous and wise leadership. his successor, marcus aurelius, would go on to honor antoninus's legacy, adopting his name as part of his title and reflecting on the qualities that made antoninus a beloved ruler."},"estimateMax":360,"lotNumber":"107","title":{"es":"ring with antoninus pius denarius"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17734/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.928Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac260 - \u20ac360","currency":"EUR","id":17734,"estimateMin":260},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17735/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17735/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17735/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17735/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: byzantine, syrian-palestinian \n \n period: 400 - 500 a.d \n \n dimensions: 27 mm x 61 mm x 85 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n byzantine oil lamps, used widely from the early byzantine period (circa 4th century ce) to the fall of the empire, were essential items for daily life, religious practices, and symbolic rituals. these lamps were typically made of clay, bronze, or occasionally glass, and fueled by olive oil, which was readily available in the mediterranean. byzantine lamps generally featured a closed, often circular body with a nozzle for the wick and a handle for easy transport. many were decorated with christian symbols, such as crosses, fish, and chi-rho monograms, reflecting the profound influence of christianity in byzantine culture. these lamps provided light in homes, churches, monasteries, and public buildings, illuminating both daily and sacred spaces within byzantine society. \n \n the design and decoration of byzantine oil lamps evolved over time, showing the influences of earlier roman models as well as the rise of new artistic styles. early byzantine lamps retained roman features, such as the use of terracotta and simple, functional forms. however, as christianity became more established, the iconography shifted to incorporate christian symbols, saints, and religious scenes. some lamps were inscribed with prayers or invocations, which were thought to provide spiritual protection or blessings. additionally, byzantine lamps often bore intricate floral or geometric patterns that showcased the empire\u2019s skilled craftsmanship. this decorative approach made byzantine lamps not only functional lighting devices but also aesthetic objects that conveyed religious and cultural identity. \n \n beyond their use as practical tools, byzantine oil lamps had religious and symbolic significance. oil lamps were used in churches to symbolize the presence of divine light and as offerings in christian rituals, reflecting themes of enlightenment and spiritual guidance. they were also placed in tombs as part of burial rites, possibly to light the way for the deceased in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"108","title":{"es":"byzantine, syrian-palestinian oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17735/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.930Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17735,"dimensions":{"depth":8.5},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":50,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17736/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17736/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17736/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17736/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17736/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: lidded box \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, hoi an shipwreck \n \n period: 15th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 33 mm x 55 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex butterfield & butterfiel auction with oficial hoy an hoard labels. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n byzantine oil lamps, used widely from the early byzantine period (circa 4th century ce) to the fall of the empire, were essential items for daily life, religious practices, and symbolic rituals. these lamps were typically made of clay, bronze, or occasionally glass, and fueled by olive oil, which was readily available in the mediterranean. byzantine lamps generally featured a closed, often circular body with a nozzle for the wick and a handle for easy transport. many were decorated with christian symbols, such as crosses, fish, and chi-rho monograms, reflecting the profound influence of christianity in byzantine culture. these lamps provided light in homes, churches, monasteries, and public buildings, illuminating both daily and sacred spaces within byzantine society. \n \n the design and decoration of byzantine oil lamps evolved over time, showing the influences of earlier roman models as well as the rise of new artistic styles. early byzantine lamps retained roman features, such as the use of terracotta and simple, functional forms. however, as christianity became more established, the iconography shifted to incorporate christian symbols, saints, and religious scenes. some lamps were inscribed with prayers or invocations, which were thought to provide spiritual protection or blessings. additionally, byzantine lamps often bore intricate floral or geometric patterns that showcased the empire\u2019s skilled craftsmanship. this decorative approach made byzantine lamps not only functional lighting devices but also aesthetic objects that conveyed religious and cultural identity. \n \n beyond their use as practical tools, byzantine oil lamps had religious and symbolic significance. oil lamps were used in churches to symbolize the presence of divine light and as offerings in christian rituals, reflecting themes of enlightenment and spiritual guidance. they were also placed in tombs as part of burial rites, possibly to light the way for the deceased in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":130,"lotNumber":"109","title":{"es":"chinese lidded box, hoi an shipwreck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17736/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":50,"soldPrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.931Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac130","currency":"EUR","id":17736,"dimensions":{"depth":5.5},"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17737/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17737/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17737/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17737/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 117 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"110","title":{"es":"chinese plate, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17737/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:39.933Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17737,"dimensions":{"depth":11.7},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17738/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17738/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17738/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17738/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17738/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17738/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with red carnelian gem depicting the head of serapis \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 22 mm diameter, 1,4 gr. us 6.1 , uk l 1/2, f 12 \n \n condition: good condition, modern gem \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, h.l., acquired before 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman rings crafted from special gold materials were symbols of wealth, power, and sometimes even political status, reflecting the significance that romans attached to jewelry as markers of identity and social prestige. the finest roman gold rings were often made from high-purity gold alloys sourced from imperial mines or imported from distant parts of the empire, where mineral wealth was abundant. roman goldsmiths employed various techniques to craft these rings, including casting, hammering, and engraving, and they sometimes incorporated gemstones such as garnet, emerald, or sapphire to add further value and beauty. gold rings, particularly those worn by members of the senatorial or equestrian classes, displayed intricate designs and high-quality materials that distinguished the wearer\u2019s elite status in roman society, where luxurious materials were a key way to visually communicate rank and influence. \n \n some gold rings in ancient rome served a practical purpose beyond decoration, functioning as signet rings or seals used to authenticate documents and letters. the face of these rings would be engraved with unique designs, often incorporating family crests, personal symbols, or initials that represented the individual or family. these rings were used to press an impression onto wax seals, ensuring the security and authenticity of important communications. signet rings made from special gold alloys signaled both the authority of the document and the high rank of the sender, making them highly prized among the roman elite. this dual purpose of beauty and functionality allowed these rings to become personal emblems of trustworthiness, binding the individual\u2019s word with their seal."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"111","title":{"es":"roman ring with red carnelian gem depicting the head of serapis"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17738/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.830Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17738,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17739/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: trefoil jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age, cypriot \n \n period: 1450 \u2013 1050 b.c \n \n dimensions: 315 mm x 210 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n cypriot pottery from the bronze age is an important area of study for archaeologists and historians interested in the history of cyprus and cultural interactions in the eastern mediterranean during that period. cypriot pottery from the bronze age, spanning approximately from 2300 to 1050 bce, is characterized by its diversity of forms and decorative styles. \n \n one of the most notable types of cypriot pottery from the bronze age is the \u201cbilbil, \u201d a jar with a spherical body and a long, narrow neck. these jars had a variety of uses, including storage and transportation of liquids. cypriot bronze age pottery often features a range of decorative designs, including geometric patterns, stylized animals, and floral motifs. these designs can provide insights into the aesthetics and iconography of the time, as well as the cultural influences that impacted pottery production in cyprus. \n \n furthermore, cypriot bronze age pottery has been found at archaeological sites throughout the island as well as in other locations in the eastern mediterranean. this suggests active participation by cyprus in the trade networks of the era and its influence in cultural diffusion within the region."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"112","title":{"es":"bronze age trefoil jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17739/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.833Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17739,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17740/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17740/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17740/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17740/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting a horse \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 67 mm x 98 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps were essential household items throughout the roman empire, serving as the primary source of illumination in homes, temples, and public spaces from around the 3rd century bce through late antiquity. these lamps were typically made of clay or terracotta, though some luxurious versions were crafted in bronze or other metals for wealthier patrons. designed with a small, shallow reservoir to hold oil\u2014most commonly olive oil\u2014and a spout for the wick, roman oil lamps were simple yet effective in providing light after sunset. their portability made them versatile for both indoor and outdoor use, from domestic activities to religious ceremonies. \n \n the designs of roman oil lamps varied widely and often reflected the cultural, artistic, and religious values of their time. simple lamps had minimal decoration and were purely utilitarian, while others were intricately decorated with motifs such as mythological scenes, animals, or gods and goddesses. lamps featuring figures of deities like venus, mercury, or bacchus were common and served as symbols of protection and blessing. some lamps even depicted scenes from roman life or famous gladiator battles, showing the influence of popular culture on everyday objects. the variety of decorative elements also highlights the skilled craftsmanship of roman artisans, who often used molds to create detailed reliefs on the lamps\u2019 surfaces. \n \n in addition to their practical use, roman oil lamps held significant cultural and religious symbolism. they were frequently placed in graves and tombs as part of funerary customs, symbolizing light for the deceased in the afterlife. oil lamps were also used in rituals and as offerings in temples, particularly in domestic cults where they served as an act of devotion to household gods or protective deities. lamps have been discovered across the vast roman empire, from britain to egypt, providing valuable archaeological insights into daily life, trade networks, and religious practices."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"113","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting a horse"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17740/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.835Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17740,"dimensions":{"depth":9.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17741/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17741/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17741/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: key \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, dr. k.b., munich, since the 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman keys were essential tools for securing locks on doors, chests, and personal items, reflecting the roman emphasis on security, privacy, and property ownership. made primarily from iron, bronze, or sometimes brass, roman keys varied in design, but they generally consisted of a long shaft with a curved or looped head that engaged with the lock mechanism. the keys were often large and heavy, particularly those used for doors or storage chests, and they were frequently carried as symbols of authority, wealth, and access. roman keys were also integral to the organization of private and public spaces, from households to temples, demonstrating how the romans valued controlled access to both physical property and private life. \n \n the design of roman keys was functional yet varied, with some keys featuring intricate, ornate designs, while others were more utilitarian. large, ornate keys were often used by the wealthy or in the context of important state or religious buildings, while smaller, simpler keys were used by ordinary citizens. the variation in size and decoration of roman keys reflects the different types of locks they were designed for, from the elaborate locking mechanisms used in villas and public buildings to simpler locks for personal use. many roman keys found in archaeological excavations bear decorative elements such as animal heads, religious symbols, or family crests, which were sometimes engraved into the head of the key, showcasing the owner\u2019s identity, status, or affiliations. \n \n in addition to their practical and decorative purposes, roman keys have an important symbolic role in roman culture. they were sometimes depicted in art, especially in funerary contexts, to signify ownership, protection, and the safeguarding of personal or family treasures."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"114","title":{"es":"roman key"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17741/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.837Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17741,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17742/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17742/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17742/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plumb bob \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 26 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman plumb bob, or plumbum (latin for lead), was an essential tool in roman engineering and construction, providing precise vertical alignment in projects ranging from building aqueducts to laying out roads and erecting monumental structures. made typically of lead and sometimes bronze, roman plumb bobs were designed as pointed weights suspended by string, allowing gravity to create a perfect vertical line. these tools were indispensable for roman architects, engineers, and surveyors, who relied on them to ensure accuracy in constructing the straight, stable walls, columns, and foundations that characterize roman architecture. their simple yet effective design was key to achieving the technical precision that made roman structures so durable. \n \n the design of the roman plumb bob was straightforward, usually comprising a cone or pear-shaped lead weight with a small hole at the top for threading the string. despite its simplicity, the plumb bob was highly effective in aiding tasks such as aligning walls, laying out perpendicular corners, and setting columns in straight lines. roman builders also used plumb bobs alongside leveling tools, like the groma and chorobates, to create meticulously planned layouts. plumb bobs allowed builders to transfer points vertically across floors and heights, ensuring that elements aligned across multiple stories or rows. the romans\u2019 use of this tool reflects their dedication to precision, which is evident in the enduring strength and symmetry of roman architecture. \n \n roman plumb bobs are found across archaeological sites throughout the former roman empire, indicating the widespread and standardized nature of roman construction techniques. the durability of these lead or bronze tools has preserved them well, providing insight into the practical aspects of roman engineering practices. plumb bobs were likely owned by professional builders and engineers, representing a crucial part of their toolkit."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"115","title":{"es":"roman plumb bob"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17742/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.839Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17742,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17743/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17743/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sole of a shoe with hobnail holes \n \n material: leather \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 200 mm x 67 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 1856,0701.7247, 1856,0701.1045, 1856,0701.7235 and 1856,0701.7237 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the soles from the roman period represents a common feature of roman military and civilian footwear, particularly the caligae, the heavy-duty sandals worn by roman soldiers. hobnails were small metal studs or nails inserted into the soles of shoes to provide extra durability, traction, and protection, especially for those who frequently marched on rough terrain. the soles of roman shoes were typically made from thick layers of leather, into which these nails were driven, creating a robust and long-lasting sole. hobnails not only prevented excessive wear but also improved grip, making them essential for soldiers who had to navigate diverse landscapes during campaigns. \n \n in terms of construction, the hobnails were inserted from the inside of the shoe, with their heads secured within the leather to prevent discomfort for the wearer. the nails\u2019 pointed ends protruded through the outer surface of the sole, forming a grid-like pattern. these shoes, with their studded soles, became iconic of the roman military and are often depicted in roman art and statues. civilians, too, used hobnailed shoes, particularly those who worked in agriculture or traveled long distances, where the enhanced durability was essential for daily life. excavations at military camps and roman settlements frequently uncover these soles, with the distinctive pattern of hobnail holes still visible. \n \n hobnail shoes not only had a practical function but also carried symbolic and tactical significance in the roman period. for soldiers, the sound of hobnailed boots\u2014often described as a clattering or stomping noise\u2014became a symbol of roman military presence and power. the sound alone could instill fear in enemies. additionally, the tough soles protected soldiers\u2019 feet during long marches, allowing the roman legions to cover vast distances more effectively. archaeological finds of these shoes, particularly at battlefields and military forts, provide valuable insights into roman military life, showing how practical innovations like hobnail soles contributed to the strength and mobility of rome\u2019s armies."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"116","title":{"es":"roman sole of a shoe with hobnail holes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17743/view","tags":["esfashion_shoes","esfashion_all","esfashion"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.840Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17743,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":110,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17744/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17744/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17744/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17744/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17744/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with crowned horus-falcon and uraeus-serpent \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: new kingdom, 1550 - 1070 b.c \n \n dimensions: 12 mm x 9 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the egyptians saw the egyptian scarab (scarabaeus sacer) as a symbol of renewal and rebirth. the beetle was associated closely with the sun god because scarabs roll large balls of dung in which to lay their eggs, a behavior that the egyptians thought resembled the progression of the sun through the sky from east to west. its young were hatched from this ball, and this event was seen as an act of spontaneous self-creation, giving the beetle an even stronger association with the sun god\u2019s creative force. the connection between the beetle and the sun was so close that the young sun god was thought to be reborn in the form of a winged scarab beetle every morning at sunrise. as this young sun god, known as khepri, rose in the sky, he brought light and life to the land. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"117","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab with crowned horus-falcon and uraeus-serpent"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17744/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_figurines","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":110,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.481Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac175 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17744,"estimateMin":175},{"startPrice":190,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17745/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17745/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medusa head applique \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 42 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection since the early 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman depiction of medusa, a figure from greek mythology, was an enduring and significant image in roman art, especially in the context of both mythology and protective symbolism. medusa, one of the three gorgons, was famously transformed into a monster with snakes for hair and the power to turn anyone who gazed upon her into stone. while the mythological story of medusa\u2019s transformation and her eventual slaying by the hero perseus originates in greek mythology, the romans adopted and adapted the image of medusa in a variety of artistic forms. medusa was often portrayed with a striking, menacing face, her hair a tangle of snakes, symbolizing both her power and her curse. \n \n in roman art, medusa's image was often used in decorative works, such as reliefs, mosaics, and especially on bronze and marble sculptures. one of the most famous representations of medusa in roman art is the gorgon\u2019s head, which was frequently featured as an apotropaic symbol, used to ward off evil and protect spaces. this \"evil eye\" function, associated with medusa, was a significant part of roman belief, as the face of medusa was thought to have protective qualities when placed on items like shields, doorways, and public buildings. this use of her image as a protective charm highlights how roman interpretations of mythology often merged with practical concerns about health, safety, and the unseen dangers of the world. \n \n medusa also appeared in roman portraiture, particularly in the form of large, dramatic representations of her head as a motif, often seen on coins and jewelry. roman emperors, such as those during the julio-claudian dynasty, used medusa's image to convey a sense of power, control, and protection, integrating the gorgon into imperial propaganda. for example, the emperor nero sometimes had coins minted with medusa\u2019s head, likely to symbolize the ruler\u2019s connection to divine or supernatural protection. the dual nature of medusa\u2014both a symbol of danger and a protector\u2014mirrors the complexities of roman imperial power, where rulers needed to balance fear and reverence in their image."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"118","title":{"es":"roman medusa head applique"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17745/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":190,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.842Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17745,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17746/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17746/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17746/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17746/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17746/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17746/006/006.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp with confronted eros \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic \n \n period: 2nd \u2013 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 23 mm x 70 mm x 98 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n eros, in greek religion, god of love. in the theogony of hesiod (fl. 700 bce), eros was a primeval god, son of chaos, the original primeval emptiness of the universe, but later tradition made him the son of aphrodite, goddess of sexual love and beauty, by either zeus (the king of the gods), ares (god of war and of battle), or hermes (divine messenger of the gods). \n \n eros was a god not simply of passion but also of fertility. his brother was anteros, the god of mutual love, who was sometimes described as his opponent. the chief associates of eros were pothos and himeros (longing and desire). later writers assumed the existence of a number of erotes (like the several versions of the roman amor). \n \n in alexandrian poetry he degenerated into a mischievous child. in archaic art he was represented as a beautiful winged youth but tended to be made younger and younger until, by the hellenistic period, he was an infant. his chief cult centre was at thespiae in boeotia, where the erotidia were celebrated. he also shared a sanctuary with aphrodite on the north wall of the acropolis at athens."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"119","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp with confronted eros"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17746/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":110,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.844Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17746,"dimensions":{"depth":9.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17747/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17747/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: roundel with the head of medusa \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 47 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman depiction of medusa, a figure from greek mythology, was an enduring and significant image in roman art, especially in the context of both mythology and protective symbolism. medusa, one of the three gorgons, was famously transformed into a monster with snakes for hair and the power to turn anyone who gazed upon her into stone. while the mythological story of medusa\u2019s transformation and her eventual slaying by the hero perseus originates in greek mythology, the romans adopted and adapted the image of medusa in a variety of artistic forms. medusa was often portrayed with a striking, menacing face, her hair a tangle of snakes, symbolizing both her power and her curse. \n \n in roman art, medusa's image was often used in decorative works, such as reliefs, mosaics, and especially on bronze and marble sculptures. one of the most famous representations of medusa in roman art is the gorgon\u2019s head, which was frequently featured as an apotropaic symbol, used to ward off evil and protect spaces. this \"evil eye\" function, associated with medusa, was a significant part of roman belief, as the face of medusa was thought to have protective qualities when placed on items like shields, doorways, and public buildings. this use of her image as a protective charm highlights how roman interpretations of mythology often merged with practical concerns about health, safety, and the unseen dangers of the world. \n \n medusa also appeared in roman portraiture, particularly in the form of large, dramatic representations of her head as a motif, often seen on coins and jewelry. roman emperors, such as those during the julio-claudian dynasty, used medusa's image to convey a sense of power, control, and protection, integrating the gorgon into imperial propaganda. for example, the emperor nero sometimes had coins minted with medusa\u2019s head, likely to symbolize the ruler\u2019s connection to divine or supernatural protection. the dual nature of medusa\u2014both a symbol of danger and a protector\u2014mirrors the complexities of roman imperial power, where rulers needed to balance fear and reverence in their image."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"120","title":{"es":"roman roundel with the head of medusa"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17747/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.846Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17747,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17748/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17748/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sling bullet with inscription 'na / mer' \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 15 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: draskowski, n., & weiss, p., neue griechische schleuderbleie. tissaphernes und weitere kommandeure, p. 148 - 149 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek sling bullets, also known as \"\"glandes\"\" (singular: glans), were small, often egg-shaped projectiles used with slings by ancient greek soldiers. these bullets were typically made of lead, although stone and clay examples have also been found. lead was preferred due to its density, which allowed the bullets to travel farther and with more force than those made from lighter materials. the use of slings and sling bullets dates back to ancient times, but they became particularly significant in greek warfare from the 5th century bce onwards, used by specialized troops known as slingers or \"\"sphendonetes.\"\" \n \n the design of greek sling bullets was often quite sophisticated, with many bullets bearing inscriptions or symbols. inscriptions could include the names of the city-state or military unit, the names of commanders, or messages intended to demoralize the enemy, such as \"\"take that\"\" or \"\"catch this.\"\" some bullets were even crafted in the shape of acorns or almonds to enhance their aerodynamic properties. the addition of such inscriptions and designs not only served practical purposes in identifying and intimidating foes but also provided a psychological edge in battle, showcasing the ingenuity and resourcefulness of greek soldiers. \n \n sling bullets played a crucial role in various military engagements throughout greek history, particularly in skirmishes and sieges where ranged attacks were advantageous. the effectiveness of slings was notable in their ability to strike enemies at a distance, penetrate armor, and cause significant injuries or fatalities. slingers were valued members of greek armies and often operated alongside archers and infantry, contributing to the tactical flexibility and overall combat effectiveness of greek forces."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"121","title":{"es":"greek sling bullet with inscription 'na / mer'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17748/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.483Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17748,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17749/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17749/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: hair pin with dots decoration \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd - 5th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 117 mm x 23 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman hairpins were essential items of personal adornment, often used by both men and women to secure hairstyles in place, reflecting the aesthetic and social norms of ancient roman society. these hairpins were typically made from a variety of materials, including metal, bone, ivory, wood, and occasionally glass or precious stones. the materials used often depended on the wearer's social status, with wealthier romans favoring more elaborate and finely crafted pins, while those of lower status used simpler versions. hairpins ranged in size and shape, from small, functional pins to long, ornate examples with decorative heads, which often featured intricate designs or symbolic motifs. \n \n in terms of design, roman hairpins were highly varied, with some displaying detailed carvings or inlays that incorporated geometric patterns, floral elements, or even mythological scenes. some hairpins were made with simple, streamlined forms that served a more practical purpose, while others were decorated with elaborate scenes or figures, such as animals, gods, or heads of famous individuals. the decorative style of a hairpin could indicate the owner\u2019s wealth or the occasion for which it was worn. wealthy roman women, in particular, used hairpins as a way to express their status and taste, and these pins were often designed to complement the elaborate hairstyles of the time, which could involve twists, braids, and curls arranged with precision. \n \n hairpins also had symbolic and social significance in roman society. in addition to their role in daily life as functional accessories, they were used in various cultural and religious practices. for instance, a woman\u2019s hairpin could signal her marital status, as married women often wore specific styles of hairpins or combs to denote their status. archaeological discoveries of roman hairpins in burial sites indicate their importance in funerary rituals as well, where they were sometimes placed in tombs alongside other personal belongings."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"122","title":{"es":"roman hair pin with dots decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17749/view","tags":["esfashion_vanityitems","esfashion_all","esfashion"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.484Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17749,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17750/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17750/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17750/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17750/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17750/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 112 mm x 26 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman glass flasks, popular from the first century ce onward, showcase the ingenuity and skill of roman glassmakers. typically small and crafted from transparent or semi-transparent glass, these flasks were designed to hold precious liquids such as perfumes, oils, or medicines. their delicate yet durable construction made them prized items, not only functional but also symbols of sophistication and wealth. the shapes of these flasks varied widely\u2014some were simple and cylindrical, while others featured more complex, rounded, or tapered bodies. they were often sealed with a cork or cloth stopper to protect the valuable contents inside. \n \n the techniques used to create roman glass flasks evolved with advancements in glassblowing, a technique believed to have been developed in the eastern mediterranean around the first century bce. glassblowing allowed for the production of thin-walled vessels in a wide variety of shapes, significantly reducing the time and labor involved in glass production. as a result, glass items, including flasks, became more affordable and widespread throughout the roman empire. many flasks also incorporated decorative techniques, such as trail decoration, where thin strands of glass were applied to the vessel's surface in swirling or linear patterns. colored glass and iridescent finishes, which often developed over time due to chemical reactions in burial environments, added to their appeal. \n \n roman glass flasks have been discovered across the empire, from the middle east to europe, indicating their popularity and the high demand for these versatile items."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"123","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17750/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.961Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17750,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17751/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17751/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, spoon \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 104 mm x 24 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"124","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, spoon"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17751/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.963Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17751,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17752/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17752/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17752/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, scalpel \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 75 mm x 8 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"125","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, scalpel"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17752/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.966Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17752,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17753/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17753/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: seleucid empire \n \n period: battle against the hasmoneans, 138 b.c \n \n dimensions: 48 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 08.99.16\u2013.17 \n mazis m., wright n.l., archers, antiochos vii sidetes, and the arrowheads, p. 207, fig. a to d \n t. ariel, d., archaeological evidence for the siege of jerusalem by antiochus vii sidetes, p. 241-242 \n \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antiochos vii sidetes, a king of the seleucid empire, ruled from 138 to 129 bce. he is often remembered for attempting to restore the waning power of the seleucid state, which had been severely weakened by internal strife and external threats. after ascending to the throne, antiochos vii set his sights on reclaiming territories lost to rival factions, including the judean kingdom led by the hasmonean dynasty. his campaign against the hasmoneans, a jewish ruling family that had established a semi-independent state, was part of his broader strategy to reassert seleucid dominance over the region. \n \n the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans reached a peak during his siege of jerusalem in 134 bce. at this time, john hyrcanus, the hasmonean ruler, was consolidating his power in judea after the death of his father, simon maccabeus. despite their initial resistance, the hasmoneans were forced to negotiate with antiochos vii, who had superior military strength. the siege concluded with a compromise: the hasmoneans retained some level of autonomy, but they were required to pay tribute and acknowledge seleucid authority. this outcome demonstrated antiochos vii\u2019s pragmatic approach to dealing with rebellious territories. \n \n however, antiochos vii's successes in judea were short-lived. he soon launched an ambitious campaign against the parthians, who posed a significant threat to the eastern borders of the seleucid empire. this campaign ended in disaster, as antiochos vii was killed in 129 bce. his death marked the effective end of seleucid influence in judea, allowing the hasmoneans to further consolidate their power and eventually gain full independence. the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans symbolizes the decline of the seleucid empire and the rise of the hasmonean dynasty in the region."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"126","title":{"es":"seleucid arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17753/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.485Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17753,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17754/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17754/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17754/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17754/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with monogram \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: byzantine \n \n period: 5th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 23 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the use of monograms on rings became a prevalent form of religious expression and identification. these monograms typically consisted of intertwined letters or symbols, often forming abbreviations or representations of important religious phrases or figures. one of the most common monograms found on byzantine rings during this period was the chi-rho symbol, which combined the first two letters of the greek word for christ, χριστος (chi [χ] and rho [ρ]). the chi-rho symbol was closely associated with the emperor constantine and became an emblem of christianity following his conversion and subsequent adoption of the symbol. \n \n the use of monograms on byzantine rings served multiple purposes. firstly, they acted as potent symbols of christian faith, encapsulating the essence of christian beliefs and serving as personal declarations of devotion to christ. secondly, these monograms often functioned as protective talismans, believed to ward off evil and provide spiritual defense for the wearer. as such, byzantine individuals would wear rings adorned with monograms as both expressions of their faith and as tangible aids in their spiritual lives, reflecting the intertwined nature of religion and daily life in byzantine society. \n \n moreover, byzantine rings featuring monograms were not merely religious artifacts but also held socio-political significance. the use of imperial monograms, such as those representing the reigning emperor or members of the imperial family, on rings served to align the wearer with the ruling powers and affirm loyalty to the byzantine state."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"127","title":{"es":"byzantine ring with monogram"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17754/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.968Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17754,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17755/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17755/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17755/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: 'manu fica' amulet \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: roman, egypt \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 20 mm x 8 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman manu fica amulet, also known as the \"fig sign\" or \"fig-shaped hand\" amulet, was a powerful and widely used symbol of protection in roman society. shaped to resemble a fist with the thumb placed between the index and middle fingers, the gesture is often associated with warding off the evil eye, a common belief in ancient roman and mediterranean cultures. the manu fica symbol was believed to protect the wearer from jealousy, misfortune, and the malevolent gaze of others, often serving as a talisman to keep away bad luck or curses. this gesture was so significant that it appeared not only in amulet form but also in various other objects like rings, pendants, and pottery, reflecting its widespread cultural importance. \n \n the use of the manu fica amulet was prevalent in both personal and public contexts. roman soldiers, for example, often wore these amulets as protective charms during battles and long journeys, seeking divine or supernatural aid against the dangers they faced. wealthy individuals and aristocrats also utilized these amulets to safeguard themselves from the negative effects of envy or malicious gossip, which were believed to be potent forces in roman society. the manu fica was not only used as a protective device but also as a statement of defiance against misfortune, reflecting the roman emphasis on resilience and control over external forces. \n \n the manu fica gesture itself, with its thumb between the index and middle fingers, was a form of folk magic that crossed cultural boundaries, appearing in greek, roman, and later european traditions. in roman times, the amulet was often worn in everyday life and incorporated into a range of jewelry and personal items. in addition to its protective function, the manu fica could also be used as a sign of fertility or a symbol of good luck."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"128","title":{"es":"roman 'manu fica' amulet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17755/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_figurines","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.487Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17755,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17756/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17756/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17756/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17756/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17756/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting a man lying next to a tree, type bussière d x \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 45 mm x 90 mm x 120 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps are significant artifacts that offer insights into ancient roman daily life, technology, and artistic expression. these lamps were essential sources of illumination in households, public spaces, and religious settings throughout the roman empire. they were typically made of clay, bronze, or occasionally glass, and served practical as well as symbolic purposes. \n \n roman oil lamps varied in design and decoration depending on factors such as region, period, and intended use. common motifs included geometric patterns, floral designs, mythological scenes, and religious symbols. some lamps featured intricate relief work or inscriptions, showcasing the craftsmanship and artistic skills of roman artisans. additionally, certain lamps were designed with specific functions in mind, such as those used in religious rituals or funerary contexts. \n \n the use of oil lamps in ancient rome extended beyond mere illumination. they were often employed in religious ceremonies, where the act of lighting a lamp symbolized the presence of the divine and the offering of prayers or sacrifices. oil lamps were also used in domestic rituals and social gatherings, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere."},"estimateMax":270,"lotNumber":"129","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting a man lying next to a tree, type bussière d x"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17756/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.969Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac270","currency":"EUR","id":17756,"dimensions":{"depth":12},"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":380,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17757/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17757/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17757/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17757/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17757/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bottle \n \n material: terra sigillata \n \n culture: roman, north africa \n \n period: 3rd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 180 mm x 100 mm \n \n condition: good condition, handle repaired \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman north african bottles, often associated with the regions of modern-day tunisia, algeria, and libya, represent an important segment of roman material culture, particularly in terms of their use in trade, daily life, and storage practices. these bottles were typically made from glass, a material that became increasingly popular in the roman empire during the 1st and 2nd centuries ce. roman north african glass bottles often featured a wide variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from small, narrow-necked vessels to larger, more bulbous forms. their primary function was for storing liquids such as perfumes, oils, and wine, though they were also used to hold medicines or scented water, depending on the contents. \n \n the craftsmanship of roman north african glass bottles was highly advanced, with many examples exhibiting sophisticated techniques in both molding and blowing. glassmakers in the region, particularly in the city of carthage, were renowned for their skill in producing delicate and often finely decorated bottles. these vessels frequently featured intricate patterns, from geometric designs to depictions of mythological figures or animals. many bottles also had decorative handles, rims, and embossed patterns, highlighting the artistry and attention to detail that went into their production. some bottles were even tinted or colored, adding to their aesthetic appeal and distinguishing them from simpler, utilitarian vessels. \n \n roman north african bottles played a key role in the trade networks that connected the roman empire, especially in the mediterranean. north africa, with its abundant natural resources, including sand for glassmaking, became a significant center for the production and export of glassware. the bottles made in north africa were highly prized across the roman world and beyond, serving as luxury items in affluent households or as practical containers for everyday use. the widespread distribution of these bottles across the empire\u2014evidenced by their discovery in archaeological sites in europe, the near east, and north africa\u2014demonstrates the extensive trade routes and cultural exchanges that existed during the roman period."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"130","title":{"es":"roman bottle"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17757/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":380,"soldPrice":380,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.972Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":17757,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17758/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17758/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17758/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cosmetic bowl / palette \n \n material: stone \n \n culture: iron age \n \n period: 8th \u2013 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 66 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, a.k., with israeli export licence number 57470 \n bibliography: the israel museum, jerusalem, accession number 1936-929 and 1980-1161 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n during the iron age period, cosmetic palettes and bowls held significant cultural and social importance in various ancient civilizations, particularly in regions such as the near east and egypt. these artifacts served as both functional tools for cosmetic preparation and as symbols of status and identity within society. cosmetic palettes from this period typically consisted of flat, circular or oval-shaped pieces of stone or other materials, often adorned with intricate engravings or relief carvings depicting religious, mythological, or symbolic motifs. \n \n in ancient egypt, cosmetic palettes were widely used for grinding and mixing cosmetics, such as kohl for eyeliner or various ointments and pigments for body adornment. these palettes were crafted from materials like schist, slate, or limestone and were often decorated with elaborate designs that reflected the artistic styles and religious beliefs of the time. many palettes featured animal motifs, geometric patterns, or scenes from mythology and everyday life, serving as artistic expressions of the cultural milieu in which they were created. \n \n beyond their utilitarian function, cosmetic palettes also held symbolic significance in ancient societies. in addition to being practical objects for cosmetic preparation, they were often associated with rituals, ceremonies, and beliefs surrounding beauty, health, and spiritual protection. in some cultures, cosmetic palettes were buried as grave goods alongside the deceased, reflecting beliefs in the afterlife and the importance of personal adornment and grooming even in death."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"131","title":{"es":"iron age cosmetic bowl / palette"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17758/view","tags":["esfashion_vanityitems","esfashion_all","esfashion"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.489Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":17758,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17759/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17759/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17759/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17759/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17759/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with nefer-sign flanked by bent papyrus stalks \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: second intermediate period, 1700 - 1500 b.c \n \n dimensions: 14 mm x 10 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the egyptians saw the egyptian scarab (scarabaeus sacer) as a symbol of renewal and rebirth. the beetle was associated closely with the sun god because scarabs roll large balls of dung in which to lay their eggs, a behavior that the egyptians thought resembled the progression of the sun through the sky from east to west. its young were hatched from this ball, and this event was seen as an act of spontaneous self-creation, giving the beetle an even stronger association with the sun god\u2019s creative force. the connection between the beetle and the sun was so close that the young sun god was thought to be reborn in the form of a winged scarab beetle every morning at sunrise. as this young sun god, known as khepri, rose in the sky, he brought light and life to the land. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"132","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab with nefer-sign flanked by bent papyrus stalks"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17759/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_figurines","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.490Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac175 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17759,"estimateMin":175},{"startPrice":380,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17760/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17760/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17760/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17760/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17760/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with agate \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 27 mm x 24 mm, 6,3 gr. us 9.5 , uk t, f 21 \n \n condition: good condition, modern gem \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, h.l., acquired before 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman rings crafted from special gold materials were symbols of wealth, power, and sometimes even political status, reflecting the significance that romans attached to jewelry as markers of identity and social prestige. the finest roman gold rings were often made from high-purity gold alloys sourced from imperial mines or imported from distant parts of the empire, where mineral wealth was abundant. roman goldsmiths employed various techniques to craft these rings, including casting, hammering, and engraving, and they sometimes incorporated gemstones such as garnet, emerald, or sapphire to add further value and beauty. gold rings, particularly those worn by members of the senatorial or equestrian classes, displayed intricate designs and high-quality materials that distinguished the wearer\u2019s elite status in roman society, where luxurious materials were a key way to visually communicate rank and influence. \n \n some gold rings in ancient rome served a practical purpose beyond decoration, functioning as signet rings or seals used to authenticate documents and letters. the face of these rings would be engraved with unique designs, often incorporating family crests, personal symbols, or initials that represented the individual or family. these rings were used to press an impression onto wax seals, ensuring the security and authenticity of important communications. signet rings made from special gold alloys signaled both the authority of the document and the high rank of the sender, making them highly prized among the roman elite. this dual purpose of beauty and functionality allowed these rings to become personal emblems of trustworthiness, binding the individual\u2019s word with their seal."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"133","title":{"es":"roman ring with agate"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17760/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":380,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:41.934Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":17760,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":40,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17761/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17761/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17761/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: key \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 45 mm x 24 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, dr. k.b., munich, since the 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman keys were essential tools for securing locks on doors, chests, and personal items, reflecting the roman emphasis on security, privacy, and property ownership. made primarily from iron, bronze, or sometimes brass, roman keys varied in design, but they generally consisted of a long shaft with a curved or looped head that engaged with the lock mechanism. the keys were often large and heavy, particularly those used for doors or storage chests, and they were frequently carried as symbols of authority, wealth, and access. roman keys were also integral to the organization of private and public spaces, from households to temples, demonstrating how the romans valued controlled access to both physical property and private life. \n \n the design of roman keys was functional yet varied, with some keys featuring intricate, ornate designs, while others were more utilitarian. large, ornate keys were often used by the wealthy or in the context of important state or religious buildings, while smaller, simpler keys were used by ordinary citizens. the variation in size and decoration of roman keys reflects the different types of locks they were designed for, from the elaborate locking mechanisms used in villas and public buildings to simpler locks for personal use. many roman keys found in archaeological excavations bear decorative elements such as animal heads, religious symbols, or family crests, which were sometimes engraved into the head of the key, showcasing the owner\u2019s identity, status, or affiliations. \n \n in addition to their practical and decorative purposes, roman keys have an important symbolic role in roman culture. they were sometimes depicted in art, especially in funerary contexts, to signify ownership, protection, and the safeguarding of personal or family treasures."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"134","title":{"es":"roman key"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17761/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:33.243Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17761,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17762/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17762/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: counterfeit coin mold \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 29 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman counterfeit coin molds provide a fascinating glimpse into the underground economies and the sophistication of coin production in the ancient world. these molds, typically made of metal or stone, were used to create fraudulent copies of roman coins, often forgeries that sought to replicate the designs and weight of legitimate currency. counterfeiting was a widespread issue in the roman empire, especially during times of economic strain when emperors debased the coinage to fund military campaigns or government projects. molds allowed counterfeiters to produce large quantities of fake coins, which could be circulated to undermine the value of the official currency or to profit from the difference in metal content between the genuine and fake coins. \n \n the techniques used by counterfeiters varied, but they often involved pouring molten metal, usually a cheaper alloy, into molds that mimicked the design of roman coins. these molds were crafted with remarkable precision, showcasing the skill and knowledge of ancient forgers. the quality of the forgeries ranged from crude, poorly executed imitations to nearly indistinguishable replicas that could easily deceive even experienced coiners. some counterfeit coins were intentionally altered in minor ways\u2014such as altering inscriptions or details of the emperor\u2019s portrait\u2014to make them harder to trace. this adaptability in counterfeiting shows how forgers were able to respond to changes in coinage, as the roman empire issued a wide variety of coins with different sizes, materials, and designs over the centuries. \n \n roman counterfeit coin molds have been discovered in various archaeological sites, particularly in places where the empire's reach was less centralized or where economic instability was more pronounced. the presence of these molds in ancient workshops or hidden caches suggests the existence of organized, illicit coin minting operations. these counterfeit coins were often used to finance illicit activities, and the presence of counterfeit coin molds also underscores the challenges faced by the roman government in policing its currency."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"135","title":{"es":"roman counterfeit coin mold"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17762/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:19.492Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17762,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17763/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17763/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17763/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17763/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type kennedy 1, group c \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: iron age \n \n period: 1300 - 586 b.c \n \n dimensions: 53 mm x 110 mm x 106 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n during the iron age period, oil lamps continued to be an essential source of illumination in households, religious spaces, and other communal settings across various ancient civilizations. these lamps were typically crafted from materials such as clay, bronze, or even stone, reflecting the technological capabilities and artistic preferences of the time. while the basic design of oil lamps remained consistent throughout the iron age, regional variations and stylistic changes emerged, influenced by cultural, religious, and technological factors. \n \n in many iron age societies, oil lamps served not only practical purposes but also held symbolic significance. they were often used in religious rituals and ceremonies, where the act of lighting a lamp represented the presence of divine forces or the offering of prayers and supplications to gods and ancestors. the design and decoration of iron age oil lamps sometimes featured religious symbols, mythological motifs, or scenes from sacred narratives, reinforcing their role in religious expression and devotion."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"136","title":{"es":"iron age oil lamp, type kennedy 1, group c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17763/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:33.245Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17763,"dimensions":{"depth":10.6},"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17764/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17764/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: valve water spout in the shape of a dolphin \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 80 mm x 53 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, r. fletcher, taos, nm, acquired before 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman valve water spouts were an integral component of the highly advanced water management systems that characterized the roman empire. these spouts, often made from bronze or lead, allowed for controlled water flow in a variety of public and private structures, including baths, fountains, and private homes. the valve mechanism was simple yet effective, usually consisting of a plug or lever that could be adjusted to regulate water pressure or fully stop the flow. the practicality of these spouts underscored the romans' understanding of hydraulic engineering, as they were able to create and control water flow through aqueducts, cisterns, and pipes, providing cities with a stable water supply. this innovation was essential to sustaining urban populations and supporting the extensive bathing culture for which rome became famous. \n \n the design of roman valve water spouts also reflected a balance of functionality and aesthetics. many valve spouts were adorned with intricate designs, such as animal heads, mythological figures, or geometric patterns, making them decorative elements as well as practical tools. for instance, a lion\u2019s head was a popular motif, symbolizing strength and vitality and adding an element of grandeur to public baths or fountains. some spouts featured carved deities like neptune, god of the sea, which would be especially fitting for water-related structures. these artistic touches turned functional components into decorative focal points, enhancing the ambiance of public spaces and private gardens. such embellishments exemplified the roman approach to engineering, where utility and beauty often went hand in hand."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"137","title":{"es":"roman valve water spout in the shape of a dolphin"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17764/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:33.247Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17764,"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17765/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17765/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17765/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17765/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant with alexander the great drachm. obverse: head of herakles wearing lion-skin head-dress. reverse: zeus enthroned holding eagle and sceptre. \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 33 mm x 25 mm, 11,2 gr \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n alexander iii of macedon, commonly known as alexander the great, was a king of the ancient greek kingdom of macedon. he succeeded his father philip ii to the throne in 336 bc at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout western asia and egypt. by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from greece to northwestern india. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. \n \n until the age of 16, alexander was tutored by aristotle. in 335 bc, shortly after his assumption of kingship over macedon, he campaigned in the balkans and reasserted control over thrace and illyria before marching on the city of thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. alexander then led the league of corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all greeks in their conquest of persia. \n \n in 334 bc, he invaded the achaemenid persian empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. following his conquest of asia minor, alexander broke the power of achaemenid persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at issus and gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew darius iii and conquered the achaemenid empire in its entirety. after the fall of persia, the macedonian empire held a vast swath of territory between the adriatic sea and the indus river. alexander endeavored to reach the \"ends of the world and the great outer sea\" and invaded india in 326 bc, achieving an important victory over porus, an ancient indian king of present-day punjab, at the battle of the hydaspes. due to the demand of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the beas river and later died in 323 bc in babylon, the city of mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a greek invasion of arabia. in the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the macedonian empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the diadochi. \n \n with his death marking the start of the hellenistic period, alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as greco-buddhism and hellenistic judaism. he founded more than twenty cities that bore his name, with the most prominent being the city of alexandria in egypt. alexander's settlement of greek colonists and the resulting spread of greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the indian subcontinent. the hellenistic period developed through the roman empire into modern western culture; the greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the byzantine empire up until its collapse in the mid-15th century ad. greek-speaking communities in central anatolia and in far-eastern anatolia survived until the greek genocide of the 1910s and early 1920s as well as the greek\u2013turkish population exchange of the mid-1920s. alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both greek and non-greek cultures. his military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves, and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"138","title":{"es":"greek pendant with alexander the great drachm"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17765/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:41.936Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":17765,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17766/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17766/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17766/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17766/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: elamite, middle period \n \n period: 1200 - 900 b.c \n \n dimensions: 125 mm x 29 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n elamite period arrowheads, dating from roughly 2700 to 539 bce, provide valuable insights into the military practices and technological advancements of ancient elam, a civilization that flourished in what is now southwestern iran. these arrowheads, typically made of metal such as bronze or iron, were integral to elamite weaponry and warfare. the arrowheads varied in design, reflecting changes in military tactics and advancements in metallurgy over the centuries. common forms include leaf-shaped, barbed, and triangular designs, each serving different purposes in combat, such as penetrating armor or causing more severe wounds. \n \n the craftsmanship of elamite arrowheads showcases the technological expertise of the period. early elamite arrowheads were often forged from bronze and exhibited simple, functional designs. as technology progressed, there was a shift towards more sophisticated designs with improved materials, such as iron, which allowed for sharper and more durable points. this evolution in arrowhead technology reflects broader trends in ancient warfare, including the increased use of metal weaponry and the refinement of weapon-making techniques. the quality and design of these arrowheads also indicate the skill of elamite metalworkers and their ability to adapt to changing military needs. \n \n elamite period arrowheads also hold archaeological significance, as they have been found in various contexts, including battle sites, defensive structures, and burial sites. their presence in these locations helps researchers understand the scale and nature of conflicts in ancient elam. in burial contexts, arrowheads might be included as grave goods, symbolizing the warrior status of the deceased or reflecting the martial culture of the time."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"139","title":{"es":"elamite arrowhead"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17766/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.981Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17766,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":160,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17767/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17767/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17767/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17767/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: squat lekythos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 75 mm x 70 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek squat lekythos is a distinctive type of pottery vessel that was widely used in ancient greece, particularly during the late archaic and classical periods. the squat lekythos, characterized by its round, flattened body and a small, narrow neck, was typically used for storing and dispensing oil, especially olive oil, which was an essential part of daily life in ancient greece. its squat shape made it practical for holding oils used in cooking, personal grooming, and religious rituals, while the narrow neck allowed for controlled pouring. often, these vessels were designed to be highly functional, but they also featured artistic decoration that reflected the cultural and aesthetic values of the time. \n \n the decoration on greek squat lekythoi was typically done in the black-figure or red-figure style, both of which were popular during different periods of greek pottery. the black-figure technique, where figures were painted in a black slip and then fired in a kiln, dominated before the 5th century bce, while the red-figure technique, which allowed for more detailed and intricate depictions of human figures, took over during the classical period. the imagery on these vessels often depicted scenes from daily life, such as offerings to the gods, funerary practices, or athletic contests. many squat lekythoi, especially those used in funerary contexts, were adorned with scenes illustrating the departure of the deceased's soul or the ritual of laying out the body, making them both utilitarian and symbolic. \n \n in addition to their function and decoration, squat lekythoi had a significant role in greek burial practices. they were commonly used as funerary offerings, particularly in the context of the deceased's grave goods. the lekythos was placed in tombs, often beside the body, filled with oil, or sometimes unfilled as a symbol of the offering to the gods. the representation of everyday activities on the vessels, such as bathing, athletic competitions, and feasting, could symbolize the continuity of life and the hope for a peaceful afterlife."},"estimateMax":380,"lotNumber":"140","title":{"es":"greek squat lekythos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17767/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":160,"soldPrice":160,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:05:33.249Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac280 - \u20ac380","currency":"EUR","id":17767,"estimateMin":280},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17768/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17768/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17768/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17768/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17768/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type kennedy 20 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: levantine \n \n period: 5th - 6th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 53 mm x 55 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n levantine oil lamps are a significant category of ancient pottery, primarily found in the levant region, which includes parts of modern-day israel, palestine, lebanon, jordan, and syria. these oil lamps were widely used from the hellenistic period through the roman and byzantine eras, providing an essential source of light in domestic, religious, and public spaces. typically crafted from clay, levantine oil lamps often had simple, functional shapes\u2014usually round or slightly elongated with a small, shallow reservoir to hold oil. they were designed with a spout for the wick, which would be lit to provide illumination. the lamps were relatively small, making them portable and easy to use in various settings, from homes to places of worship. \n \n the design and decoration of levantine oil lamps varied greatly, often reflecting the cultural influences of the different empires and peoples who ruled over the region. during the hellenistic and roman periods, many of the lamps were molded with detailed patterns, and sometimes featured symbolic imagery such as animals, human figures, or divine motifs. these decorative elements could serve both an aesthetic and a functional role, with some lamps featuring inscriptions or symbolic motifs believed to offer protection or blessings to the owner. in addition to functional designs, many lamps from this region were produced in molds, which allowed for mass production and easy distribution across the levantine region and beyond. \n \n levantine oil lamps also had a spiritual and ritual significance. in jewish, christian, and pagan contexts, oil lamps were used in religious ceremonies, often placed in sacred spaces, temples, or tombs as offerings or to provide light for rituals. for example, in early christian sites, oil lamps were used in burial practices, and it was common to find them alongside other grave goods. the symbolism of light, often associated with divine presence and purity, meant that these lamps were not only utilitarian but also spiritual objects, contributing to the ambiance and sanctity of religious rituals."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"141","title":{"es":"levantine oil lamp, type kennedy 20"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17768/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.817Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17768,"dimensions":{"depth":10.5},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17769/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17769/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17769/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17769/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17769/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: theatrical mask bead \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 16 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swedish private collection, r.s., acquired from german art market \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman theatrical mask bead is a unique and significant artifact that reflects the rich cultural and social practices of ancient rome, particularly in the realms of entertainment and personal adornment. these beads, which were often worn as jewelry or used in decorative pieces, featured the facial likenesses of theatrical masks associated with roman drama. roman theatre masks, typically representing characters from comedy and tragedy, were widely recognized symbols of the theatrical tradition, and their incorporation into personal items like beads suggests the integration of theatrical culture into daily life. these beads were usually made of materials such as glass, terracotta, or even precious metals, depending on the social status of the wearer. \n \n the use of theatrical mask imagery in roman jewelry had both decorative and symbolic purposes. the masks themselves were part of a long tradition that originated in greek theatre and continued through roman performances, where actors would wear large masks to exaggerate emotions and to distinguish between characters. these masks typically represented two genres of drama: comedy (often depicted with a smiling face) and tragedy (depicted with a sorrowful or serious expression). by wearing beads shaped like these masks, romans not only displayed their appreciation for the arts and theatre but also linked themselves to cultural traditions that celebrated drama and performance. this connection to theatre could also carry deeper meanings, such as invoking the powers of gods associated with the arts, or signaling the wearer's personal connection to the theatrical world. \n \n roman theatrical mask beads were more than just decorative items; they were also symbols of cultural identity and social status. such beads were popular among the roman elite, who had access to luxury materials and could afford to incorporate fine craftsmanship into their jewelry. these beads were worn on necklaces, bracelets, and other forms of adornment, showcasing not only the wearer\u2019s wealth but also their cultural sophistication. in addition to their use in personal jewelry, roman theatrical mask beads were sometimes included in grave goods, indicating that they held a symbolic meaning beyond the living world."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"142","title":{"es":"roman theatrical mask bead"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17769/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.984Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17769,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17770/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17770/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17770/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 52 mm x 265 mm (without frame) \n \n condition: good condition. includes frame \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich (1928 - 2015), acquired between 1970s - 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"143","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17770/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_rugsandtapestries","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.990Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17770,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17771/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17771/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17771/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17771/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 130 mm x 72 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"144","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17771/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.819Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17771,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":220,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17772/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17772/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17772/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17772/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17772/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17772/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: spouted jug with engraved π-decor. \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: early byzantine \n \n period: 5th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 290 mm x 155 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, g.s., acquired since 1966 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the byzantine spouted jug is a distinctive type of ceramic vessel that played an important role in byzantine daily life, particularly in the context of both domestic and ceremonial use. these jugs, typically made of pottery or sometimes of glass, are characterized by their spout, which extends from the main body of the jug, often with a curved or slightly flared shape. the spout allowed for a controlled pour of liquids such as wine, water, or oil, which was essential for both everyday activities and religious rituals. in byzantine society, the spouted jug was a common household item, used for serving liquids during meals, feasts, and religious ceremonies, particularly within the context of christian rites like baptisms and eucharistic rituals. \n \n the design of byzantine spouted jugs varied over time, with early examples often having simple, utilitarian forms, while later versions became more refined, featuring elaborate decorations and symbolic imagery. some jugs were adorned with intricate geometric patterns or figural depictions, including christian symbols such as crosses, angels, or saints. these decorations served not only to beautify the jug but also to reflect the religious and cultural values of the byzantine empire, where art was deeply intertwined with spirituality. the use of symbols and iconography on these vessels also reflected the era\u2019s emphasis on the divine and the sacred, with such jugs often being used in ecclesiastical settings or as part of religious offerings. \n \n byzantine spouted jugs were made using various techniques, with some being wheel-thrown while others were hand-built. the quality of the materials and craftsmanship varied depending on the status of the owner, with wealthier individuals having access to more elaborate and finely decorated versions, while simpler jugs were common in everyday use. the discovery of these jugs in archaeological sites provides valuable insights into byzantine domestic life, trade, and religious practices."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"145","title":{"es":"byzantine spouted jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17772/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.821Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17772,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17773/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17773/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17773/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17773/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17773/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17773/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: unguentarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic period \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 280 mm x 65 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, g.s., acquired since 1966 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek hellenistic unguentarium is a small, elegant container used primarily for storing perfumes, oils, and other aromatic substances, which were highly valued in ancient greek society. these vessels, which gained prominence during the hellenistic period (roughly 323\u201330 bce), were typically made of glass or ceramic and featured a narrow neck with a small, round body. their size and shape made them ideal for personal use, as they could be easily carried and stored in small spaces, such as a private chamber or a traveling kit. the unguentarium was often used to hold perfumed oils for daily grooming, religious rituals, or as a status symbol in elite circles, reflecting the cultural importance of fragrance in hellenistic society. \n \n the design of the hellenistic unguentarium varied, with some examples being very simple and utilitarian, while others were highly decorative, showcasing the craftsmanship and artistic sophistication of the period. many glass unguentaria were blown and could be clear, colored, or even decorated with intricate patterns or motifs, including floral, geometric, or mythological designs. the vessels were sometimes adorned with painted or molded decorations that reflected the cultural tastes of the time. in addition to their aesthetic appeal, the unguentarium's functional design\u2014often featuring a tight-fitting stopper\u2014helped preserve the valuable contents, preventing the evaporation of the aromatic oils stored inside. these objects were not just practical items but also reflections of the personal style and wealth of their owners. \n \n unguentaria were commonly found in various contexts, including domestic settings, burials, and religious spaces. in domestic environments, they were part of the grooming and bathing rituals, as fragrance was an important aspect of personal hygiene and social presentation. in funerary contexts, unguentaria were often placed in tombs as grave goods, indicating that they were considered valuable items that could accompany the deceased into the afterlife. the prevalence of unguentaria in hellenistic burial sites suggests that these objects were seen as important not only in life but also in death, highlighting the enduring cultural significance of perfume and personal adornment in ancient greek society."},"estimateMax":350,"lotNumber":"146","title":{"es":"greek unguentarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17773/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.822Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac350","currency":"EUR","id":17773,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":170,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17774/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17774/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17774/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17774/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17774/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 92 mm x 183 mm x 112 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a skyphos (from the greek σκύφος) is a two-handled deep wine-cup on a low flanged base or none. the handles may be horizontal ear-shaped thumbholds that project from the rim (in both corinthian and athenian shapes), or they may be loop handles at the rim or that stand away from the lower part of the body."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"147","title":{"es":"greek skyphos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17774/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":170,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.824Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17774,"dimensions":{"depth":11.2},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":340,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17775/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17775/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17775/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17775/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17775/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: trefoil oinochoe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 170 mm x 100 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, k.m., acquired from a french private collection, f.m. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek trefoil oinochoe is a distinctive type of wine jug that was commonly used in ancient greek society, particularly during the archaic and classical periods. the term \"trefoil\" refers to the shape of the jug\u2019s handle, which has three distinct, rounded lobes, resembling a cloverleaf or trefoil. the oinochoe itself was a vessel designed for pouring liquids, specifically wine, and it typically featured a wide, rounded body that tapered towards the bottom, with a single handle and a spout for easy pouring. this design made the trefoil oinochoe both functional and visually striking, as it could hold a substantial amount of liquid while also allowing for controlled pouring, essential for social gatherings, symposia, and other communal events where wine was central to the experience. \n \n the trefoil oinochoe was often made of ceramic, though it was sometimes crafted from metal, especially for more prestigious versions. ceramic examples were frequently decorated with a variety of motifs, ranging from geometric patterns to more complex scenes depicting daily life, mythological themes, or the gods and heroes of greek legend. the black-figure and red-figure techniques, both popular during the archaic and classical periods, were commonly used to decorate the exterior of these jugs. the decorative elements on a trefoil oinochoe not only enhanced its aesthetic appeal but also conveyed cultural and religious messages, as the imagery often reflected the values, beliefs, and social practices of the time. for example, scenes of gods and goddesses or of feasting could highlight the connection between wine and the divine, reinforcing the ritualistic and celebratory roles that wine played in greek culture. \n \n the greek trefoil oinochoe was used in a variety of settings, particularly in social and religious contexts. in the domestic sphere, it was a common vessel used to pour wine at symposia, the elite drinking parties that were central to greek social life. these events were both intellectual and social gatherings, where participants would engage in conversation, philosophical debate, and storytelling while drinking wine. the trefoil oinochoe\u2019s distinctive design made it an iconic vessel for such occasions."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"148","title":{"es":"greek trefoil oinochoe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17775/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":340,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.826Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17775,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":180,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17776/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17776/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17776/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17776/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 14 mm x 15 mm, 0,6 gr. \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, h.l., acquired before 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman rings crafted from special gold materials were symbols of wealth, power, and sometimes even political status, reflecting the significance that romans attached to jewelry as markers of identity and social prestige. the finest roman gold rings were often made from high-purity gold alloys sourced from imperial mines or imported from distant parts of the empire, where mineral wealth was abundant. roman goldsmiths employed various techniques to craft these rings, including casting, hammering, and engraving, and they sometimes incorporated gemstones such as garnet, emerald, or sapphire to add further value and beauty. gold rings, particularly those worn by members of the senatorial or equestrian classes, displayed intricate designs and high-quality materials that distinguished the wearer\u2019s elite status in roman society, where luxurious materials were a key way to visually communicate rank and influence. \n \n some gold rings in ancient rome served a practical purpose beyond decoration, functioning as signet rings or seals used to authenticate documents and letters. the face of these rings would be engraved with unique designs, often incorporating family crests, personal symbols, or initials that represented the individual or family. these rings were used to press an impression onto wax seals, ensuring the security and authenticity of important communications. signet rings made from special gold alloys signaled both the authority of the document and the high rank of the sender, making them highly prized among the roman elite. this dual purpose of beauty and functionality allowed these rings to become personal emblems of trustworthiness, binding the individual\u2019s word with their seal."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"149","title":{"es":"roman ring"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17776/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":180,"soldPrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.827Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17776,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17777/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17777/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17777/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 85 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek olpe is a type of pottery vessel used primarily for pouring liquids, such as wine or water, and is characterized by its distinctive shape. typically, an olpe has a tall, cylindrical body that tapers slightly towards the top, a high, narrow neck, and a trefoil mouth, which is designed with three spouts or lobes to facilitate controlled pouring. the vessel usually has a single handle attached vertically from the top of the neck to the body, allowing for easy handling. originating in the geometric period (c. 900-700 bce), the olpe became particularly popular during the archaic (c. 700-480 bce) and classical (c. 480-323 bce) periods of ancient greece. \n \n the decoration of olpai (plural for olpe) reflects the artistic styles and motifs prevalent in their respective periods. in the geometric period, olpai were often adorned with linear patterns, meanders, and geometric shapes. as greek pottery evolved, so did the decoration on these vessels. during the archaic period, black-figure technique became prominent, featuring silhouetted figures painted in black slip on the natural red clay background. scenes depicted on olpai from this period often included mythological narratives, daily life activities, and animal friezes. in the later classical period, the red-figure technique, where the background was painted black and the figures left in red, allowed for greater detail and realism in the depiction of human figures and complex scenes. \n \n the greek olpe was not only a functional object but also held social and ceremonial significance. in domestic settings, it was used during symposia, which were social gatherings where wine played a central role in fostering intellectual discussions and entertainment. the olpe\u2019s elegant shape and intricate decoration made it a suitable vessel for such occasions, symbolizing the host\u2019s wealth and cultural refinement. additionally, olpai were used in religious and funerary contexts, often as offerings to gods or as grave goods."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"150","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17777/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:44.829Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17777,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17778/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17778/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sling bullet with scorpion and monogram \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek sling bullet, often referred to as a sphendone or sphendonê, was a small, round projectile used with a sling, a common weapon in ancient greek warfare. made from materials such as lead, clay, or stone, these bullets were designed to be launched at high velocity from a sling, a tool consisting of a cord or leather strap used to propel the bullet toward its target. the greek sling bullet typically had a cylindrical or spherical shape, which allowed it to be gripped securely in the sling and to fly more accurately when launched. these projectiles were used not only by greek soldiers but also by other ancient mediterranean cultures, who recognized the sling as an effective ranged weapon. \n \n the use of sling bullets in ancient greece dates back to the early classical period, and they were commonly employed during battles, sieges, and skirmishes. soldiers trained in the use of the sling could hurl these bullets with great precision, targeting enemy troops, horses, or even fortifications. the bullets were often inscribed with symbols, names, or messages, suggesting that they could serve as both a functional weapon and a form of psychological warfare. in some instances, sling bullets were used to send a message or as a form of intimidation, as inscriptions could carry threats or warnings, such as the name of an enemy general or a curse. these inscriptions have been found on archaeological sites, providing valuable insights into the military and cultural practices of the time. \n \n sling bullets were mass-produced, particularly in times of conflict, and their widespread use reflected their effectiveness in ancient warfare. they were often cast in molds, which made them relatively inexpensive to produce and easy to distribute to large armies. the presence of sling bullets in archaeological excavations, particularly at sites of ancient battles such as those in the peloponnesian war or the roman conquest of the greek world, highlights their significance in military history."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"151","title":{"es":"greek sling bullet with scorpion and monogram"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17778/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.997Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17778,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17779/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17779/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17779/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17779/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: turtle pendant \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swedish private collection, r.s., acquired from german art market \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n turtles were commonly depicted in roman art, from sculpture and mosaics to jewelry and pottery, often serving as symbols of various virtues and attributes. the turtle's slow, steady movement and long lifespan made it a potent symbol of longevity, stability, and endurance. it was often associated with the concept of time and the inevitable progression of life, reflecting roman values related to persistence, endurance, and the longevity of the roman empire itself. the turtle also became a symbol of protection, as its hard shell was seen as a natural armor, making it an emblem of safeguarding and defense. \n \n in roman mythology, the turtle was linked to several deities and was sometimes depicted as a companion or sacred animal. for instance, the turtle was associated with the goddess venus in some representations, symbolizing fertility and the nurturing aspect of nature. the turtle\u2019s association with venus was likely due to its connection with the earth and the fertility of the land, qualities that were highly valued in roman society. additionally, the turtle appeared in roman domestic life as a motif on items such as pottery, jewelry, and personal objects, where it was often used to convey meanings of protection and good fortune, particularly in amulets and charms. it was believed that carrying or wearing turtle-shaped objects would offer the wearer spiritual benefits, bringing peace and safeguarding them from harm. \n \n roman turtle iconography also had a presence in funerary art, where the turtle was sometimes included in grave goods or depicted on tombstones, underscoring its symbolic association with the afterlife. the turtle\u2019s symbolism in death was likely related to its long life and its perceived ability to endure through time. as such, depictions of turtles on tombs or as grave offerings could have been intended to wish for a long, peaceful afterlife for the deceased. the turtle\u2019s connection to the underworld and its role as a symbol of the enduring spirit also made it a common motif in representations of the deceased."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"152","title":{"es":"roman turtle pendant"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17779/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:17.005Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17779,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":130,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17780/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17780/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17780/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17780/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17780/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 55 mm x 185 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bowls, an essential component of ancient roman dining ware, showcase the rich diversity and sophistication of roman ceramic artistry. these bowls, used for a variety of purposes including serving food, mixing ingredients, and holding liquids, were made from a range of materials such as clay, glass, and metal. the most common material was pottery, which was readily available and versatile. roman pottery bowls were typically crafted using a wheel and then fired in a kiln, resulting in durable and functional pieces that were used in both everyday and ceremonial contexts. \n \n one of the most notable types of roman pottery bowls is the terra sigillata, also known as samian ware, which was produced primarily in gaul (modern-day france) and italy. these bowls are distinguished by their smooth, glossy red slip and fine, detailed decorations, which often included motifs of mythology, animals, and everyday life scenes. terra sigillata bowls were highly prized for their aesthetic qualities and were widely traded throughout the roman empire, indicating their popularity and the high regard in which they were held. the production of these bowls involved sophisticated techniques, including the use of molds to create intricate designs, showcasing the advanced level of roman ceramic craftsmanship. \n \n roman glass bowls, another significant category, illustrate the technological advancements and artistic innovations of the time. glass blowing, which became widespread during the roman period, allowed for the creation of delicate and finely crafted glass bowls. these items were often decorated with vibrant colors and intricate patterns achieved through techniques such as millefiori (a mosaic-like pattern) and cameo glass (where layers of glass are carved to create images in relief). glass bowls were luxury items and were often used in elite households for special occasions, reflecting the wealth and status of their owners."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"153","title":{"es":"roman bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17780/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":130,"soldPrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:48.693Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17780,"dimensions":{"depth":18.5},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":170,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17781/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17781/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17781/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17781/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: kylix \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 48 mm x 160 mm x 103 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek kylix is a type of drinking cup that was widely used in ancient greece, particularly during the archaic and classical periods. it is characterized by its broad, shallow bowl, horizontal handles, and a short stem, which collectively give it a distinctive, elegant profile. the kylix was primarily used for drinking wine, especially during symposia, which were social gatherings where men would drink, discuss various topics, and enjoy entertainment. the shape of the kylix made it ideal for such events, as it allowed drinkers to easily lift and sip from the cup while reclining on couches. \n \n the decoration of kylikes (plural for kylix) often featured intricate and detailed artwork, typically executed in the black-figure or red-figure techniques that were prevalent in greek pottery. black-figure kylikes, produced earlier, involved painting figures in black slip on the natural red clay body, with details incised to reveal the underlying clay. red-figure kylikes, which became popular later, reversed this process by painting the background in black and leaving the figures in the natural red of the clay, allowing for greater detail and more naturalistic depictions. the interior of the kylix, known as the tondo, frequently displayed scenes related to dionysus, the god of wine, as well as other mythological or everyday life scenes, offering visual delight and narrative intrigue as the drinker finished their wine. \n \n beyond their functional and aesthetic appeal, kylikes also had a social and symbolic significance. the imagery on kylikes often depicted scenes of revelry, music, and athletic competition, reflecting the cultural values and practices of the symposia."},"estimateMax":280,"lotNumber":"154","title":{"es":"greek kylix"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17781/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":170,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:48.695Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac260 - \u20ac280","currency":"EUR","id":17781,"dimensions":{"depth":10.3},"estimateMin":260},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17782/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17782/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17782/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 74 mm x 90 mm (without frame) \n \n condition: good condition. includes frame \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich (1928 - 2015), acquired between 1970s - 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"155","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17782/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_rugsandtapestries","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:17.013Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17782,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17783/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17783/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17783/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17783/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type howland 21 c \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 43 mm x 77 mm x 122 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek oil lamps were essential items in daily life in ancient greece, used primarily for illumination, as well as in religious rituals. these lamps were designed to hold oil, typically olive oil, which would be ignited with a wick to produce light. the typical greek oil lamp had a shallow, round body with a central reservoir for oil, a spout for the wick, and a handle for easy handling and pouring. these lamps came in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from small, portable versions that could be used in the home to larger lamps designed for use in public spaces or temples. the widespread use of oil lamps in greek society reflects the need for artificial light during the evening hours, especially in a time before electricity. \n \n the design of greek oil lamps evolved over time, particularly during the archaic and classical periods. many of the earliest lamps were simple in form, often made of terracotta, and featured a simple round or oval body with a single wick holder. as time progressed, greek artisans began to embellish oil lamps with intricate decorations, including geometric patterns, human and animal figures, and scenes from greek mythology. these decorative elements not only made the lamps aesthetically appealing but also served as a means of expressing cultural and religious beliefs. some lamps, for example, featured images of gods and goddesses, such as apollo, the god of light, symbolizing the divine connection between light and the gods. \n \n greek oil lamps also had an important role in religious practices. lamps were frequently used in temples and other sacred spaces as offerings to the gods or to provide light during rituals. they were often placed before statues of deities, particularly in the context of daily prayers or during festivals. in addition to their religious significance, oil lamps were commonly found in tombs as grave goods."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"156","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp, type howland 21 c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17783/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:48.696Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17783,"dimensions":{"depth":12.2},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":40,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17784/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17784/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, ear probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 6 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"157","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, ear probe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17784/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:17.020Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17784,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":80,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17785/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17785/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medusa head applique \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 38 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection since the early 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman depiction of medusa, a figure from greek mythology, was an enduring and significant image in roman art, especially in the context of both mythology and protective symbolism. medusa, one of the three gorgons, was famously transformed into a monster with snakes for hair and the power to turn anyone who gazed upon her into stone. while the mythological story of medusa\u2019s transformation and her eventual slaying by the hero perseus originates in greek mythology, the romans adopted and adapted the image of medusa in a variety of artistic forms. medusa was often portrayed with a striking, menacing face, her hair a tangle of snakes, symbolizing both her power and her curse. \n \n in roman art, medusa's image was often used in decorative works, such as reliefs, mosaics, and especially on bronze and marble sculptures. one of the most famous representations of medusa in roman art is the gorgon\u2019s head, which was frequently featured as an apotropaic symbol, used to ward off evil and protect spaces. this \"evil eye\" function, associated with medusa, was a significant part of roman belief, as the face of medusa was thought to have protective qualities when placed on items like shields, doorways, and public buildings. this use of her image as a protective charm highlights how roman interpretations of mythology often merged with practical concerns about health, safety, and the unseen dangers of the world. \n \n medusa also appeared in roman portraiture, particularly in the form of large, dramatic representations of her head as a motif, often seen on coins and jewelry. roman emperors, such as those during the julio-claudian dynasty, used medusa's image to convey a sense of power, control, and protection, integrating the gorgon into imperial propaganda. for example, the emperor nero sometimes had coins minted with medusa\u2019s head, likely to symbolize the ruler\u2019s connection to divine or supernatural protection. the dual nature of medusa\u2014both a symbol of danger and a protector\u2014mirrors the complexities of roman imperial power, where rulers needed to balance fear and reverence in their image."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"158","title":{"es":"roman medusa head applique"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17785/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":80,"soldPrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:48.698Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17785,"dimensions":{"depth":3.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17786/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17786/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: seleucid empire \n \n period: battle against the hasmoneans, 138 b.c \n \n dimensions: 56 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 08.99.16\u2013.17 \n mazis m., wright n.l., archers, antiochos vii sidetes, and the arrowheads, p. 207, fig. a to d \n t. ariel, d., archaeological evidence for the siege of jerusalem by antiochus vii sidetes, p. 241-242 \n \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antiochos vii sidetes, a king of the seleucid empire, ruled from 138 to 129 bce. he is often remembered for attempting to restore the waning power of the seleucid state, which had been severely weakened by internal strife and external threats. after ascending to the throne, antiochos vii set his sights on reclaiming territories lost to rival factions, including the judean kingdom led by the hasmonean dynasty. his campaign against the hasmoneans, a jewish ruling family that had established a semi-independent state, was part of his broader strategy to reassert seleucid dominance over the region. \n \n the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans reached a peak during his siege of jerusalem in 134 bce. at this time, john hyrcanus, the hasmonean ruler, was consolidating his power in judea after the death of his father, simon maccabeus. despite their initial resistance, the hasmoneans were forced to negotiate with antiochos vii, who had superior military strength. the siege concluded with a compromise: the hasmoneans retained some level of autonomy, but they were required to pay tribute and acknowledge seleucid authority. this outcome demonstrated antiochos vii\u2019s pragmatic approach to dealing with rebellious territories. \n \n however, antiochos vii's successes in judea were short-lived. he soon launched an ambitious campaign against the parthians, who posed a significant threat to the eastern borders of the seleucid empire. this campaign ended in disaster, as antiochos vii was killed in 129 bce. his death marked the effective end of seleucid influence in judea, allowing the hasmoneans to further consolidate their power and eventually gain full independence. the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans symbolizes the decline of the seleucid empire and the rise of the hasmonean dynasty in the region."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"159","title":{"es":"seleucid arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17786/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:17.027Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17786,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17787/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17787/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17787/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring with antoninus pius denarius. obverse: antoninvs avg pivs p p tr p xxii, laureate head right. reverse: vota sol dec ii cos iiiii, antoninus veiled with patera over tripod. references: ric iii 0291(a), rsc ii 1102 \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 148 - 149 a.d \n \n dimensions: es 23, f 63, usa 10,2 , 23,9 gr \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade silver ring. \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in austrian auction house (coin) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antoninus pius, roman emperor from 138 to 161 ce, was one of the \"five good emperors\" and is remembered for his stable, prosperous, and peaceful reign. born in lanuvium, italy, antoninus was adopted by emperor hadrian, who saw in him a steady and principled successor. after hadrian's death, antoninus succeeded him and devoted his reign to maintaining the empire\u2019s stability and administrative efficiency rather than military conquest. his rule marked a period of peace, known as the pax romana, where few military campaigns were launched, and the focus was instead placed on domestic development and the reinforcement of legal and administrative systems throughout the provinces. his governance style emphasized patience, moderation, and fairness, setting an example of integrity and continuity. \n \n one of antoninus pius's significant contributions was his attention to law and administration, particularly in the provinces, where he worked to unify and codify legal practices. he enacted several reforms that protected slaves from abuse, established fairer treatment of freedmen, and improved the rights of provincial citizens under roman law. his commitment to justice extended to the empire\u2019s financial health as well; antoninus is noted for his careful management of imperial resources, which he used prudently without raising taxes or indebting the state. under his administration, the roman economy flourished, and public works like roads, temples, aqueducts, and theaters were developed, strengthening the infrastructure and facilitating trade and communication across the empire. \n \n antoninus pius's reign was marked by a notable absence of internal strife or rebellion, a testament to his diplomatic approach and administrative skills. his loyalty to traditional roman values and his respect for the senate helped him maintain harmony with rome\u2019s political elite, avoiding the conflicts that had plagued previous emperors. when antoninus died in 161 ce, he was deeply mourned by romans, who saw him as a model of virtuous and wise leadership. his successor, marcus aurelius, would go on to honor antoninus's legacy, adopting his name as part of his title and reflecting on the qualities that made antoninus a beloved ruler."},"estimateMax":360,"lotNumber":"160","title":{"es":"ring with antoninus pius denarius"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17787/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:48.699Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac260 - \u20ac360","currency":"EUR","id":17787,"estimateMin":260},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17788/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17788/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17788/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17788/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 95 mm x 35 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman glass flasks, popular from the first century ce onward, showcase the ingenuity and skill of roman glassmakers. typically small and crafted from transparent or semi-transparent glass, these flasks were designed to hold precious liquids such as perfumes, oils, or medicines. their delicate yet durable construction made them prized items, not only functional but also symbols of sophistication and wealth. the shapes of these flasks varied widely\u2014some were simple and cylindrical, while others featured more complex, rounded, or tapered bodies. they were often sealed with a cork or cloth stopper to protect the valuable contents inside. \n \n the techniques used to create roman glass flasks evolved with advancements in glassblowing, a technique believed to have been developed in the eastern mediterranean around the first century bce. glassblowing allowed for the production of thin-walled vessels in a wide variety of shapes, significantly reducing the time and labor involved in glass production. as a result, glass items, including flasks, became more affordable and widespread throughout the roman empire. many flasks also incorporated decorative techniques, such as trail decoration, where thin strands of glass were applied to the vessel's surface in swirling or linear patterns. colored glass and iridescent finishes, which often developed over time due to chemical reactions in burial environments, added to their appeal. \n \n roman glass flasks have been discovered across the empire, from the middle east to europe, indicating their popularity and the high demand for these versatile items."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"161","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17788/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.434Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17788,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17789/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17789/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17789/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with royal name of pharaoh pimay, tell tayinat workshop \n \n \n material: lapis lazuli  \n \n \n culture: iron age \n \n \n period: 800 b.c  \n \n \n dimensions: 16 mm x 10 mm \n \n \n condition: good condition \n \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession), ex shlomo moussaieff private collection \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice.  \n \n \n  \n \n \n pharaoh pimay, a ruler of egypt's 22nd dynasty, is notable for his relatively brief but impactful reign, believed to have lasted around five years during the mid-8th century bce. pimay was the son of pharaoh shoshenq iii and ruled from the city of tanis in lower egypt. this period was characterized by a complex political landscape, as egypt was often divided among competing dynasties and regional power struggles. pimay's reign is less well-documented than some of his contemporaries, leaving historians to piece together his contributions and influence from limited sources. \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n \n pimay's name, sometimes rendered as pami or pamaay, means \"the lion\" in ancient egyptian, a fitting title considering the turbulent period during which he ruled. his reign, while brief, showed signs of maintaining stability within his domain, particularly in tanis, which was a political and cultural center. artifacts and inscriptions from his era indicate that he continued the religious and political traditions of his predecessors, participating in temple-building activities and offering dedications to the gods, especially the deity amun. these contributions were crucial in reinforcing his legitimacy as pharaoh in a time marked by shifting alliances and localized conflicts. \n \n \n  \n \n \n despite the lack of extensive records, pimay's lineage and his place in the libyan dynasty reveal his role within the broader geopolitical framework of egypt. pimay was a member of the libyan ancestry that had held power in egypt for several generations, and he may have had to navigate tensions with rival dynasties, particularly those in upper egypt. while little evidence survives to illuminate his military or administrative policies, pimay\u2019s brief rule seems to have been a period of cautious continuity, allowing the libyan dynasty to sustain its presence in tanis. the scarcity of monumental inscriptions related to pimay has left"},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"162","title":{"es":"iron age scarab with royal name of pharaoh pimay, tell tayinat workshop, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17789/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:17.029Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":17789,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17790/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17790/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17790/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17790/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: iron age, central asia, amlash or bactrian \n \n period: 1st millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 21 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired from london gallery (1970s - 2000s) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the bactrian culture thrived in the region of bactria, which encompassed parts of present-day afghanistan, uzbekistan, and tajikistan, during the bronze age, roughly from the 3rd to the 2nd millennium bce. bactria served as a crucial crossroads along the ancient silk road, connecting the civilizations of the mediterranean, central asia, china, and the indian subcontinent. the culture is known for its advanced urban centers, sophisticated metallurgy, and rich artistic traditions. bactrian art often depicted scenes of daily life, mythical creatures, and religious motifs. the bactrians are also believed to have played a significant role in the spread of early indo-iranian languages and culture. \n \n on the other hand, amlash culture was prevalent in the amlash region of northern iran during the iron age, dating roughly from the 1st millennium bce. the amlash culture is characterized by its distinctive pottery styles, including painted ceramics adorned with intricate geometric and zoomorphic designs. archaeological evidence suggests that amlash society was organized into small-scale agricultural communities, with evidence of terraced agriculture and irrigation systems. additionally, amlash culture is notable for its burial practices, which often included inhumation in cemeteries and burial mounds, sometimes accompanied by grave goods such as pottery vessels and metal objects. \n \n while the bactrian and amlash cultures developed in different time periods and geographical regions, they both represent important stages in the cultural evolution of the broader central asian and iranian regions."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"163","title":{"es":"iron age ring"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17790/view","directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T17:39:02.219Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17790,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17791/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17791/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17791/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type melon, var. a \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd - 5th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 50 mm x 85 mm x 122 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps were essential household items in the roman empire, providing light for daily activities after sunset. these lamps typically had a simple, functional design, with a shallow, round body, a central reservoir for oil, a spout for the wick, and a handle for easy use. the most common fuel used was olive oil, which was abundant in the mediterranean region. roman oil lamps were made from various materials, including terracotta, metal, and glass, with terracotta being the most common. the widespread use of oil lamps in roman homes, temples, and public spaces highlights their importance in both domestic and social contexts, as artificial lighting was necessary for the continuation of work, social gatherings, and religious rituals after dark. \n \n roman oil lamps were often decorated with intricate designs, especially during the imperial period. these decorations could range from simple geometric patterns to more elaborate scenes depicting gods, mythological figures, animals, and daily life. for instance, lamps might feature images of roman gods such as apollo or bacchus, symbolizing light, healing, and joy. in addition to their practical function, these lamps often conveyed cultural and religious meanings. the motifs on the lamps could represent wishes for protection, fertility, or prosperity, and many lamps were used in religious ceremonies or as votive offerings to deities. the detailed craftsmanship also reflects the artistic sensibilities of the time and the value placed on personal and ritual objects. \n \n roman oil lamps were commonly found in both domestic and funerary contexts, suggesting their widespread use and symbolic significance. in the home, oil lamps provided much-needed illumination, especially in the absence of candles or other light sources. they were often used during meals, in the study, or during social events like dinner parties. in the funerary context, oil lamps were frequently placed in tombs or grave goods, perhaps to symbolize the provision of light in the afterlife or as a means of guiding the soul of the deceased."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"164","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp, type melon, var. a"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17791/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.436Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17791,"dimensions":{"depth":12.2},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17792/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17792/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17792/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17792/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, ca mau shipwreck \n \n period: 18th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 121 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex sotheby's, amsterdam, junuary 2007 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ca mau wreck, discovered off the southern coast of vietnam near the ca mau peninsula, is an important historical site linked to maritime trade in the early 18th century. in 1998, local fishermen accidentally discovered the wreckage, which led to extensive excavations by the vietnamese government. the ship, believed to have been en route from guangzhou to batavia (modern-day jakarta), sank around 1725 after a severe fire onboard. over 130,000 artifacts were recovered, mostly chinese porcelain, which provides insight into the global trade routes of the time\u200b. \n \n artifacts from the wreck suggest it was part of the vast porcelain trade, which was a key aspect of inter-asian and european commerce. the majority of the ceramics recovered were made in china, particularly from renowned production centers like jingdezhen. this included blue-and-white porcelain, teacups, and various decorative items. the ca mau wreck is especially significant because it illustrates the growing demand for chinese ceramics in europe, particularly during the reign of the yongzheng emperor (1723\u20131735), a period when porcelain export reached new heights\u200b. \n \n the wreck's discovery has shed light on the broader historical context of vietnam's role in maritime trade networks, especially as a key point in the movement of goods between east asia and europe. additionally, this site has been crucial in understanding the complex interactions among the dutch east india company, private traders, and other international players during the 18th century\u200b."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"165","title":{"es":"chinese plate, cau mau shipwreck, ex sotheby's"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17792/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.438Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17792,"dimensions":{"depth":12.1},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17793/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17793/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17793/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17793/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, daunian \n \n period: 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 64 mm x 50 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek olpe is a type of wine jug commonly used in ancient greek society, especially during the archaic and classical periods. characterized by its wide, rounded body, the olpe typically has a pronounced, high neck, a large, flared lip, and a handle that extends from the shoulder to the neck of the vessel. this design made it particularly suitable for pouring liquids, most often wine, and it is frequently depicted in greek art as part of everyday life, particularly in symposia (drinking parties) or other communal events. the olpe was used primarily in domestic settings, serving as a practical vessel for storing and serving wine, though it also occasionally appeared in more formal or religious contexts. \n \n the olpe was often made from terracotta, and many examples from archaeological sites are decorated with intricate scenes from greek mythology, daily life, and religious iconography. the most common decorating techniques used for these vessels were the black-figure and red-figure styles, which were characteristic of greek pottery during the archaic and classical periods. these decorations not only added aesthetic value to the vessel but also served as a form of storytelling, with mythological figures or gods depicted on the surface of the jug. the motifs could include images of dionysus, the god of wine, or scenes of athletic competitions, symposia, and banqueting, reflecting the social and cultural importance of these activities in greek society. \n \n in addition to its domestic use, the olpe also played a role in greek religious rituals. wine was frequently used as a sacrificial offering to the gods, and the olpe could be employed to pour libations during ceremonies. its relatively large capacity made it ideal for communal rituals where large quantities of liquid were required."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"166","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17793/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.439Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17793,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17794/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17794/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17794/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17794/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: unguentarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic period \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 95 mm x 47 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, g.s., acquired since 1966 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek hellenistic unguentarium is a small, elegant container used primarily for storing perfumes, oils, and other aromatic substances, which were highly valued in ancient greek society. these vessels, which gained prominence during the hellenistic period (roughly 323\u201330 bce), were typically made of glass or ceramic and featured a narrow neck with a small, round body. their size and shape made them ideal for personal use, as they could be easily carried and stored in small spaces, such as a private chamber or a traveling kit. the unguentarium was often used to hold perfumed oils for daily grooming, religious rituals, or as a status symbol in elite circles, reflecting the cultural importance of fragrance in hellenistic society. \n \n the design of the hellenistic unguentarium varied, with some examples being very simple and utilitarian, while others were highly decorative, showcasing the craftsmanship and artistic sophistication of the period. many glass unguentaria were blown and could be clear, colored, or even decorated with intricate patterns or motifs, including floral, geometric, or mythological designs. the vessels were sometimes adorned with painted or molded decorations that reflected the cultural tastes of the time. in addition to their aesthetic appeal, the unguentarium's functional design\u2014often featuring a tight-fitting stopper\u2014helped preserve the valuable contents, preventing the evaporation of the aromatic oils stored inside. these objects were not just practical items but also reflections of the personal style and wealth of their owners. \n \n unguentaria were commonly found in various contexts, including domestic settings, burials, and religious spaces. in domestic environments, they were part of the grooming and bathing rituals, as fragrance was an important aspect of personal hygiene and social presentation. in funerary contexts, unguentaria were often placed in tombs as grave goods, indicating that they were considered valuable items that could accompany the deceased into the afterlife. the prevalence of unguentaria in hellenistic burial sites suggests that these objects were seen as important not only in life but also in death, highlighting the enduring cultural significance of perfume and personal adornment in ancient greek society."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"167","title":{"es":"greek unguentarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17794/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.441Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17794,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17795/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17795/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17795/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17795/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17795/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: stamp seal \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 10 mm x 42 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age stamp seals are significant artifacts that offer insights into the administrative, economic, and cultural practices of ancient civilizations during the bronze age, roughly spanning from 3300 to 1200 bce. these seals, typically made from materials such as bronze, stone, or clay, were used to imprint distinctive designs or inscriptions onto various surfaces, including clay tablets, fabrics, and documents. the primary function of these stamps was to authenticate and mark ownership or authority, serving as a form of signature for individuals or institutions. the designs on the seals often included symbols, motifs, or insignias that identified the owner or the issuing authority, playing a crucial role in trade and record-keeping. \n \n the design and craftsmanship of bronze age stamp seals varied widely across different regions and cultures. in mesopotamia, for example, seal impressions often depicted intricate scenes of mythological or religious significance, while in the indus valley civilization, seals featured more abstract motifs and animal figures. the artistry involved in creating these seals demonstrates the advanced metalworking and engraving skills of the time. the use of such seals facilitated the development of complex administrative systems and long-distance trade networks, as they provided a means of verifying and recording transactions and agreements in a pre-literate society. \n \n the archaeological discovery of bronze age stamp seals has provided valuable information about the social and economic structures of ancient societies. they offer clues about trade practices, as well as the distribution of goods and resources. additionally, seal impressions found on clay tablets or packaging often include inscriptions or logos that help historians understand the administrative practices and bureaucratic functions of ancient civilizations"},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"168","title":{"es":"bronze age stamp seal"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17795/view","directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T18:09:15.541Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17795,"dimensions":{"depth":4.2},"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17796/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17796/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17796/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 206 mm x 125 mm (without frame) \n \n condition: good condition. includes frame \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich (1928 - 2015), acquired between 1970s - 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"169","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17796/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_rugsandtapestries","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.953Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17796,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17797/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17797/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: roundel with the head of zeus ammon \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 33 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman depiction of zeus ammon, often referred to as jupiter ammon in roman contexts, blends elements of greek and egyptian mythology, reflecting the cultural syncretism of the roman empire. zeus ammon is a fusion of the greek god zeus, the ruler of the heavens and the king of the gods, and ammon, an ancient egyptian deity associated with the sun and air. the combination of these two gods occurred particularly during the hellenistic period when alexander the great visited the oracle of ammon at siwah in the egyptian desert. this cross-cultural melding was embraced by the romans, who saw the unification of these deities as a powerful symbol of imperial rule and divine authority. \n \n in roman art, zeus ammon is typically represented with features that combine both greek and egyptian iconography. he is often shown with the regal appearance of zeus\u2014broad, bearded, and powerful\u2014yet he also possesses the distinctive ram's horns of the egyptian god ammon. this imagery conveyed the idea that zeus ammon held dominion not only over the greek and roman worlds but also over the egyptian realm, symbolizing rome's vast imperial reach. his representations were popular in roman coins, statues, and reliefs, where the horned god was often depicted wearing a crown or holding symbols of power, such as the thunderbolt (a symbol of zeus) or the scepter (a symbol of ammon). \n \n the cult of zeus ammon was closely tied to the concept of divine kingship, and the emperor often associated himself with this deity to legitimize his rule. the idea of divine sanction was crucial in roman imperial ideology, and by associating themselves with zeus ammon, emperors could evoke the authority of both the greek pantheon and the ancient egyptian tradition."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"170","title":{"es":"roman roundel with the head of zeus ammon"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17797/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:45.444Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17797,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":40,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17798/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17798/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":100,"lotNumber":"171","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17798/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.289Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac100","currency":"EUR","id":17798,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17799/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17799/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17799/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: key \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 82 mm x 30 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, dr. k.b., munich, since the 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman keys were essential tools for securing locks on doors, chests, and personal items, reflecting the roman emphasis on security, privacy, and property ownership. made primarily from iron, bronze, or sometimes brass, roman keys varied in design, but they generally consisted of a long shaft with a curved or looped head that engaged with the lock mechanism. the keys were often large and heavy, particularly those used for doors or storage chests, and they were frequently carried as symbols of authority, wealth, and access. roman keys were also integral to the organization of private and public spaces, from households to temples, demonstrating how the romans valued controlled access to both physical property and private life. \n \n the design of roman keys was functional yet varied, with some keys featuring intricate, ornate designs, while others were more utilitarian. large, ornate keys were often used by the wealthy or in the context of important state or religious buildings, while smaller, simpler keys were used by ordinary citizens. the variation in size and decoration of roman keys reflects the different types of locks they were designed for, from the elaborate locking mechanisms used in villas and public buildings to simpler locks for personal use. many roman keys found in archaeological excavations bear decorative elements such as animal heads, religious symbols, or family crests, which were sometimes engraved into the head of the key, showcasing the owner\u2019s identity, status, or affiliations. \n \n in addition to their practical and decorative purposes, roman keys have an important symbolic role in roman culture. they were sometimes depicted in art, especially in funerary contexts, to signify ownership, protection, and the safeguarding of personal or family treasures."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"172","title":{"es":"roman key"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17799/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.291Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17799,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17800/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17800/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17800/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17800/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 67 mm x 106 mm x 67 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a skyphos (from the greek σκύφος) is a two-handled deep wine-cup on a low flanged base or none. the handles may be horizontal ear-shaped thumbholds that project from the rim (in both corinthian and athenian shapes), or they may be loop handles at the rim or that stand away from the lower part of the body."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"173","title":{"es":"greek skyphos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17800/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.293Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17800,"dimensions":{"depth":6.7},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17801/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17801/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17801/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17801/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 24 mm x 76 mm x 89 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps were essential everyday objects in ancient roman society, used primarily for illumination but also serving as decorative and functional items. these lamps, typically made from clay, bronze, or terracotta, were fueled by oil, often olive oil, which was abundant in the roman empire. the lamps had a simple design, usually consisting of a shallow basin with a spout where a wick would be placed to burn the oil. some lamps featured intricate designs, including depictions of gods, animals, mythological scenes, and geometric patterns, making them not only practical tools but also a form of artistic expression. roman oil lamps were widely used in homes, public buildings, and outdoor spaces, offering a much-needed light source after sunset. \n \n the production of oil lamps was widespread, and their forms varied depending on the region and period. early roman lamps often featured a round or oval shape, but by the 1st century bce, they began to take on more elaborate designs, including those shaped like animals, heads, and even miniature architectural forms. lamps were frequently mass-produced in workshops, and many examples have been found in archaeological sites across the roman empire, from britain to north africa. some lamps were designed with multiple spouts, allowing several wicks to burn at once, while others were simple and utilitarian. the widespread use and variety of these lamps suggest they were integral to daily roman life, found in homes, tombs, temples, and even used for public ceremonies. \n \n in addition to their functional role, roman oil lamps had symbolic and religious significance. lamps were often placed in tombs as part of funerary rituals, symbolizing the continuation of life or guiding the deceased\u2019s soul to the afterlife. they were also used in religious ceremonies and offerings to gods, particularly in the context of private worship or in the homes of wealthy romans who could afford to have them as part of their domestic cult practices."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"174","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17801/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.295Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17801,"dimensions":{"depth":8.9},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17802/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17802/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17802/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17802/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: unguentarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, hellenistic period \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 95 mm x 32 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, g.s., acquired since 1966 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek hellenistic unguentarium is a small, elegant container used primarily for storing perfumes, oils, and other aromatic substances, which were highly valued in ancient greek society. these vessels, which gained prominence during the hellenistic period (roughly 323\u201330 bce), were typically made of glass or ceramic and featured a narrow neck with a small, round body. their size and shape made them ideal for personal use, as they could be easily carried and stored in small spaces, such as a private chamber or a traveling kit. the unguentarium was often used to hold perfumed oils for daily grooming, religious rituals, or as a status symbol in elite circles, reflecting the cultural importance of fragrance in hellenistic society. \n \n the design of the hellenistic unguentarium varied, with some examples being very simple and utilitarian, while others were highly decorative, showcasing the craftsmanship and artistic sophistication of the period. many glass unguentaria were blown and could be clear, colored, or even decorated with intricate patterns or motifs, including floral, geometric, or mythological designs. the vessels were sometimes adorned with painted or molded decorations that reflected the cultural tastes of the time. in addition to their aesthetic appeal, the unguentarium's functional design\u2014often featuring a tight-fitting stopper\u2014helped preserve the valuable contents, preventing the evaporation of the aromatic oils stored inside. these objects were not just practical items but also reflections of the personal style and wealth of their owners. \n \n unguentaria were commonly found in various contexts, including domestic settings, burials, and religious spaces. in domestic environments, they were part of the grooming and bathing rituals, as fragrance was an important aspect of personal hygiene and social presentation. in funerary contexts, unguentaria were often placed in tombs as grave goods, indicating that they were considered valuable items that could accompany the deceased into the afterlife. the prevalence of unguentaria in hellenistic burial sites suggests that these objects were seen as important not only in life but also in death, highlighting the enduring cultural significance of perfume and personal adornment in ancient greek society."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"175","title":{"es":"greek unguentarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17802/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.296Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17802,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17803/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17803/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17803/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17803/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17803/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 34 mm x 130 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek plates, or pinakes, were important pieces of pottery used in everyday life and also served ritualistic purposes. these plates were typically shallow with wide, flat surfaces, making them ideal for holding food and serving meals. greek pottery, especially in the forms of plates and dishes, developed significantly during the archaic and classical periods, when pottery styles evolved to incorporate more sophisticated shapes and decorative elements. plates were often made from terracotta and then coated with a slip that would harden during firing, giving them a smooth, finished look. their size and shape varied, with some designed for individual servings and others crafted as larger platters for communal dining. \n \n the decorative motifs on greek plates were diverse, often reflecting the artistic trends of their time. in the early periods, plates featured simple geometric designs, but by the classical period, they were decorated with intricate scenes of mythology, daily life, and nature, particularly in the black-figure and red-figure techniques. mythological scenes on plates were not merely decorative; they served an educational purpose, allowing greek households to pass down legends and cultural ideals through the imagery displayed on everyday objects. some plates depicted scenes from the lives of the gods, heroes, or traditional mythological stories, while others showed scenes of athletic competitions, hunting, or banqueting, giving a glimpse into the activities that were valued in greek society. \n \n greek plates also had significant ritual uses, especially as votive offerings in temples or burial items placed in tombs. these votive plates were often inscribed or decorated with symbols intended to honor the gods or convey wishes for the afterlife. in funerary contexts, plates might serve as part of the grave goods, symbolizing the continuation of feasting and community in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"176","title":{"es":"greek plate"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17803/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.297Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17803,"dimensions":{"depth":13},"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":220,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17804/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17804/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cooking pot, type 'kedera' \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 165 mm x 185 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman kedera, a type of cooking pot, was a staple of ancient roman kitchens and is notable for its practicality and durability. the kedera was generally made of coarseware ceramics, chosen for its heat resistance, which allowed for consistent cooking over an open flame. this pot had a rounded body with a wide opening, often featuring two small handles on either side for easy lifting and maneuvering. the design of the kedera made it ideal for boiling, stewing, and slow-cooking, as the shape evenly distributed heat and could withstand the long cooking times needed for many roman dishes. its broad rim also allowed for a lid to be placed on top, helping to retain heat and moisture, which was essential for cooking hearty meals. \n \n this type of pot was used to prepare a variety of staple roman dishes, particularly stews and pottages, which often included grains, vegetables, and sometimes meat or fish. the kedera was favored for its capacity to handle large quantities of food, making it ideal for feeding families or larger gatherings. in roman cuisine, which relied heavily on dishes that could be cooked over a steady flame, the kedera was indispensable. it was also portable, allowing it to be used both in domestic kitchens and in temporary camps or communal gatherings, reflecting the versatility needed for roman cooking practices. recipes such as puls, a porridge made from grain and legumes, or various vegetable stews with herbs and spices, could be made in these pots, highlighting the pot\u2019s essential role in the diet of both the lower and upper classes. \n \n archaeologically, kederai have been found throughout the former roman empire, from domestic sites to military camps, indicating their widespread use and cultural importance. many excavated examples bear the marks of frequent use, such as soot stains and wear, demonstrating their role as kitchen workhorses in roman households. the discovery of these pots in diverse contexts underscores the cultural unity within the empire, as similar cooking practices were shared across various regions."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"177","title":{"es":"roman cooking pot, type 'kedera'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17804/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.299Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":17804,"dimensions":{"depth":18.5},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17805/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17805/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, double-ended probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 135 mm x 5 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"178","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, double-ended probe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17805/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.300Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17805,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17806/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17806/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17806/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type kennedy 3, hadad 4 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman, herodian period \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 24 mm x 62 mm x 87 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the herodian period refers to the time during which the herodian dynasty ruled over judea, a region in the roman empire, from approximately 37 bce to 70 ce. this period is named after herod the great, who was appointed as king of judea by the roman senate in 37 bce. herod the great's reign was marked by extensive building projects, including the expansion of the second temple in jerusalem, which was one of his most notable achievements. herod's rule is often characterized by his ambitious architectural undertakings, which included fortresses, palaces, and cities, such as caesarea maritima, which he established as a major port city and administrative center. \n \n herod's reign was also marked by political and social upheaval. although he was a skilled administrator and was able to secure significant roman support, his rule was often contentious. he faced opposition from various jewish factions and was known for his harsh measures to maintain control, including the execution of perceived threats within his own family. herod's policies and his efforts to integrate jewish and hellenistic cultures created a complex social and political environment in judea, which sometimes led to tensions with the local population. \n \n following herod's death in 4 bce, his kingdom was divided among his sons, who ruled as tetrarchs. this division eventually led to further instability and conflict, with varying degrees of roman intervention and oversight. the herodian period ultimately ended with the first jewish revolt (66-73 ce), which led to the destruction of the second temple in 70 ce and significant changes in the governance of judea."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"179","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp, type kennedy 3, hadad 4"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17806/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:50.302Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17806,"dimensions":{"depth":8.7},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17807/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17807/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17807/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: textile fragment \n \n material: linen \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 9th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 106 mm (without frame) \n \n condition: good condition. includes frame \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich (1928 - 2015), acquired between 1970s - 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic textiles from the 4th to the 9th century are significant artifacts of late antiquity and early christianity. these textiles, woven in egypt, are known for their intricate weaving and vibrant colors. they feature a blend of indigenous egyptian traditions and early christian iconography, with motifs including christian symbols, biblical scenes, and saints. these textiles offer insights into daily life, religious practices, and burial customs in the region. their preservation in the arid egyptian climate has made them invaluable for understanding the transition from the classical world to the medieval era and the spread of christianity in egypt and the wider mediterranean. \n \n coptic textiles are culturally and historically significant, reflecting the fusion of artistic traditions and religious influences during a transformative period."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"180","title":{"es":"egyptian, coptic textile fragment"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17807/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_rugsandtapestries","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.954Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac170 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17807,"estimateMin":170},{"startPrice":60,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17808/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17808/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17808/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17808/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: islamic \n \n period: 11th - 13th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 60 mm x 56 mm x 103 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n islamic oil lamps from the 11th to 13th centuries reflect both the practical needs and the artistic achievements of the medieval islamic world. these lamps were primarily crafted from materials such as brass, bronze, and glazed ceramics, each with distinct regional styles. metal lamps were particularly popular due to their durability and ability to withstand high temperatures, while ceramic lamps offered an affordable and widely accessible alternative. the basic form of these lamps consisted of a rounded body with a central reservoir for oil and an extended spout for holding the wick, but many variations existed depending on region and purpose. the lamps were commonly used in mosques, homes, and public spaces, illuminating interiors and enhancing night-time activities with a warm, consistent glow. \n \n islamic oil lamps from this period were often decorated with intricate patterns and inscriptions, reflecting the flourishing of islamic art and the integration of spirituality into daily objects. geometric designs, arabesques, and calligraphy were popular motifs, often inspired by islamic religious themes and the principles of aniconism, which discouraged the use of human or animal figures in religious art. calligraphic inscriptions, typically featuring verses from the quran, invocations, or blessings, were especially prevalent, emphasizing the connection between the object and spiritual life. these lamps were not just functional but also carried a symbolic and religious meaning, with the light they produced symbolizing divine guidance and spiritual illumination in islamic thought."},"estimateMax":110,"lotNumber":"181","title":{"es":"islamic oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17808/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"soldPrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.799Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac90 - \u20ac110","currency":"EUR","id":17808,"dimensions":{"depth":10.3},"estimateMin":90},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17809/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17809/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17809/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 90 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek olpe is a type of pottery vessel used primarily for pouring liquids, such as wine or water, and is characterized by its distinctive shape. typically, an olpe has a tall, cylindrical body that tapers slightly towards the top, a high, narrow neck, and a trefoil mouth, which is designed with three spouts or lobes to facilitate controlled pouring. the vessel usually has a single handle attached vertically from the top of the neck to the body, allowing for easy handling. originating in the geometric period (c. 900-700 bce), the olpe became particularly popular during the archaic (c. 700-480 bce) and classical (c. 480-323 bce) periods of ancient greece. \n \n the decoration of olpai (plural for olpe) reflects the artistic styles and motifs prevalent in their respective periods. in the geometric period, olpai were often adorned with linear patterns, meanders, and geometric shapes. as greek pottery evolved, so did the decoration on these vessels. during the archaic period, black-figure technique became prominent, featuring silhouetted figures painted in black slip on the natural red clay background. scenes depicted on olpai from this period often included mythological narratives, daily life activities, and animal friezes. in the later classical period, the red-figure technique, where the background was painted black and the figures left in red, allowed for greater detail and realism in the depiction of human figures and complex scenes. \n \n the greek olpe was not only a functional object but also held social and ceremonial significance. in domestic settings, it was used during symposia, which were social gatherings where wine played a central role in fostering intellectual discussions and entertainment. the olpe\u2019s elegant shape and intricate decoration made it a suitable vessel for such occasions, symbolizing the host\u2019s wealth and cultural refinement. additionally, olpai were used in religious and funerary contexts, often as offerings to gods or as grave goods."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"182","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17809/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.801Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":17809,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17810/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17810/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: seleucid empire \n \n period: battle against the hasmoneans, 138 b.c \n \n dimensions: 48 mm x 13 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 08.99.16\u2013.17 \n mazis m., wright n.l., archers, antiochos vii sidetes, and the arrowheads, p. 207, fig. a to d \n t. ariel, d., archaeological evidence for the siege of jerusalem by antiochus vii sidetes, p. 241-242 \n \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antiochos vii sidetes, a king of the seleucid empire, ruled from 138 to 129 bce. he is often remembered for attempting to restore the waning power of the seleucid state, which had been severely weakened by internal strife and external threats. after ascending to the throne, antiochos vii set his sights on reclaiming territories lost to rival factions, including the judean kingdom led by the hasmonean dynasty. his campaign against the hasmoneans, a jewish ruling family that had established a semi-independent state, was part of his broader strategy to reassert seleucid dominance over the region. \n \n the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans reached a peak during his siege of jerusalem in 134 bce. at this time, john hyrcanus, the hasmonean ruler, was consolidating his power in judea after the death of his father, simon maccabeus. despite their initial resistance, the hasmoneans were forced to negotiate with antiochos vii, who had superior military strength. the siege concluded with a compromise: the hasmoneans retained some level of autonomy, but they were required to pay tribute and acknowledge seleucid authority. this outcome demonstrated antiochos vii\u2019s pragmatic approach to dealing with rebellious territories. \n \n however, antiochos vii's successes in judea were short-lived. he soon launched an ambitious campaign against the parthians, who posed a significant threat to the eastern borders of the seleucid empire. this campaign ended in disaster, as antiochos vii was killed in 129 bce. his death marked the effective end of seleucid influence in judea, allowing the hasmoneans to further consolidate their power and eventually gain full independence. the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans symbolizes the decline of the seleucid empire and the rise of the hasmonean dynasty in the region."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"183","title":{"es":"seleucid arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17810/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.802Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17810,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17811/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17811/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17811/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17811/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: elamite, middle period \n \n period: 1200 - 900 b.c \n \n dimensions: 120 mm x 29 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n elamite period arrowheads, dating from roughly 2700 to 539 bce, provide valuable insights into the military practices and technological advancements of ancient elam, a civilization that flourished in what is now southwestern iran. these arrowheads, typically made of metal such as bronze or iron, were integral to elamite weaponry and warfare. the arrowheads varied in design, reflecting changes in military tactics and advancements in metallurgy over the centuries. common forms include leaf-shaped, barbed, and triangular designs, each serving different purposes in combat, such as penetrating armor or causing more severe wounds. \n \n the craftsmanship of elamite arrowheads showcases the technological expertise of the period. early elamite arrowheads were often forged from bronze and exhibited simple, functional designs. as technology progressed, there was a shift towards more sophisticated designs with improved materials, such as iron, which allowed for sharper and more durable points. this evolution in arrowhead technology reflects broader trends in ancient warfare, including the increased use of metal weaponry and the refinement of weapon-making techniques. the quality and design of these arrowheads also indicate the skill of elamite metalworkers and their ability to adapt to changing military needs. \n \n elamite period arrowheads also hold archaeological significance, as they have been found in various contexts, including battle sites, defensive structures, and burial sites. their presence in these locations helps researchers understand the scale and nature of conflicts in ancient elam. in burial contexts, arrowheads might be included as grave goods, symbolizing the warrior status of the deceased or reflecting the martial culture of the time."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"184","title":{"es":"elamite arrowhead"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17811/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.803Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17811,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17812/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17812/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17812/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: key \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 34 mm x 28 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, dr. k.b., munich, since the 1970s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman keys were essential tools for securing locks on doors, chests, and personal items, reflecting the roman emphasis on security, privacy, and property ownership. made primarily from iron, bronze, or sometimes brass, roman keys varied in design, but they generally consisted of a long shaft with a curved or looped head that engaged with the lock mechanism. the keys were often large and heavy, particularly those used for doors or storage chests, and they were frequently carried as symbols of authority, wealth, and access. roman keys were also integral to the organization of private and public spaces, from households to temples, demonstrating how the romans valued controlled access to both physical property and private life. \n \n the design of roman keys was functional yet varied, with some keys featuring intricate, ornate designs, while others were more utilitarian. large, ornate keys were often used by the wealthy or in the context of important state or religious buildings, while smaller, simpler keys were used by ordinary citizens. the variation in size and decoration of roman keys reflects the different types of locks they were designed for, from the elaborate locking mechanisms used in villas and public buildings to simpler locks for personal use. many roman keys found in archaeological excavations bear decorative elements such as animal heads, religious symbols, or family crests, which were sometimes engraved into the head of the key, showcasing the owner\u2019s identity, status, or affiliations. \n \n in addition to their practical and decorative purposes, roman keys have an important symbolic role in roman culture. they were sometimes depicted in art, especially in funerary contexts, to signify ownership, protection, and the safeguarding of personal or family treasures."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"185","title":{"es":"roman key"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17812/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.805Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17812,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":60,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17813/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17813/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17813/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17813/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 20 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek rings, crafted in various metals such as gold, silver, and bronze, were popular adornments in ancient greece and carried deep personal, social, and symbolic significance. the design and function of these rings evolved over time, with early rings often simple in style, becoming more elaborate by the classical and hellenistic periods. in addition to personal adornment, rings frequently had utilitarian functions, as they were often inscribed with the wearer's name or emblem to serve as a personal seal. the use of rings as seals meant they could be used to mark official documents, authenticate transactions, and signify authority. such rings often bore engraved intaglios, allowing wearers to leave impressions in wax or clay with unique designs that identified them as the ring\u2019s owner. \n \n artisans decorated greek rings with a variety of motifs, ranging from geometric patterns and floral designs to intricate mythological scenes. figures of gods and heroes were popular subjects, with images of deities like athena, hermes, or apollo representing divine protection or favor. mythological creatures, like griffins and sphinxes, also appeared on rings, symbolizing power, wisdom, and protection. rings with such symbolic engravings were thought to carry protective or talismanic qualities, and were often passed down through generations as heirlooms. these rings showcased the wearer's cultural identity and personal beliefs, while also highlighting the artistry and technical skills of ancient greek jewelers, who mastered techniques like engraving, casting, and repoussé (a form of metal embossing). \n \n greek rings also had important ritual and religious roles. some rings, for instance, were dedicated to gods as votive offerings in temples, often in gratitude for blessings or as requests for protection. in funerary contexts, rings were sometimes placed in tombs as part of the grave goods, symbolizing wealth or serving as tokens to accompany the deceased into the afterlife."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"186","title":{"es":"greek ring"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17813/view","directSalePrice":60,"soldPrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2024-12-01T17:51:27.055Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":17813,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17814/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17814/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17814/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type howland 32 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 65 mm x 93 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek oil lamps were essential items in daily life in ancient greece, used primarily for illumination, as well as in religious rituals. these lamps were designed to hold oil, typically olive oil, which would be ignited with a wick to produce light. the typical greek oil lamp had a shallow, round body with a central reservoir for oil, a spout for the wick, and a handle for easy handling and pouring. these lamps came in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from small, portable versions that could be used in the home to larger lamps designed for use in public spaces or temples. the widespread use of oil lamps in greek society reflects the need for artificial light during the evening hours, especially in a time before electricity. \n \n the design of greek oil lamps evolved over time, particularly during the archaic and classical periods. many of the earliest lamps were simple in form, often made of terracotta, and featured a simple round or oval body with a single wick holder. as time progressed, greek artisans began to embellish oil lamps with intricate decorations, including geometric patterns, human and animal figures, and scenes from greek mythology. these decorative elements not only made the lamps aesthetically appealing but also served as a means of expressing cultural and religious beliefs. some lamps, for example, featured images of gods and goddesses, such as apollo, the god of light, symbolizing the divine connection between light and the gods. \n \n greek oil lamps also had an important role in religious practices. lamps were frequently used in temples and other sacred spaces as offerings to the gods or to provide light during rituals. they were often placed before statues of deities, particularly in the context of daily prayers or during festivals. in addition to their religious significance, oil lamps were commonly found in tombs as grave goods."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"187","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp, type howland 32"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17814/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.806Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17814,"dimensions":{"depth":9.3},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17815/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17815/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17815/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17815/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17815/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 160 mm x 130 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"188","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17815/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.807Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17815,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17816/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17816/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17816/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17816/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant depicting a lion with a star and a crescent \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 4th - 5th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 13 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swedish private collection, r.s., acquired from german art market \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman glass pendants were cherished items in the ancient roman world, valued for their beauty, craftsmanship, and versatility. these pendants were often crafted using advanced glassmaking techniques such as mold-blowing, free-blowing, and trailing, which allowed artisans to create various shapes and intricate designs. glass pendants typically took the form of small, colorful ornaments that could be worn as necklaces, amulets, or attached to garments. the popularity of glass in roman jewelry stemmed from its accessibility and vibrant colors, which mimicked more expensive gemstones. by adding metallic oxides to the glass mixture, roman glassmakers achieved an array of colors, from deep blues and greens to amber and violet, giving each pendant a unique and decorative appeal. \n \n the motifs and shapes of roman glass pendants were diverse, often reflecting the tastes and beliefs of the wearer. common shapes included animals, shells, fruits, and geometric forms, while others depicted figures from mythology or symbols of protection and good fortune. for instance, fish or bird-shaped pendants might represent fertility or renewal, while miniature amphora-shaped pendants could symbolize abundance and prosperity. some pendants were created with multiple colors layered or marbled together, creating a mesmerizing, iridescent effect that added to their charm. these pendants were not only fashionable but also served as personal amulets, with many believed to hold protective powers or to bring the wearer luck, health, and prosperity. \n \n roman glass pendants have been discovered across the empire, from britain to egypt, indicating their wide appeal and distribution. the pendants\u2019 relatively lightweight nature made them easy to transport, contributing to their popularity in trade. their discovery in diverse archaeological contexts, including urban centers, rural villages, and even military camps, reflects their widespread use among different social classes."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"189","title":{"es":"roman pendant depicting a lion with a star and a crescent"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17816/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.809Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17816,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17817/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17817/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17817/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 86 mm x 17 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman glass flasks, popular from the first century ce onward, showcase the ingenuity and skill of roman glassmakers. typically small and crafted from transparent or semi-transparent glass, these flasks were designed to hold precious liquids such as perfumes, oils, or medicines. their delicate yet durable construction made them prized items, not only functional but also symbols of sophistication and wealth. the shapes of these flasks varied widely\u2014some were simple and cylindrical, while others featured more complex, rounded, or tapered bodies. they were often sealed with a cork or cloth stopper to protect the valuable contents inside. \n \n the techniques used to create roman glass flasks evolved with advancements in glassblowing, a technique believed to have been developed in the eastern mediterranean around the first century bce. glassblowing allowed for the production of thin-walled vessels in a wide variety of shapes, significantly reducing the time and labor involved in glass production. as a result, glass items, including flasks, became more affordable and widespread throughout the roman empire. many flasks also incorporated decorative techniques, such as trail decoration, where thin strands of glass were applied to the vessel's surface in swirling or linear patterns. colored glass and iridescent finishes, which often developed over time due to chemical reactions in burial environments, added to their appeal. \n \n roman glass flasks have been discovered across the empire, from the middle east to europe, indicating their popularity and the high demand for these versatile items."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"190","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17817/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:49.811Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17817,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":80,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17818/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17818/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17818/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17818/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: byzantine \n \n period: 6th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 50 mm x 80 mm x 100 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n byzantine oil lamps, commonly used between the 4th and 15th centuries ad, played a crucial role in illuminating homes, churches, and public spaces across the byzantine empire. typically made from clay or metal, these lamps were designed with a shallow bowl to hold oil, and a spout for the wick, allowing for a controlled flame that provided steady light. clay lamps were the most affordable and widely available, often made in simple molds for easy production, while wealthier individuals used bronze or brass lamps that could be highly decorative. the use of these lamps reflects the importance of artificial lighting in byzantine daily life and religious practices, especially given the early christian emphasis on light as a symbol of divine presence. \n \n byzantine oil lamps often featured christian iconography, reflecting the deeply religious character of byzantine society. designs included symbols such as crosses, fish, doves, and chi-rho monograms, each serving as a visual expression of faith. the lamps were sometimes inscribed with biblical phrases or prayers, believed to bring protection and blessings to the household. in religious settings, lamps were used in churches and monasteries to illuminate icons and altars, creating a sacred atmosphere that enhanced worship. for the byzantines, light was not only practical but also imbued with spiritual significance, representing christ as the \u201clight of the world.\u201d the religious motifs and inscriptions on these lamps were thus intended to remind users of their faith in everyday life. \n \n archaeologically, byzantine oil lamps have been found throughout the mediterranean and near east, highlighting the extensive reach and influence of byzantine culture. lamps were traded widely, with distinct regional styles reflecting local materials and artistic preferences, while still adhering to the overarching byzantine aesthetic. some lamps were produced in major centers such as constantinople, while others were made in smaller workshops across the empire."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"191","title":{"es":"byzantine oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17818/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"soldPrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.957Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17818,"dimensions":{"depth":10},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17819/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17819/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: roundel with a female head \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 36 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman roundels featuring female heads were decorative medallions that held both aesthetic and symbolic significance in roman art and architecture. typically crafted from materials like marble, terracotta, bronze, or sometimes even glass, these roundels displayed portraits or idealized images of women, often representing deities, personifications, or members of the elite. the round shape allowed for a compact and harmonious design, framing the female head within a circular border that emphasized its centrality and importance. these decorative elements were used in a variety of settings, including villas, public buildings, and tombs, where they added a sense of elegance and conveyed cultural ideals of beauty, virtue, and divinity. \n \n the female heads on roman roundels were frequently idealized, embodying classical features such as symmetrical faces, serene expressions, and elaborate hairstyles. these idealized features often suggested a connection to roman goddesses like venus, the goddess of love and beauty, or juno, the queen of the gods, whose virtues and attributes the roundels sought to evoke. alternatively, the roundels could depict personifications, such as fortuna (fortune) or pax (peace), with each figure\u2019s unique iconography subtly hinting at her identity and role. hair styles were a key identifier as well, with elaborate curls or specific arrangements referencing the latest fashion trends, and sometimes even alluding to real-life noblewomen, who set these trends."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"192","title":{"es":"roman roundel with a female head"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17819/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.693Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17819,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17820/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17820/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sole of a shoe with hobnail holes \n \n material: leather \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 215 mm x 77 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: british museum collection, accession number 1856,0701.7247, 1856,0701.1045, 1856,0701.7235 and 1856,0701.7237 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the soles from the roman period represents a common feature of roman military and civilian footwear, particularly the caligae, the heavy-duty sandals worn by roman soldiers. hobnails were small metal studs or nails inserted into the soles of shoes to provide extra durability, traction, and protection, especially for those who frequently marched on rough terrain. the soles of roman shoes were typically made from thick layers of leather, into which these nails were driven, creating a robust and long-lasting sole. hobnails not only prevented excessive wear but also improved grip, making them essential for soldiers who had to navigate diverse landscapes during campaigns. \n \n in terms of construction, the hobnails were inserted from the inside of the shoe, with their heads secured within the leather to prevent discomfort for the wearer. the nails\u2019 pointed ends protruded through the outer surface of the sole, forming a grid-like pattern. these shoes, with their studded soles, became iconic of the roman military and are often depicted in roman art and statues. civilians, too, used hobnailed shoes, particularly those who worked in agriculture or traveled long distances, where the enhanced durability was essential for daily life. excavations at military camps and roman settlements frequently uncover these soles, with the distinctive pattern of hobnail holes still visible. \n \n hobnail shoes not only had a practical function but also carried symbolic and tactical significance in the roman period. for soldiers, the sound of hobnailed boots\u2014often described as a clattering or stomping noise\u2014became a symbol of roman military presence and power. the sound alone could instill fear in enemies. additionally, the tough soles protected soldiers\u2019 feet during long marches, allowing the roman legions to cover vast distances more effectively. archaeological finds of these shoes, particularly at battlefields and military forts, provide valuable insights into roman military life, showing how practical innovations like hobnail soles contributed to the strength and mobility of rome\u2019s armies."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"193","title":{"es":"roman sole of a shoe with hobnail holes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17820/view","tags":["esfashion_shoes","esfashion_all","esfashion"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.958Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":17820,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":30,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17821/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17821/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 105 mm x 3 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":90,"lotNumber":"194","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, probe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17821/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":30,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.960Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac70 - \u20ac90","currency":"EUR","id":17821,"estimateMin":70},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17822/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17822/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: roundel with the head of luna \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 39 mm x 33 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman goddess luna was the divine embodiment of the moon and one of the central figures in roman mythology connected to celestial bodies. often paired with the sun god sol, luna represented the night sky and the gentle, reflective light of the moon. she was worshipped as a goddess who oversaw the rhythms of time and nature, such as the lunar cycle, tides, and agricultural seasons, which were essential to roman life. as a result, she was deeply integrated into roman religious practices and was often invoked for guidance, protection, and illumination in the literal and spiritual sense. luna was worshipped in both public temples and private shrines, indicating her importance in roman spiritual life. \n \n in roman art, luna is frequently depicted as a serene and beautiful goddess, riding a chariot drawn by two horses (often known as a \"biga\") across the night sky. this image echoes the earlier greek goddess selene, from whom luna\u2019s iconography and mythology were heavily influenced. in statues, reliefs, and coins, luna is shown with a crescent moon symbol, usually set above her head or incorporated into her diadem, highlighting her association with the night and the waxing and waning of the lunar phases. these depictions helped convey her role as a goddess who brought light to the darkness and maintained cosmic balance. the crescent moon symbol also came to represent luna herself, making it a lasting symbol in roman and subsequent western iconography. \n \n the cult of luna was particularly prominent during the roman empire, with temples dedicated to her, such as the temple of luna on the aventine hill in rome. roman citizens made offerings to luna to seek her favor for personal or community needs, often praying for her guidance and protection during the night. additionally, luna was associated with several other deities, including diana, the goddess of the hunt, with whom she shared lunar attributes, and hecate, the goddess of magic and the underworld, linking luna to mystery and the supernatural. luna\u2019s presence in roman religion reveals the cultural importance of the moon in marking time and regulating aspects of daily life, while her worship reflects the romans' reverence for natural cycles and cosmic order."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"195","title":{"es":"roman roundel with the head of luna"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17822/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.695Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17822,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17823/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17823/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medusa head applique \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 35 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman depiction of medusa, a figure from greek mythology, was an enduring and significant image in roman art, especially in the context of both mythology and protective symbolism. medusa, one of the three gorgons, was famously transformed into a monster with snakes for hair and the power to turn anyone who gazed upon her into stone. while the mythological story of medusa\u2019s transformation and her eventual slaying by the hero perseus originates in greek mythology, the romans adopted and adapted the image of medusa in a variety of artistic forms. medusa was often portrayed with a striking, menacing face, her hair a tangle of snakes, symbolizing both her power and her curse. \n \n in roman art, medusa's image was often used in decorative works, such as reliefs, mosaics, and especially on bronze and marble sculptures. one of the most famous representations of medusa in roman art is the gorgon\u2019s head, which was frequently featured as an apotropaic symbol, used to ward off evil and protect spaces. this \"evil eye\" function, associated with medusa, was a significant part of roman belief, as the face of medusa was thought to have protective qualities when placed on items like shields, doorways, and public buildings. this use of her image as a protective charm highlights how roman interpretations of mythology often merged with practical concerns about health, safety, and the unseen dangers of the world. \n \n medusa also appeared in roman portraiture, particularly in the form of large, dramatic representations of her head as a motif, often seen on coins and jewelry. roman emperors, such as those during the julio-claudian dynasty, used medusa's image to convey a sense of power, control, and protection, integrating the gorgon into imperial propaganda. for example, the emperor nero sometimes had coins minted with medusa\u2019s head, likely to symbolize the ruler\u2019s connection to divine or supernatural protection. the dual nature of medusa\u2014both a symbol of danger and a protector\u2014mirrors the complexities of roman imperial power, where rulers needed to balance fear and reverence in their image."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"196","title":{"es":"roman medusa head applique"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17823/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:53.697Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":17823,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17824/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17824/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17824/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17824/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: iron age, neo-assyrian \n \n period: 9th - 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 42 mm x 155 mm \n \n condition: good condition, see pictures \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, london, acquired in 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the neo-assyrian empire (c. 911\u2013609 bce) was one of the most powerful and influential empires of the ancient near east, known for its military prowess, administrative efficiency, and cultural achievements. the empire expanded through a series of successful military campaigns, reaching its zenith under kings like tiglath-pileser iii, sargon ii, sennacherib, and ashurbanipal. the neo-assyrians established a centralized and well-organized state with a sophisticated bureaucracy, extensive road systems, and an innovative postal service, which helped maintain control over a vast and diverse territory stretching from the mediterranean to the persian gulf. \n \n culturally, the neo-assyrians were renowned for their contributions to art, architecture, and literature. they built grand palaces and temples, adorned with intricate bas-reliefs and colossal statues depicting gods, kings, and mythological creatures. these artworks often celebrated the king's military victories and divine favor, serving both as propaganda and as a testament to the empire's power. the neo-assyrians also preserved and expanded the literary traditions of mesopotamia, maintaining vast libraries that housed texts on history, science, religion, and mythology. the most famous of these was the library of ashurbanipal in nineveh, which contained thousands of cuneiform tablets and remains one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the ancient world. \n \n religion played a central role in neo-assyrian culture, with the king seen as the earthly representative of the gods, particularly the chief deity ashur. the assyrians practiced a polytheistic religion, worshiping a pantheon of gods who governed various aspects of life and the cosmos. religious rituals, including sacrifices and divination, were integral to state affairs, and temples served as both religious and economic centers."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"197","title":{"es":"iron age, neo-assyrian bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17824/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.961Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17824,"dimensions":{"depth":19.2},"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17825/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17825/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17825/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17825/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 180 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"198","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17825/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.963Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17825,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17826/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17826/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17826/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17826/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type carinated \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: 2nd \u2013 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 65 mm x 80 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1960 - 1980 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the egyptian carinated oil lamp is a distinctive piece of ancient lighting technology, characterized by its angular, \"carinated\" shape, where the lamp's body resembles a ridge or keel. this shape was common in egyptian lamps from the new kingdom through the roman period. carinated oil lamps typically have a bowl-shaped reservoir with a sharp transition from the bowl to the lamp's rim, which provides a structured form that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. these lamps were often made from clay, although some luxurious examples used metal. the design enabled the lamp to contain oil efficiently, while a single wick placed in a spout would draw up the oil for a steady flame. \n \n functionally, carinated oil lamps were practical in domestic and ritual contexts, casting light in homes, temples, and workshops. in egyptian households, these lamps likely provided basic illumination for evening activities and may have been arranged in multiples to brighten larger spaces. in religious or funerary contexts, they were used in rites associated with the egyptian gods, and sometimes buried with the deceased as offerings. because the shape and style of lamps evolved over time, carinated oil lamps provide archaeologists with valuable information about egyptian daily life and social customs as well as insights into changes in ceramic technology, trade, and cultural exchange."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"199","title":{"es":"egyptian oil lamp, type carinated"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17826/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:16.964Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17826,"dimensions":{"depth":8},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":40,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17827/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17827/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17827/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17827/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: turtle pendant \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 16 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex swedish private collection, r.s., acquired from german art market \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n turtles were commonly depicted in roman art, from sculpture and mosaics to jewelry and pottery, often serving as symbols of various virtues and attributes. the turtle's slow, steady movement and long lifespan made it a potent symbol of longevity, stability, and endurance. it was often associated with the concept of time and the inevitable progression of life, reflecting roman values related to persistence, endurance, and the longevity of the roman empire itself. the turtle also became a symbol of protection, as its hard shell was seen as a natural armor, making it an emblem of safeguarding and defense. \n \n in roman mythology, the turtle was linked to several deities and was sometimes depicted as a companion or sacred animal. for instance, the turtle was associated with the goddess venus in some representations, symbolizing fertility and the nurturing aspect of nature. the turtle\u2019s association with venus was likely due to its connection with the earth and the fertility of the land, qualities that were highly valued in roman society. additionally, the turtle appeared in roman domestic life as a motif on items such as pottery, jewelry, and personal objects, where it was often used to convey meanings of protection and good fortune, particularly in amulets and charms. it was believed that carrying or wearing turtle-shaped objects would offer the wearer spiritual benefits, bringing peace and safeguarding them from harm. \n \n roman turtle iconography also had a presence in funerary art, where the turtle was sometimes included in grave goods or depicted on tombstones, underscoring its symbolic association with the afterlife. the turtle\u2019s symbolism in death was likely related to its long life and its perceived ability to endure through time. as such, depictions of turtles on tombs or as grave offerings could have been intended to wish for a long, peaceful afterlife for the deceased. the turtle\u2019s connection to the underworld and its role as a symbol of the enduring spirit also made it a common motif in representations of the deceased."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"200","title":{"es":"roman turtle pendant"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17827/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:12.473Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17827,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17828/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17828/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17828/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17828/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type kubiak l \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: islamic \n \n period: 12th - 13th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 75 mm x 65 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n islamic oil lamps from the 11th to 13th centuries reflect both the practical needs and the artistic achievements of the medieval islamic world. these lamps were primarily crafted from materials such as brass, bronze, and glazed ceramics, each with distinct regional styles. metal lamps were particularly popular due to their durability and ability to withstand high temperatures, while ceramic lamps offered an affordable and widely accessible alternative. the basic form of these lamps consisted of a rounded body with a central reservoir for oil and an extended spout for holding the wick, but many variations existed depending on region and purpose. the lamps were commonly used in mosques, homes, and public spaces, illuminating interiors and enhancing night-time activities with a warm, consistent glow. \n \n islamic oil lamps from this period were often decorated with intricate patterns and inscriptions, reflecting the flourishing of islamic art and the integration of spirituality into daily objects. geometric designs, arabesques, and calligraphy were popular motifs, often inspired by islamic religious themes and the principles of aniconism, which discouraged the use of human or animal figures in religious art. calligraphic inscriptions, typically featuring verses from the quran, invocations, or blessings, were especially prevalent, emphasizing the connection between the object and spiritual life. these lamps were not just functional but also carried a symbolic and religious meaning, with the light they produced symbolizing divine guidance and spiritual illumination in islamic thought."},"estimateMax":110,"lotNumber":"201","title":{"es":"islamic oil lamp, type kubiak l"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17828/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:55:01.421Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac90 - \u20ac110","currency":"EUR","id":17828,"dimensions":{"depth":6.5},"estimateMin":90},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17829/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17829/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17829/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17829/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17829/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type howland 29 a \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 35 mm x 57 mm x 90 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek oil lamps were essential items in daily life in ancient greece, used primarily for illumination, as well as in religious rituals. these lamps were designed to hold oil, typically olive oil, which would be ignited with a wick to produce light. the typical greek oil lamp had a shallow, round body with a central reservoir for oil, a spout for the wick, and a handle for easy handling and pouring. these lamps came in a variety of shapes and sizes, ranging from small, portable versions that could be used in the home to larger lamps designed for use in public spaces or temples. the widespread use of oil lamps in greek society reflects the need for artificial light during the evening hours, especially in a time before electricity. \n \n the design of greek oil lamps evolved over time, particularly during the archaic and classical periods. many of the earliest lamps were simple in form, often made of terracotta, and featured a simple round or oval body with a single wick holder. as time progressed, greek artisans began to embellish oil lamps with intricate decorations, including geometric patterns, human and animal figures, and scenes from greek mythology. these decorative elements not only made the lamps aesthetically appealing but also served as a means of expressing cultural and religious beliefs. some lamps, for example, featured images of gods and goddesses, such as apollo, the god of light, symbolizing the divine connection between light and the gods. \n \n greek oil lamps also had an important role in religious practices. lamps were frequently used in temples and other sacred spaces as offerings to the gods or to provide light during rituals. they were often placed before statues of deities, particularly in the context of daily prayers or during festivals. in addition to their religious significance, oil lamps were commonly found in tombs as grave goods."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"202","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp, type howland 29 a"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17829/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:12.477Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17829,"dimensions":{"depth":9},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17830/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17830/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, ear probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 145 mm x 6 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex polish private collection, acquired from german private collection in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman medical instruments reflect a sophisticated approach to healthcare and the roman empire's advancements in surgery and medicine. these tools, often made of bronze, iron, or occasionally silver, included scalpels, forceps, bone saws, and probes, showing remarkable similarity to modern surgical instruments. the variety and specificity of these tools suggest that roman practitioners could perform a range of procedures, from basic wound care to complex surgeries. excavations of roman military and urban sites, such as those at pompeii and herculaneum, have uncovered sets of medical tools, revealing that medical practitioners were well-equipped and held esteemed positions in society. \n \n roman surgeons and physicians were skilled in both trauma care\u2014often needed for soldiers injured in battle\u2014and routine health care for civilians. instruments such as bone levers were used to reset fractures, while small hooks and probes were essential for cleaning wounds and removing foreign objects. romans had a keen understanding of hygiene and frequently boiled instruments before use, showing early practices of antiseptic care. texts from ancient medical writers like galen and celsus describe procedures using these instruments, such as cataract surgery and trepanation, indicating that roman medicine was informed by greek medical knowledge and adapted for practical use in the empire. \n \n the discovery of roman medical tools provides valuable insight into the professionalization of medicine in antiquity. the presence of specialized instruments for different types of procedures suggests that roman medicine included a degree of specialization, with some practitioners focusing on specific fields like ophthalmology or battlefield surgery."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"203","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, ear probe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17830/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:12.479Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":17830,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":30,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17831/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17831/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17831/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: polyhedron weight \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: byzantine \n \n period: 10th - 13th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 15 mm x 20 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, london, acquired between 1980s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n polyhedron weights were common in the byzantine period as a means of measuring and standardizing the weight of various goods for trade and commerce. these weights were typically small, geometrically shaped objects made of materials such as bronze, lead, or stone, and they were often inscribed with numerical markings indicating their weight. polyhedron weights took on various forms, including cubes, octahedrons, dodecahedrons, and other geometric shapes, each with a specific weight value corresponding to its size and density. \n \n the use of polyhedron weights in byzantine commerce helped ensure fairness and accuracy in transactions by providing a standardized system of measurement. merchants and traders relied on these weights to determine the value of goods such as precious metals, grains, and other commodities, facilitating trade and economic exchange within the byzantine empire and beyond. polyhedron weights were also used in official capacities, such as tax collection, where they played a crucial role in assessing duties and tariffs based on the weight of goods. \n \n polyhedron weights are frequently found in archaeological contexts throughout the byzantine empire, providing valuable insights into byzantine trade networks, economic activity, and material culture. the inscriptions and markings on polyhedron weights often include information"},"estimateMax":110,"lotNumber":"204","title":{"es":"byzantine polyhedron weight"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17831/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":30,"soldPrice":30,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:12.482Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac110","currency":"EUR","id":17831,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17832/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17832/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17832/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17832/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 64 mm x 92 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps were essential everyday objects in ancient roman society, used primarily for illumination but also serving as decorative and functional items. these lamps, typically made from clay, bronze, or terracotta, were fueled by oil, often olive oil, which was abundant in the roman empire. the lamps had a simple design, usually consisting of a shallow basin with a spout where a wick would be placed to burn the oil. some lamps featured intricate designs, including depictions of gods, animals, mythological scenes, and geometric patterns, making them not only practical tools but also a form of artistic expression. roman oil lamps were widely used in homes, public buildings, and outdoor spaces, offering a much-needed light source after sunset. \n \n the production of oil lamps was widespread, and their forms varied depending on the region and period. early roman lamps often featured a round or oval shape, but by the 1st century bce, they began to take on more elaborate designs, including those shaped like animals, heads, and even miniature architectural forms. lamps were frequently mass-produced in workshops, and many examples have been found in archaeological sites across the roman empire, from britain to north africa. some lamps were designed with multiple spouts, allowing several wicks to burn at once, while others were simple and utilitarian. the widespread use and variety of these lamps suggest they were integral to daily roman life, found in homes, tombs, temples, and even used for public ceremonies. \n \n in addition to their functional role, roman oil lamps had symbolic and religious significance. lamps were often placed in tombs as part of funerary rituals, symbolizing the continuation of life or guiding the deceased\u2019s soul to the afterlife. they were also used in religious ceremonies and offerings to gods, particularly in the context of private worship or in the homes of wealthy romans who could afford to have them as part of their domestic cult practices."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"205","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17832/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:12.483Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17832,"dimensions":{"depth":9.2},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17833/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17833/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17833/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17833/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17833/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jar \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3500 - 2000 b.c \n \n dimensions: 180 mm x 170 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n parallel: amiran, r., ancient pottery of the holy land, p. 53, plate 12, fig. 19 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age vessels, spanning roughly from 3300 to 1200 bce, are crucial artifacts that provide insight into the daily life, trade, and technological advancements of ancient civilizations. this period, marked by the widespread use of bronze for tools and weapons, also saw significant developments in pottery and metalwork. vessels from the bronze age were typically made from materials such as clay, bronze, and occasionally gold and silver, serving various functions from everyday domestic use to ceremonial purposes. \n \n clay pottery from the bronze age is especially abundant and diverse, reflecting the technological and artistic progress of the time. early bronze age pottery often featured simple, utilitarian designs, but as techniques improved, more intricate and decorated vessels emerged. pottery from this period includes a wide range of forms, such as jars, bowls, cups, and storage containers. these items were often decorated with geometric patterns, incised lines, and sometimes painted motifs. the use of the potter's wheel, which became more widespread during this era, allowed for greater uniformity and refinement in the shape and size of the vessels. in many cultures, pottery styles can be used to distinguish different phases of the bronze age and to understand cultural interactions and trade. \n \n bronze and metal vessels from the bronze age showcase the advanced metallurgical skills of ancient artisans. bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was favored for its durability and workability. metal vessels were often used in elite and ceremonial contexts, indicating their high value and the status of their owners. these vessels could be intricately decorated with repoussé (hammered) designs, engravings, and sometimes inlaid with precious materials like gold or silver. the production of metal vessels required sophisticated knowledge of smelting and casting techniques, reflecting a high level of craftsmanship."},"estimateMax":190,"lotNumber":"206","title":{"es":"bronze age jar"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17833/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:55:01.423Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac190","currency":"EUR","id":17833,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":40,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17834/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17834/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cosmetic spoon \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st \u2013 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 100 mm x 21 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired from art dealer in 2003 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman cosmetic spoon, a delicate and specialized tool, was a staple in the personal care routines of ancient roman women and men. typically crafted from bronze, bone, or even precious metals like silver, these spoons featured a shallow, rounded bowl on one end, often attached to a slender handle that sometimes ended in a decorative shape, such as an animal or floral motif. the purpose of the cosmetic spoon was to apply small amounts of substances, such as oils, perfumes, and powdered cosmetics, with precision. the elegant, elongated design made it easier to handle, allowing users to apply beauty products in a refined and controlled manner. \n \n cosmetic spoons served as part of a broader set of grooming tools, including tweezers, nail cleaners, and small mirrors, reflecting the high value romans placed on personal hygiene and appearance. roman beauty standards emphasized smooth, fair skin and often intricate hairstyles, so products like face powders, eye shadows, and scented oils were commonly applied. the cosmetic spoon would have been essential for mixing and applying such products, especially those that required precise application, such as kohl for lining the eyes or pigments for highlighting facial features. they were also used for mixing therapeutic ointments, further illustrating their importance in the daily rituals of self-care and healing."},"estimateMax":90,"lotNumber":"207","title":{"es":"roman cosmetic spoon"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17834/view","tags":["esfashion_vanityitems","esfashion_all","esfashion"],"directSalePrice":40,"soldPrice":40,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:55:01.424Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac90","currency":"EUR","id":17834,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17835/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17835/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17835/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17835/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17835/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: augustus mount \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes old dealer's ticket. \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, bought in english auction house. ex walter steinberg collection, acquired from london art market between 1960s - 1970s. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman emperor augustus, born gaius octavius in 63 bce, was the first emperor of rome and one of the most significant figures in roman history. after the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father, julius caesar, in 44 bce, augustus (then known as octavian) navigated the chaotic power struggles of the roman republic. his military and political prowess led him to defeat key rivals, including mark antony and cleopatra, in the battle of actium in 31 bce. with these victories, augustus consolidated power and, in 27 bce, was granted the title augustus by the roman senate, marking the end of the republic and the beginning of the roman empire under his rule. \n \n augustus\u2019 reign, which lasted from 27 bce to 14 ce, is known for its relative peace and prosperity, a period often referred to as the pax romana (roman peace). he implemented widespread reforms in government, finance, and infrastructure, stabilizing the empire after years of civil war. augustus was a skilled administrator who worked to rebuild rome, famously stating that he \"found rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.\" he expanded the empire\u2019s borders and established a professional standing army, while also developing a more structured provincial administration. these reforms laid the foundation for the empire's long-term stability and expansion. \n \n augustus also understood the power of propaganda and carefully crafted his image as the ideal leader. through literature, monuments, and coins, he presented himself as a restorer of peace and traditional roman values, emphasizing his connection to the gods, particularly apollo. the famous ara pacis (altar of peace) and his res gestae (inscribed achievements) celebrated his accomplishments and reinforced his role as rome\u2019s divinely favored ruler. augustus' legacy endured long after his death in 14 ce, as he established the imperial system that would govern rome for centuries and became a model for future emperors."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"208","title":{"es":"roman augustus mount"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17835/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:16:12.485Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":17835,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":220,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17854/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17854/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17854/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17854/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"en":"item: ring with alexander the great drachm. obverse: head of herakles wearing lion-skin head-dress. reverse: zeus enthroned holding eagle and sceptre. \n \n material: silver \n \n \n culture: greek \n \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n \n dimensions: 23 mm x 20 mm, 17,5 mm diameter inside, 13 eu, 6,5 usa \n \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade silver ring. \n \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n \n  \n \n \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice.  \n \n \n  \n \n \n alexander iii of macedon, commonly known as alexander the great, was a king of the ancient greek kingdom of macedon. he succeeded his father philip ii to the throne in 336 bc at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout western asia and egypt. by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from greece to northwestern india. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. \n \n \n  \n \n \n until the age of 16, alexander was tutored by aristotle. in 335 bc, shortly after his assumption of kingship over macedon, he campaigned in the balkans and reasserted control over thrace and illyria before marching on the city of thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. alexander then led the league of corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all greeks in their conquest of persia. \n \n \n in 334 bc, he invaded the achaemenid persian empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. following his conquest of asia minor, alexander broke the power of achaemenid persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at issus and gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew darius iii and conquered the achaemenid empire in its entirety. after the fall of persia, the macedonian empire held a vast swath of territory between the adriatic sea and the indus river. alexander endeavored to reach the \"ends of the world and the great outer sea\" and invaded india in 326 bc, achieving an important victory over porus, an ancient indian king of present-day punjab, at the battle of the hydaspes. due to the demand of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the beas river and later died in 323 bc in babylon, the city of mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a greek invasion of arabia. in the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the macedonian empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the diadochi. \n \n \n  \n \n \n with his death marking the start of the hellenistic period, alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as greco-buddhism and hellenistic judaism. he founded more than twenty cities that bore his name, with the most prominent being the city of alexandria in egypt. alexander's settlement of greek colonists and the resulting spread of greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the indian subcontinent. the hellenistic period developed through the roman empire into modern western culture; the greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the byzantine empire up until its collapse in the mid-15th century ad. greek-speaking communities in central anatolia and in far-eastern anatolia survived until the greek genocide of the 1910s and early 1920s as well as the greek\u2013turkish population exchange of the mid-1920s. alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both greek and non-greek cultures. his military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves, and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide."},"estimateMax":320,"lotNumber":"208B","title":{"en":"ring with alexander the great drachm"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17854/view","tags":["esjewelry_rings","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"condition":"GOOD","numberOfUnits":1,"directSalePrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:55:01.426Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac280 - \u20ac320","currency":"EUR","id":17854,"estimateMin":280},{"startPrice":140,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17836/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17836/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17836/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: marc antony \n \n date: patrae (?), 32-31 b.c \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 3,49 gr \n \n obverse: ant avg iii vir r p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg viiii, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: sear imp. 359, crawford 544/22. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"209","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 b.c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17836/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":140,"soldPrice":160,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:55:01.428Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17836,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17837/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17837/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17837/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: marc antony \n \n date: patrae (?), 32-31 b.c \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 17 mm, 3,4 gr \n \n obverse: ant avg iii vir r p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg iii, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: cra, 544/15, rsc 28 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"210","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 b.c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17837/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:51.107Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":17837,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17838/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17838/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17838/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: marc antony \n \n date: patrae (?), 32-31 b.c \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 17 mm, 3,2 gr \n \n obverse: ant avg iii vir r p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg x, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: cra. 544/24, rsc 38 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"211","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 b.c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17838/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:51.109Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":17838,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17839/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17839/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17839/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: marc antony \n \n date: patrae (?), 32-31 b.c \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 4,1 gr \n \n obverse: ant avg iii vir r p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg viii, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: crawford 544/21 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax 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p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg viii, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: crawford 544/21 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, 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544/20 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":90,"lotNumber":"220","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 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544/27, rsc 42 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"221","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 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of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n in ancient rome, the term \"tessera\" was also applied to small tokens or objects used in ways beyond mosaics, particularly in the realm of coinage and commerce. while not strictly currency, tesserae often functioned in similar roles, serving as token coins or vouchers within specific economic contexts. unlike standard roman coins, tesserae were typically made from cheaper materials such as lead, bronze, or clay, making them accessible for everyday use by a wider portion of the population. these tokens were occasionally issued by private individuals, businesses, or local municipalities and could be exchanged for goods, services, or even certain privileges within rome and throughout the empire. \n \n roman tesserae also played a significant role in providing access to state-sponsored grain distributions (known as annona) and other public benefits, especially for poorer citizens in urban areas like rome. these tokens, sometimes known as \"tessera frumentaria, \" could be exchanged at designated distribution centers to receive rations of grain or other staples. the presence of these tesserae helped rome manage its social welfare system and guaranteed that resources were distributed to citizens in a controlled, organized manner. in this sense, tesserae were invaluable to the logistical structure of ancient rome, allowing for systematic and equitable distribution while minimizing fraud or misappropriation of state resources. \n \n the design of tesserae was often simple, with inscriptions or symbols that denoted their intended use, issuer, or value. these inscriptions could include references to the specific goods or services redeemable with the token, as well as the official entities or institutions that issued them. occasionally, tesserae would bear the likenesses of emperors or deities, similar to regular coinage, lending an air of authority and legitimacy to the tokens. while tesserae did not replace coins in formal commerce, their usage provided a flexible and pragmatic solution to meet the everyday needs of rome's vast population, especially in environments like marketplaces, theaters, and other communal venues. these tokens offer modern archaeologists and historians a glimpse into the economic and social mechanisms that helped support daily life in the roman empire."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"222","title":{"es":"roman, tessera, domitian to antoninus pius, 81-161 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17849/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:55.381Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":17849,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17850/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17850/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17850/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: septimius severus \n \n date: 193 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 16,5 mm, 2,73 gr \n \n obverse: imp cae l sep sev pert avg, laureate head right \n \n reverse: leg ii adivt, tr p cos in exergue, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: ric iv 5, bmcre 8, rsc 260 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n septimius severus, who ruled as roman emperor from 193 to 211 ce, was the founder of the severan dynasty and marked a transformative period for the roman empire. born in 145 ce in leptis magna (in modern-day libya), severus rose from a provincial north african background to power, representing a shift in the diversity of imperial leadership. his rise came during the turbulent year of the five emperors (193 ce), a period of civil war and political instability following the assassination of emperor commodus. severus swiftly took control by defeating his rivals, notably his most formidable opponent, clodius albinus, securing his position as emperor. he demonstrated strong military prowess and a readiness to use force, ushering in a new era of militaristic rule that prioritized the loyalty of the legions and provincial soldiers over the roman senate. policies reflected the challenges of ruling an empire stretched across vast territories and diverse cultures. \n \n as emperor, severus sought to strengthen and stabilize the empire through a combination of military expansion and internal reform. his campaigns extended roman influence in the east, particularly in mesopotamia, where he achieved a significant victory against the parthian empire, capturing the cities of ctesiphon and babylon. severus also reinforced the empire's borders in north africa and britain, where he launched an extensive campaign to consolidate roman control over the northern territories. to secure the loyalty of the army, severus increased soldiers' pay and allowed them greater legal privileges, a move that, while stabilizing his power, shifted the empire\u2019s political structure by enhancing the military\u2019s influence over the state. this growing militarization helped maintain the empire\u2019s stability but diminished the power of traditional civic institutions like the senate. policies reflected the challenges of ruling an empire stretched across vast territories and diverse cultures. \n \n the legacy of septimius severus is mixed, as his reign marked both a peak of military power and the beginning of internal challenges that would later affect the empire. severus fostered a dynastic succession by appointing his sons, caracalla and geta, as co-emperors before his death, though this led to a fratricidal conflict. his rule is often seen as the start of the \"soldier emperors\" era, where military backing became crucial for any claim to the throne. his reforms, especially those focused on securing military loyalty, laid the groundwork for future emperors but also deepened the empire\u2019s reliance on military authority, which contributed to political instability in subsequent decades. severus is remembered as a competent, if harsh, ruler whose pragmatic policies reflected the challenges of ruling an empire stretched across vast territories and diverse 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avgvstvs, laureate head right \n \n reverse: pontif maxim, livia (as pax) seated right, holding olive-branch and inverted spear; ornate legs to chair. \n \n references: ric i 28, bmcre 45, rsc 16b \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n tiberius, who reigned as roman emperor from 14 to 37 ce, was the second emperor of rome and the successor of augustus. born in 42 bce, tiberius was initially reluctant to rule and was only adopted as augustus\u2019s heir late in augustus\u2019s life, after several other potential heirs had died. tiberius was an experienced military commander, having served in campaigns in germany and along the danube, and his early reputation was built on his disciplined, effective leadership in these areas. when he became emperor, he sought to maintain augustus\u2019s policies, emphasizing stability and careful governance. despite his capability, tiberius\u2019s reluctance and complex relationship with augustus made his ascent to power somewhat troubled, and his early years on the throne were marked by tension with the senate, who viewed him as distant and difficult to engage. \n \n tiberius\u2019s reign was characterized by cautious administration and consolidation rather than ambitious expansion. he focused on maintaining rome\u2019s borders rather than seeking new conquests, believing that the empire was already at its optimal size. under tiberius, the roman treasury grew as he managed finances conservatively, prioritizing economic stability. however, he became increasingly withdrawn from public life, eventually relocating to the island of capri in 26 ce and governing from a distance. this isolation contributed to a climate of mistrust and fear in rome, particularly as tiberius\u2019s deputy, the praetorian prefect sejanus, amassed significant power and allegedly manipulated tiberius\u2019s paranoia. sejanus\u2019s influence led to numerous accusations of treason within the senate, resulting in widespread purges and executions, further damaging tiberius\u2019s reputation and relationship with the roman elite. \n \n the legacy of tiberius is complex, as he is often remembered more for the darker aspects of his rule than for his administrative capabilities. while he maintained the empire and even strengthened its financial foundation, his reclusiveness and the ruthless political purges he enabled cast a shadow over his accomplishments. historians from ancient times, especially tacitus and suetonius, painted him in a largely negative light, depicting him as tyrannical and morally corrupt, especially in his later years. modern scholarship has reassessed some of these accounts, noting his competence in governance but acknowledging his failure to maintain a positive public image or cohesive relationship with rome\u2019s ruling institutions. tiberius\u2019s reign ultimately highlighted the risks of autocratic rule and foreshadowed the challenges of succession that would continue to haunt the roman empire."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"224","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, tiberius, 14-37 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/52602/lot/17851/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:54:55.384Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":17851,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":340,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17852/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17852/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/17852/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2024-12-01","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: antinoüs \n \n date: 134 - 135 a.d \n \n denomination: tetradrachm \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 29 mm, 14,02 gr \n \n obverse: draped bust right, wearing hem-hem crown. \n \n reverse: antinoüs (as hermes), wearing chlamys, holding caduceus with his righthand, on horseback right; l i θ (date) in field. \n \n references: rpc iii-6073, dattari (savio)-2083 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antinous, a young man from bithynia (modern-day northwestern turkey), became famously associated with the roman emperor hadrian, who reigned from 117 to 138 ce. known for his extraordinary beauty, antinous met hadrian as a teenager and quickly became his close companion, likely joining him in his travels across the empire. their relationship was both personal and political, with antinous not only providing companionship to hadrian but also representing an ideal of beauty, youth, and virtue that hadrian admired deeply. during their travels together, antinous became a beloved figure in hadrian's inner circle, and their bond was considered exceptionally strong, reflecting the emperor\u2019s interest in greek culture and values, including the greek ideal of male companionship. \n \n the most significant event in the story of antinous occurred in 130 ce, when he drowned in the nile river under mysterious circumstances while accompanying hadrian in egypt. the circumstances surrounding his death remain unclear, and some sources suggest it may have been a ritual sacrifice or even a voluntary act, intended to prolong hadrian's life through an act of mystical sacrifice. devastated by his companion\u2019s loss, hadrian mourned antinous deeply and deified him, establishing a cult in his honor\u2014a rare privilege usually reserved for emperors and deities. hadrian founded the city of antinoöpolis in egypt near the site of his death, and across the empire, he commissioned statues, temples, and coins bearing antinous\u2019s likeness. this act of deification was unprecedented for a non-imperial roman and demonstrates the depth of hadrian's attachment and the unique place antinous held in his life. \n \n the legacy of antinous endures as one of the most celebrated examples of youthful beauty in ancient art, with numerous statues, busts, and reliefs depicting him. his image became iconic, portraying him with a gentle expression and idealized features, embodying the classical greek ideal of male youth. these artworks spread throughout the empire, and antinous was worshiped as a god in certain regions, particularly in the eastern provinces where hadrian\u2019s influence was strong. his cult persisted even after hadrian\u2019s death, making antinous one of the few non-imperial figures in roman history to be widely venerated. today, antinous remains a symbol of both hadrian\u2019s affection and the complex cultural synthesis of roman and greek ideals, immortalized in statues and surviving as one of the most enduringly enigmatic figures of roman antiquity."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"225","title":{"es":"roman, tetradrachm, antinoüs, 134-135 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value letter epsilon (5) to right. \n \n references: sb 75, do 21a \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n justin i, who reigned as byzantine emperor from 518 to 527 ce, rose from humble beginnings as an illiterate peasant and soldier to the throne of the eastern roman empire. born around 450 ce in the balkans, he entered the military as a young man and gradually climbed the ranks, ultimately becoming the commander of the imperial palace guard under emperor anastasius i. when anastasius died without an heir, justin\u2019s political savvy and the loyalty of the palace guard secured him the throne despite his lack of formal education. his unexpected rise marked a significant shift, and he worked to legitimize his authority by championing traditional roman values and consolidating the empire\u2019s christian foundations, particularly in support of chalcedonian orthodoxy. \n \n justin\u2019s reign is notable for its religious policies, which aimed to restore unity within the christian church, divided since the council of chalcedon in 451 ce over disputes concerning the nature of christ. justin, a devoted chalcedonian christian, sought to heal the schism between the eastern and western churches, which had strained under his predecessor\u2019s policies favoring the monophysites, who believed in the singular divine nature of christ. to this end, he issued edicts that reinstated chalcedonian orthodoxy and reestablished relations with the papacy in rome, mending ties with the western church. his support for chalcedonian christianity often came at the expense of the monophysite population, particularly in regions like egypt and syria, leading to religious tensions within the empire. this policy would significantly shape the religious landscape of the eastern roman empire, though it also foreshadowed religious conflicts under his successor. \n \n perhaps justin\u2019s greatest legacy was his nephew and successor, justinian i, whom he adopted and carefully groomed for leadership. justinian, who had been a close advisor throughout justin's reign, benefited from justin\u2019s promotion and support, taking on significant administrative responsibilities before his uncle\u2019s death. in his later years, as justin\u2019s health declined, justinian effectively co-ruled the empire, preparing for his eventual succession. justin\u2019s choice of justinian not only ensured a smooth transition of power but also set the stage for one of the most ambitious periods in byzantine history. justin\u2019s rule may have been brief and relatively modest in its achievements, but his establishment of justinian as his successor would profoundly impact the empire, as justinian would go on to pursue extensive legal, 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