{"lots":[{"startPrice":200,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18093/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18093/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18093/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18093/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: nestoris \n \n material: pottery, xenon-ware \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: apulian, 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 57 mm x 62 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the nestoris is a distinctive form of ancient greek pottery that is primarily associated with the production centers of south italy, particularly the region of lucania (modern basilicata) during the late classical and early hellenistic periods (roughly 4th century bce). unlike most south italian vase shapes, which were directly inspired by attic (athenian) models, the nestoris is an indigenous shape that developed from the local messapian trozzella vase. its name, meaning \"belonging to nestor, \" was a later, mistaken attribution based on a cup described in homer's iliad; however, the actual vessel is a tall, two-handled jar. \n \n the key distinguishing features of the nestoris are its form and handles. it is typically a deep vessel with a broad, rounded body, a narrow neck, and a flaring rim, set on a ring foot or low pedestal. crucially, it has two sets of handles. the most prominent are the tall, upswung vertical handles that rise well above the rim, often composed of two straps connected by struts and frequently decorated with characteristic molded discs or trozzelle at the tops and sometimes halfway up. in addition to these, many nestorides have a second, smaller pair of horizontal, rolled handles on the body below the shoulder. \n \n most surviving examples of the nestoris are decorated in the red-figure technique, featuring figural scenes in the natural red-orange color of the clay against a black-gloss background. the decoration often covers multiple registers on both the neck and the main body, frequently depicting mythological narratives, scenes of warriors preparing for battle, or dionysiac revelries with stock figures like satyrs and nymphs. given that many nestorides have been found in graves, particularly in lucanian burial contexts, it is believed that these beautifully decorated vessels served a significant funerary function, perhaps as containers for liquids or as elaborate grave goods for the deceased."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"1","title":{"es":"greek nestoris"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18093/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":200,"soldPrice":200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.779Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18093,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":140,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18094/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18094/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18094/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18094/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: dice \n \n material: bone \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 13 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, acquired in london art market between 1980s - 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman dice made from bronze offer intriguing insights into the recreational activities and gaming culture of ancient rome. dice games were immensely popular among people of all social classes and were played for entertainment, gambling, and even religious rituals. the use of bronze to craft dice was practical due to the metal's durability and malleability, ensuring that the dice would withstand frequent use and retain their shape over time. \n \n bronze roman dice typically featured six sides, each marked with dots or pips representing numbers ranging from one to six. the numbering system on roman dice was often arranged in such a way that opposite sides of the dice added up to seven, a design feature known as \"opposite faces add up to seven\" or \"sevens-out.\" this design ensured fairness and randomness in the outcome of dice rolls, crucial for maintaining the integrity of the game. \n \n roman dice were not only used for recreational purposes but also held cultural and symbolic significance. dice games were often associated with concepts of luck, fate, and fortune, and were sometimes employed in divination practices to predict the outcome of future events. the imagery and symbolism associated with dice were also reflected in roman art and literature, where dice games were depicted as common pastimes enjoyed by people from all walks of life."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"2","title":{"es":"roman dice"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18094/view","directSalePrice":140,"soldPrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T16:03:43.077Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18094,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18095/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18095/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: roman head applique depicting zeus ammon \n \n material: gold, repoussé technique \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n condition: 33 mm x 40 mm \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired at harmer rooke galleries (august, 1998) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman conception of zeus ammon, known primarily as jupiter ammon, represents a significant example of religious syncretism in the ancient world. this merged deity combines the attributes of the greek supreme god, zeus, with the egyptian \"king of the gods, \" amun (also spelled ammon). the original syncretism began among the greeks, particularly in their colony of cyrenaica on the north african coast and was closely associated with the famous oracle of amun at the siwa oasis in the libyan desert. the roman identification with jupiter was a natural extension of the greek association, as romans had long regarded their own chief deity, jupiter, as the equivalent of the greek zeus. \n \n the iconography of jupiter ammon is distinct and easily recognizable, setting it apart from the traditional bearded, thunderbolt-wielding roman jupiter. the syncretic god is typically depicted with a mature, bearded human face, but is conspicuously adorned with the spiral ram's horns of the egyptian god amun, a symbol associated with amun's creative potency and divinity. this visual blending highlights the cultural exchange that took place in the mediterranean, where romans readily adopted and adapted foreign deities into their religious framework. the romans considered the revered north african oracle an embodiment of their own supreme god, allowing the cult to flourish. \n \n the cult of jupiter ammon gained great renown in the classical world, largely due to the visit of alexander the great in 331 bce. at the siwa oracle, alexander was reportedly declared the \"son of amun, \" a proclamation that reinforced his own divine status and cemented the god's reputation as a prophetic deity of immense power. the romans, absorbing the hellenistic tradition, continued to revere jupiter ammon in this role. the deity is featured in roman literature, such as virgil's aeneid, where dido invokes jupiter ammon to assert her power and seek divine guidance. the presence of artifacts like roman copies of greek sculptures of zeus ammon, dating to the imperial period, testifies to the enduring significance of this syncretic god in the roman religious imagination."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"3","title":{"es":"head applique depicting zeus ammon"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18095/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.781Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac750 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":18095,"estimateMin":750},{"startPrice":2500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18096/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of mourning nephthys \n \n material: wood and gesso \n \n culture: egyptian, ptolemaic period \n \n period: 4th - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 270 mm x 90 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, j.d., acquired in 2020\u2019s from dutch antiquities dealer. \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, object number 12.182.23a \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n during the ptolemaic period (305\u201330 bce), nephthys \u2014 sister of isis, osiris, and seth \u2014 retained her traditional role as a funerary goddess and divine mourner. known as nebet-het in egyptian, meaning \u201clady of the enclosure, \u201d she was closely associated with death, protection, and the transitional moment between life and the afterlife. together with her sister isis, she was one of the two divine mourners who lamented the death of osiris and magically reassembled his body. in the ptolemaic era, when egyptian religion was increasingly formalized and ritualized, depictions of mourning nephthys became common on temple walls, sarcophagi, and funerary papyri, underscoring her importance in securing resurrection for the deceased. \n \n iconographically, nephthys was often shown standing or kneeling at the head of the bier, arms raised in a gesture of lamentation, or with her hands placed upon her head in the traditional mourning pose. in ptolemaic art, she frequently appears paired with isis, who would stand at the foot of the bier, creating a balanced, protective composition. their presence was not merely symbolic but magical: together they invoked the rebirth of osiris \u2014 and by extension, of every deceased person who hoped for eternal life. these representations were carved or painted in temples dedicated to osiris and in private tombs to assure the deceased\u2019s safe passage into the afterlife. \n \n textually, the ptolemaic period saw the continued use and adaptation of funerary liturgies that invoked nephthys. the so-called lamentations of isis and nephthys were recited during temple rituals and funerary ceremonies, calling upon the god to rise and live again. these chants were thought to be powerful enough to reawaken the dead, reinforcing nephthys\u2019 role as both mourner and reviver. her voice, paired with that of isis, was the ritual key to transforming death into new life. in magical papyri of the period, nephthys could also appear as a protective deity invoked against evil forces that might endanger the deceased\u2019s soul. \n \n the persistence of mourning nephthys in the ptolemaic period illustrates how traditional egyptian religious concepts survived and even flourished under foreign rule. while greek influence introduced new artistic styles and theological syncretism, the role of nephthys as mourner and protector of the dead remained unchanged, showing the resilience of egyptian funerary belief. for ptolemaic egyptians \u2014 both native and hellenized \u2014 nephthys was a guarantor of cosmic order, ensuring that death was not an end but a transition. her image standing at the head of the coffin symbolized continuity with millennia-old traditions and provided comfort that the deceased would join osiris in the eternal cycle of rebirth."},"estimateMax":3500,"lotNumber":"4","title":{"es":"egyptian statuette of mourning nephthys"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18096/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":2500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.784Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,000 - \u20ac3,500","currency":"EUR","id":18096,"dimensions":{"depth":10.5},"estimateMin":3000},{"startPrice":9900,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/011/011.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/012/012.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/013/013.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/014/014.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/015/015.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/016/016.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/017/017.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/018/018.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/019/019.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/020/020.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/021/021.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/022/022.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/023/023.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/024/024.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/025/025.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/026/026.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/027/027.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/028/028.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/029/029.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/030/030.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/031/031.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/032/032.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/033/033.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/034/034.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/035/035.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/036/036.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/037/037.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18097/038/038.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: sarcophagus mask depicting a youthful face with idealised features, a bag wig hairstyle and precisely carved lips \n \n material: granodiorite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 664 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 160 mm x 120 mm (without stand), 222 mm (with stand) \n \n condition: good condition. includes professional stand, interpol search certificate (10900-180444) by association of international antiquities dealers, geological report with report number tl05402 by ronald l. bonewitz, french export license (num. 227349), spanish import license (num i/1734/2024), spanish export license (2025-020234) and technical report by dr. alberto maria pollastrini. \n \n provenance: from the private collection of a medical professional, previously in a french collection, acquired in 2012 for a new york, usa gallery; formerly in the collection of nahman, since 1950, thence by descent. maurice nahman was one of cairo's leading antique dealers, known for supplying major institutions such as the louvre, the british museum and the metropolitan museum of art. \n \n \n comes with interpol search certificate (10900-180444) by association of international antiquities dealers, geological report with report number tl05402 by ronald l. bonewitz, french export license (num. 227349), spanish import license (num i/1734/2024), spanish export license (2025-020234) and technical report by dr. alberto maria pollastrini. \n \n \n due to the fragility and size of this piece, it can only be shipped within the european union, united kingdom and neighbouring countries that can be transported by road by private courier (door to door) and costs 350 euros, 100 euros for spain. \n \n sarcophagus masks made of granodiorite were an important feature of elite burials in ancient egypt, particularly during the new kingdom and later periods. these masks, carved from the dense, speckled stone, were designed to cover the head and upper part of the sarcophagus, representing the idealized features of the deceased. the use of granodiorite, a durable and prestigious material, signified the high status of the individual, often a member of the royal family or a high-ranking official. the hardness of granodiorite made it challenging to work with, but skilled artisans were able to achieve smooth surfaces and finely detailed facial features, emphasizing the egyptian ideal of eternal beauty. \n \n the iconography of these masks followed traditional conventions, portraying the deceased with a serene expression, almond-shaped eyes, and a faint smile, symbolizing their transition into the afterlife. some examples were adorned with a nemes headdress or a wig, reinforcing their connection to divine and royal imagery. the choice of granodiorite also carried religious significance, as it was associated with endurance and permanence, aligning with the egyptian belief in the eternal preservation of the soul. these masks were often placed within large, inscribed sarcophagi, which were themselves set inside multiple nested coffins, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the deceased's journey through the underworld. \n \n many granodiorite sarcophagus masks have been discovered in major burial sites such as the valley of the kings and saqqara, offering valuable insights into egyptian funerary art and religious beliefs. some of the most remarkable examples can be found in museum collections today, including the british museum and the louvre. these artifacts continue to fascinate scholars and visitors alike, showcasing the mastery of ancient egyptian stone carving and the civilization\u2019s enduring preoccupation with the afterlife. \n \n nahman, the last prominent owner before its recent history, was a celebrated antiquities dealer and personal friend of howard carter, discoverer of tutankhamun's tomb. his gallery was known to be a reference point for collectors and archaeologists. the photos included in the lot show nahman in his gallery, nahman with howard carter, and the entry in carter's diary mentioning nahman's £80 purchase of several pieces, dated three weeks before the discovery of tutankhamun's tomb. \n \n nahman sold pieces that today form part of the holdings of major museums such as the louvre, the british museum and the metropolitan museum, underlining the quality and authenticity of the works he handled."},"estimateMax":19000,"lotNumber":"5","title":{"es":"egyptian sarcophagus mask, ex maurice nahman"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18097/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":9900,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.788Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac15,000 - \u20ac19,000","currency":"EUR","id":18097,"estimateMin":15000},{"startPrice":260,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18098/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18098/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18098/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18098/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl with decoration \n \n material: terra sigillata \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 190 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"6","title":{"es":"roman bowl with decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18098/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":260,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.792Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18098,"dimensions":{"depth":19},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18099/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18099/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18099/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask with baker's oven and inscription above 'panat' \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: 2nd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 69 mm x 37 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex u.s gallery, ex american private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n miniature amphoras from the egyptian hellenistic period (c. 4th\u20131st century bce) were small ceramic vessels that often served as votive offerings, perfume containers, or symbolic representations of larger transport amphoras. these miniature vessels reflect the blending of greek and egyptian artistic traditions following alexander the great\u2019s conquest and the establishment of the ptolemaic dynasty. unlike their full-sized counterparts used for storing wine, oil, or grain, these tiny amphoras were more decorative or ritualistic in function. their production and distribution across egypt, particularly in alexandria and other key trade centers, highlight their role in both domestic and religious contexts. \n \n one intriguing variation of these miniature amphoras features iconography depicting a baker\u2019s oven, a motif associated with sustenance, prosperity, and daily life. the presence of such imagery suggests that these vessels may have been dedicated to deities linked to nourishment and abundance, such as demeter, the greek goddess of grain and agriculture, or isis, who was revered for her protective and nurturing aspects. bakers and grain merchants may have used these amphoras as offerings in temples or shrines, seeking divine favor for their trade. the imagery of ovens, often stylized in relief or painted onto the vessels, serves as a rare glimpse into the importance of bread production in the hellenistic economy of egypt. \n \n archaeological finds of these miniature amphoras in both temple sites and domestic settings indicate their widespread cultural significance. some were discovered in funerary contexts, suggesting that they may have played a role in ensuring the deceased\u2019s sustenance in the afterlife. others were found in association with workshops or market areas, reinforcing their connection to trade and daily commerce. today, these delicate artifacts, housed in museum collections, provide valuable insights into the intersection of greek and egyptian artistic traditions and the economic and religious life of hellenistic egypt."},"estimateMax":1200,"lotNumber":"7","title":{"es":"egyptian flask with baker's oven and inscription above 'panat'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18099/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.795Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,000 - \u20ac1,200","currency":"EUR","id":18099,"estimateMin":1000},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18100/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18100/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18100/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18100/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting a bust, type bussière d ii 1 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 35 mm x 69 mm x 96 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"8","title":{"es":"oil lamp depicting a bust, type bussière d ii 1"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18100/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.797Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18100,"dimensions":{"depth":9.6},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":200,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18101/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bust of a boy applique (wagon or furniture) \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 53 mm x 41 mm x 53 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, rhenish hesse, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman wagon or furniture appliqués in bronze were ornamental pieces used to decorate various objects, including wagons, furniture, and even architectural elements. these appliqués were often crafted with intricate designs and could include motifs of animals, mythological figures, or even human busts. the use of bronze for these decorative elements not only provided durability but also allowed for detailed artistry that could enhance the aesthetic appeal of everyday items. \n \n one notable example of roman bronze appliqués is the bust of a boy, which exemplifies the high level of craftsmanship and artistic detail achieved by roman artisans. such busts often depict young male figures with finely detailed facial features, hairstyles, and expressions. these appliqués were not just decorative; they also served as symbols of status and wealth. the depiction of a boy\u2019s bust could represent a member of a prominent family or be intended to convey certain virtues or qualities admired in roman society, such as youth, beauty, or nobility. \n \n the craftsmanship involved in creating these bronze appliqués reveals much about roman metalworking techniques and aesthetic values. the detailed portrayal of the boy\u2019s bust would involve precise techniques like lost-wax casting and intricate finishing to highlight textures and details. these appliqués not only served practical purposes in adorning furniture or wagons but also reflected the romans' appreciation for art and their ability to blend functionality with beauty."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"9","title":{"es":"roman bust of a boy applique (wagon or furniture)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18101/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.798Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18101,"dimensions":{"depth":5.3},"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":4200,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18102/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: fragment of a wall painting with ducks \n \n material: lime plaster with dry powder pigment \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 135 mm x 317 mm x 32 mm \n \n condition: good condition, professionally restored \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, chevallier-verel collection, paris, acquired at the beginning of the 20th century \n \n parallel: fountain frieze ducks fresco house of the bear pompeii, hauser in pompeji volume 2: casa dell' orso (1988) & maiuri a., 1955. una nuova pittura nilotica a pompei. roma: acc. nazionale dei lincei, tav. ii, 2. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n ducks and other waterfowl were a common and celebrated motif in roman decorative art, frequently appearing in the vibrant wall paintings and mosaics recovered from sites like pompeii and herculaneum. these depictions often formed part of larger landscape scenes, especially the popular \"nilotic scenes\" which evoked the exotic wildlife of the egyptian nile river. in these elaborate compositions, ducks might be seen swimming among water lilies, reeds, and other flora, often alongside frogs, fish, and even crocodiles or pygmies in a vivid, naturalistic tableau. this decorative choice served to transport the viewer to a distant, lush environment, creating an illusion of space and natural beauty that counteracted the often dark and windowless interiors of roman homes. \n \n the appearance of ducks in roman wall paintings was not purely aesthetic; it also carried cultural and symbolic weight. waterfowl were considered \"characterful\" creatures in the greco-roman world, sometimes associated with themes of wisdom or resourcefulness, and were also a well-known food source. in still-life paintings, known as xenia (guest offerings), birds like ducks and geese were meticulously rendered alongside fruit and other provisions to illustrate the host's wealth and generous hospitality to visitors. furthermore, ducks were sometimes incorporated into mythological subjects, such as in the ubiquitous artistic depictions of leda and the swan, a story where the god zeus takes the form of a swan, a close relative of the duck, underscoring the species' place in high culture. \n \n the style of these decorations varied according to the \"pompeian styles\" of painting. in the later, more ornamental styles, ducks and other birds could appear as smaller, highly detailed elements nestled within intricate decorative borders or as framed vignettes on the vast, monochromatic wall panels. a well-preserved example, like the frescoed duck from the villa di arianna at stabiae, showcases the roman painter\u2019s talent for naturalism, capturing the bird's form and color with remarkable detail. whether part of a grand nilotic vista or a small, isolated bird on a thin architectural framework, the recurring motif of the duck enriched roman domestic interiors, blending elements of the natural world, social status, and cultural appreciation for the exotic."},"estimateMax":6000,"lotNumber":"10","title":{"es":"roman fragment of a wall painting with ducks"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18102/view","tags":["esart_ancientpainting","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":4200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.800Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac5,000 - \u20ac6,000","currency":"EUR","id":18102,"dimensions":{"depth":3.2},"estimateMin":5000},{"startPrice":340,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18103/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18103/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: commercial label with cursive writing \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 26 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, acquired on the european art market before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman commercial labels made of lead, featuring inscriptions in cursive writing, were commonplace yet essential artifacts of the imperial economy. these small, often circular or rectangular pieces of soft metal served a variety of practical tagging purposes, from identifying raw materials to marking official consignments of goods. the choice of lead was strategic: it was easily inscribed with a metal stylus, even by an ordinary worker, and its pliability allowed it to be attached to objects by folding, stamping, or trapping a binding wire. unlike monumental inscriptions carved in stone, the inscriptions on these labels were typically written in roman cursive, a fast, informal script used for everyday documentation. this cursive, often challenging for modern readers to decipher, included both the earlier old roman cursive (orc) and the later new roman cursive (nrc) and provides invaluable insight into the vernacular latin and literacy of the time. \n \n the contents of these cursive lead labels were strictly commercial or administrative. they often functioned as seals, known as signacula, to authenticate the contents or origin of packaged merchandise. for example, lead seals have been found stamped with the names or initials of military units or imperial officials, indicating that the consignments were official military or government supplies. other labels might have recorded civic or taxation information, or the name of a private merchant or workshop, acting as an early form of a 'trademark' or quality control mark. the inscriptions would typically be abbreviated to fit the small surface area, conveying the necessary information\u2014such as the item's provenance, a quantity, or the responsible individual\u2014in a concise and functional manner. \n \n the archaeological recovery of these lead labels, particularly in large numbers from ports and military sites, highlights the complex logistics of roman trade and administration. for instance, large finds of inscribed lead sealings have been made in britain and at the port of lyon, reflecting the mass transit of bulkier merchandise, such as lead ore (metallum). these artifacts, which also include items like military \"dog tags\" and identifying collars for fugitive slaves, demonstrate that lead was a widely used medium for objects requiring cheap, durable, and readily inscribed identification. the cursive script on these humble labels, therefore, gives a direct textual link to the bureaucratic and mercantile daily life of the roman empire, far removed from the formal texts of stone monuments."},"estimateMax":550,"lotNumber":"11","title":{"es":"roman commercial label with cursive writing"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18103/view","directSalePrice":340,"soldPrice":340,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T16:08:34.919Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac550","currency":"EUR","id":18103,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":200,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18104/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18104/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18104/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18104/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: squat lekythos with palmette decoration \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 53 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection since the early 2000's, ex european antiquities online auctions \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the squat lekythos is a distinct, smaller variant of the typical ancient greek lekythos, a vessel primarily designed to hold oil (especially olive oil) or perfumed ointments. the standard lekythos is recognized for its tall, slender, cylindrical body, single handle, and narrow neck that controls the flow of its expensive contents. the squat form, however, has a comparatively short, globular, rounded belly (hence 'squat') and a flat base, while retaining the narrow neck and flaring mouth of its larger cousins. these miniature oil flasks, generally less than 20 cm in height, became particularly popular in the later phases of greek vase painting, flourishing around the 5th and 4th centuries bce, especially in athens, the center of fine ceramic production.in terms of function, the squat lekythos served both ritual and cosmetic purposes. like other lekythoi, they were used to hold oil for anointing the body at baths and gymnasiums, as well as for funerary offerings and rites. the narrow neck was an intentional design feature to dispense the oil sparingly, drop by drop, underlining the contents' value. due to their frequent inclusion in tombs as grave goods, or offerings for the deceased, they are often associated with funerary rituals\u2014a purpose underscored by the creation of versions with a false inner bottom or a small inner cup, which limited the amount of costly oil required to fill the vessel, making the gift symbolic rather than strictly practical.the decoration of the squat lekythos typically reflects the artistic style popular during its period of production, most commonly the red-figure technique. this style allowed for greater detail, showing figures in the reddish color of the terracotta clay against a black background. the scenes depicted are often focused on the domestic sphere, rituals, or mythological narratives, with examples showing women's activities, or figures associated with the rites of passage like marriage (a ritual also involving scented oils). the british museum, the metropolitan museum of art, and other collections house excellent examples, often attributed to specific workshops like those in the manner of the meidias painter, demonstrating that even these smaller, arguably mass-produced items were decorated with considerable artistic skill."},"estimateMax":350,"lotNumber":"12","title":{"es":"greek squat lekythos with palmette decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18104/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.919Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac350","currency":"EUR","id":18104,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":1100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18105/010/010.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: funerary cocoon-shaped jar with thermoluminescence test (tl) \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese \n \n period: han dynasty, 206 b.c - 220 a.d \n \n dimensions: 296 mm x 330 mm x 203 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test (tl) by qed laboratory (reference: qed1703/fc-0907) \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, from toulouse, acquired in the 1980s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, object number 1994.605.31. maxwell museum of anthropology, accession number mma 2012.91.60. montreal museum of fine arts, inv. 2014.177 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the cocoon-shaped jar is a distinctive type of pottery vessel characteristic of the western han dynasty (206 bce\u20139 ce), though its form first appeared in the preceding qin and even warring states periods. this earthenware jar is defined by its oblong, ovoid, horizontal body which rests on a small, flared foot, and is topped with a narrow, cylindrical neck and everted rim. the unique shape is widely believed to be a stylized representation of a silkworm cocoon, an important symbol reflecting the immense economic and cultural significance of the silk industry in han china. it has also been suggested that the form originated from leather vessels used by nomadic peoples on the northern and western fringes of the han empire, a theory supported by the appearance of vertical banding patterns that resemble straps. \n \n functionally, the cocoon-shaped jar served primarily as a storage vessel for liquids, most commonly wine (or millet ale), in both daily life and funerary contexts. however, the majority of surviving examples were recovered from elite han tombs, classifying them as mingqi (spirit vessels or burial goods). as a mingqi, the jar was intended to provide the deceased with necessities for the afterlife, reflecting the han belief that the tomb was a continuation of the earthly dwelling. this tomb ware was generally made from low-fired gray earthenware and painted after firing with unfired mineral pigments\u2014a technique known as \"cold painting\"\u2014to simulate the more costly and vibrant lacquerware or bronze vessels used by the living. \n \n the surface decoration of the han cocoon jar is as significant as its shape, often featuring painted motifs that reflect contemporary daoist cosmological beliefs. the most common pattern is the cloud-scroll motif (yunwen or yunqi), typically rendered in dynamic swirls of red, white, and black pigments. these scrolling clouds symbolize the celestial realm and the daoist immortal paradise, often evoking the concept of flight or movement towards this spiritual domain. the combination of the silkworm cocoon form, which suggests transformation and rebirth, with the auspicious cloud motifs, underscores the jar's profound symbolism as an object meant to facilitate the deceased's journey to immortality and ensure their well-being in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":2000,"lotNumber":"13","title":{"es":"chinese funerary cocoon-shaped jar with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18105/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":1100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.921Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,500 - \u20ac2,000","currency":"EUR","id":18105,"dimensions":{"depth":20.3},"estimateMin":1500},{"startPrice":2700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18106/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18106/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18106/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18106/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18106/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: amphoriskos \n \n material: core-formed glass \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 77 mm x 52 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired from helios gallery, united kingdom. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the core-formed glass amphoriskos is a small, luxurious vessel primarily used in ancient greece for storing precious perfumed oils, unguents, or cosmetics. the term amphoriskos literally means \"little amphora, \" referring to its miniature, two-handled jar shape, which typically features an elongated ovoid or piriform body, a tall neck, and a pair of delicate s-shaped handles. these vessels were immensely popular in the eastern mediterranean, particularly from the archaic to the hellenistic periods (6th\u20131st century bce), and their contents were often part of daily life, used in the home, offered as votives at sanctuaries, and, most frequently, placed in tombs as grave goods to anoint the deceased. the presence of these colorful glass bottles in burials reflects their high value and the wealth of their owners. \n \n the vessel was made using the core-forming technique, one of the earliest methods of glassmaking in the mediterranean. this labor-intensive process began with the glassmaker forming a rough core, typically a mixture of clay and sand, around a metal rod. the glass was then applied to this core by dipping it into molten glass or by trailing hot, viscous glass threads onto the rotating core. the vessel was then reheated, and contrasting colors of glass threads were wound around the body. these colored trails\u2014commonly opaque yellow, white, or turquoise over a darker base, such as dark blue or black\u2014were then dragged up and down with a metal tool to create intricate feather, zigzag, or festoon patterns. the rim, base, and handles were added separately. once the vessel cooled, the earthen core was carefully scraped out from the interior, leaving a small, thick-walled glass container. \n \n the core-formed glass industry flourished in the eastern mediterranean, with the island of rhodes emerging as a major production center during the classical and hellenistic periods. the shapes of these glass containers\u2014including the amphoriskos, alabastron, and aryballos\u2014were consciously borrowed from contemporary greek pottery and metal vessels, but the glass pieces were highly valued for their brilliant, opaque coloring and vivid decorative patterns, which often made them stand out as superior luxury items. their small size and thick walls were inherent limitations of the core-forming technique, making them perfectly suited for holding expensive oils. the production of the amphoriskos waned with the introduction of glassblowing during the roman period, but these early glass vessels remain a testament to the sophisticated artistry of ancient mediterranean craftsmen."},"estimateMax":3500,"lotNumber":"14","title":{"es":"greek amphoriskos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18106/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":2700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.922Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,000 - \u20ac3,500","currency":"EUR","id":18106,"estimateMin":3000},{"startPrice":140,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18107/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18107/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18107/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18107/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, daunian \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 110 mm x 115 mm x 104 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, s.z., acquired between 1970 - 1992 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the daunian jug, or oinochoe, is a distinctive form of pottery created by the daunians, an indigenous iapygian tribe who inhabited the northern part of apulia (modern-day foggia and barletta-andria-trani provinces) in southeastern italy, a region that was later part of magna graecia. these hand-built terracotta vessels date primarily from the iron age through the 4th century bce and stand out for their highly individualistic, non-greek shapes and their vibrant, geometric decoration. while the term \"jug\" encompasses several forms, the daunian variant is often characterized by a globular body, a long, narrow neck, a wide, flat rim that can resemble a plate, and often a single, prominent strap handle that arches high above the mouth. \n \n a defining feature of the daunian jug, and daunian pottery in general, is its purely geometric ornamentation, which remained largely uninfluenced by the figural scenes of contemporary greek ceramics until the later phases of production. the decoration is typically applied in bichrome (two-color) or polychrome (multi-color) paint\u2014usually dark violet, red, or black on a background of whitish or pale slip\u2014and is organized into horizontal bands or listae. motifs consist of rigorous geometric shapes like lozenges, triangles, squares, swastikas, and zigzags, which cover the upper half of the vessel. unlike the wheel-made, mass-produced pottery of the greek colonies, most daunian jugs were meticulously hand-formed, a technique that reflects the deep-rooted local traditions of this ancient italic culture. \n \n daunian vessels, including various types of jugs, large kraters, and askoi (spouted flasks), are most frequently recovered from funerary contexts, indicating their crucial role as grave goods and ritual objects in the daunian social and religious landscape. while the precise function of every type of jug is not always known, their overall purpose related to the storage and pouring of liquids, likely in banqueting or funerary rites. the major production centers were local towns like canosa di puglia and ordona, whose regional workshops gave rise to specific typological variations. over time, as greek influence from the nearby colonies in magna graecia grew\u2014especially after the 5th century bce\u2014later daunian pottery began to incorporate more figurative, vegetal, and hellenizing elements, eventually leading to a decline in the unique geometric style."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"15","title":{"es":"greek jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18107/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"soldPrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.924Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":18107,"dimensions":{"depth":10.4},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":70,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18108/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18108/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18108/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, spatula / probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 166 mm x 10 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum für asiatische kunst, ex galerie hardt, germany, acquired between 1970 - 2010 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bronze medical instruments, meticulously fashioned with skill and care, epitomize the sophistication of ancient healthcare. these robust implements, encompassing scalpels, forceps, and probes, manifest the romans\u2019 dedication to surgical precision and patient well-being. these tools played pivotal roles in an array of medical procedures, from intricate surgeries to wound management, underscoring the romans\u2019 unwavering commitment to the practice and science of healing. in contemporary times, these relics remain enduring symbols of the enduring influence of roman medicine and surgical prowess. \n \n the spatula probe consists of a long thin handle and tends to range in size from roughly 6 to 15 centimetres with a spatula on one end of its handle and an olivary probe on its other end, indicating its multifunctionality. the spatula is usually leaf-shaped and tends to be flat on one side and slightly rounded on the other. some spatula ends are quite thin, perhaps five or six millimetres in width, whilst others are short and blunt. some have more of a rectangular shape to them and others have a spatulat blade on both ends. it could be used for spreading medicaments on infected areas of the body as well as mixing medicines on an ointment pallet. sometimes the spatula could be used as a cautery, as soranus mentions using it on the umbilical cord (gyn 3. 27, milne 1907: 60). it could also be used as a tongue depressor and as a blunt dissector (milne 1907: 59-60). the olivary end could be used in the same way as many already suggested for the double-ended olivary probe."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"16","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, spatula / probe, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18108/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":70,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.926Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18108,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":1800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18109/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18109/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18109/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18109/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18109/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: head of a woman with tainia \n \n material: marble \n \n culture: late hellenistic / early roman \n \n period: 2nd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 104 mm x 102 mm x 96 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman female portrait heads often display refined hairstyles bound with a tainia, a narrow fillet or ribbon that encircles the head. the tainia was not only a decorative element but also a symbol of dignity and idealized beauty, commonly associated with divine or virtuous qualities. in roman art, especially during the imperial period, women of high status were frequently portrayed with such headbands, emphasizing their modesty, piety, or divine association. the tainia framed the elaborate coiffures characteristic of the julio-claudian and antonine dynasties, highlighting both the technical mastery of the sculptor and the sitter\u2019s social prestige. \n \n there are also numerous examples, both greek and roman, of female heads\u2014whether depicting goddesses, nymphs, or mortal women\u2014that bear small holes in their earlobes for the attachment of actual metal earrings. this practice allowed sculptors to combine marble or bronze with precious materials, enhancing the lifelike and luxurious quality of the portrait. greek hellenistic works, such as representations of aphrodite or artemis, often included these perforations, and a notable example is a hellenistic head of aphrodite in the national archaeological museum of athens, whose earlobes retain the tiny drill holes once used to secure gold ornaments. \n \n in roman portraiture, this feature became even more common, particularly in the representations of empresses and elite women, where jewelry served as an explicit symbol of status and refinement. portraits of faustina the younger and julia domna, for instance, display such perforations, and some funerary busts in marble and terracotta were designed to hold removable earrings. these subtle details demonstrate how roman artists sought to bridge the ideal and the real\u2014transforming stone into an image of living splendor through the integration of authentic adornments."},"estimateMax":2700,"lotNumber":"17","title":{"es":"late hellenistic / early roman head of a woman with tainia"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18109/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":1800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.927Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,500 - \u20ac2,700","currency":"EUR","id":18109,"dimensions":{"depth":9.6},"estimateMin":2500},{"startPrice":260,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18110/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18110/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18110/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18110/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: face bead, probably medusa \n \n material: mosaic glass \n \n culture: romano-egyptian \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 52.11.15. corning museum of glass, accession number 62.1.25 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the glass mosaic beads were created using a core-forming technique, where small glass pieces were arranged and fused onto a core of molten glass. this method allowed artisans to produce a wide range of patterns and colors, using materials like blue, green, red, yellow, and white glass, which were then molded into bead shapes. some beads were made using a process known as cane glass, where glass rods were stretched and cut into small pieces to create a mosaic effect. the beads were often cylindrical, spherical, or disc-shaped, with some featuring additional decorative elements, such as gold leaf or inlays of semi-precious stones like lapis lazuli. these beads were then strung together to create necklaces, bracelets, or other forms of jewelry, reflecting the fusion of roman luxury and egyptian artistry."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"18","title":{"es":"romano-egyptian face bead, probably medusa"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18110/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":260,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.929Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18110,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18111/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18111/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18111/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18111/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 160 mm x 122 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"19","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18111/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.930Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18111,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18112/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18112/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18112/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18112/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting ceres holding two cornucopias, type loeschcke i \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 28 mm x 74 mm x 100 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. xxxv, fig. 287 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"20","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting ceres holding two cornucopias, type loeschcke i"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18112/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:24.931Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18112,"dimensions":{"depth":10},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18113/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18113/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18113/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18113/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of an organ \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 70 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"21","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of an organ"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18113/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.534Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":18113,"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18114/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18114/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18114/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18114/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18114/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of a torso \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 125 mm x 75 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n parallel: the british museum, museum number 1834,1011.1 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":1300,"lotNumber":"22","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of a torso"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18114/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.536Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,200 - \u20ac1,300","currency":"EUR","id":18114,"estimateMin":1200},{"startPrice":1700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18115/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18115/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18115/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18115/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18115/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18115/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bust of vulcanus \n \n material: limestone \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 150 mm x 237 mm x 120 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2013 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n vulcanus, known to the greeks as hephaestus, was the roman god of fire, metalworking, forges, and craftsmanship. in roman religion, vulcan was revered as a powerful and potentially dangerous deity, embodying the destructive and creative aspects of fire. his domain included not only the forging of weapons and tools but also the subterranean fires that could cause volcanic eruptions. the romans feared his wrath, particularly in the form of uncontrolled fire, and so sought to appease him through worship and ritual, especially during the height of summer when fires were most destructive. \n \n one of the central aspects of vulcan\u2019s cult was the festival of the vulcanalia, held annually on august 23rd. during this celebration, romans offered live fish and small animals by casting them into bonfires, symbolically redirecting vulcan\u2019s destructive fire away from the city. vulcan\u2019s worship was among the oldest in rome, with his shrine\u2014the volcanal\u2014situated at the foot of the capitoline hill, near the roman forum. his close association with fire and blacksmithing also made him a patron of artisans and armorers, and in mythology, he was credited with crafting legendary items such as aeneas\u2019s shield. \n \n in art and literature, vulcan was often depicted as a bearded, muscular man working at an anvil, sometimes with a hammer or tongs in hand. despite his important role, he was not portrayed with the same idealized beauty as other gods; like his greek counterpart, he was often represented with a physical imperfection\u2014usually a limp\u2014which set him apart and emphasized his laborious role among the gods. vulcan\u2019s mythology intertwines with stories of divine invention, betrayal, and resilience, reflecting roman values of strength through skill and the harnessing of dangerous natural forces for the good of society."},"estimateMax":2500,"lotNumber":"23","title":{"es":"roman bust of vulcanus"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18115/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":1700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.538Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,000 - \u20ac2,500","currency":"EUR","id":18115,"dimensions":{"depth":12},"estimateMin":2000},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18116/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18116/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18116/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18116/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bottle with spout \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 85 mm x 80 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., munich, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n amphorae vitreae (roman glass flasks) were ubiquitous vessels, their popularity exploding after the invention of glassblowing in the mid-1st century bce revolutionized the glass industry. this new, cost-effective technique allowed for the rapid, mass production of thin-walled, lightweight containers, transforming glass from a luxury good\u2014often imitating rock crystal or precious stone\u2014into an affordable, everyday material accessible to all social classes. these flasks were made from natron glass, typically exhibiting a pale bluish-green color due to iron oxide impurities in the sand, though artisans later perfected techniques to produce prized colorless or vividly colored glass using metal oxides like cobalt (for blue) or manganese (for purple). \n \n roman glass flasks served a wide array of practical and ritualistic functions throughout the empire. the most common form was the slender, tubular or pear-shaped unguentarium (or \"tear bottle\"), used for holding and dispensing small quantities of expensive perfumes, oils, and cosmetics for the daily toilette. larger, utilitarian flasks often had squared or globular bodies, sometimes reinforced with mold-blown patterns like ribs or geometric designs, and were used for transporting and storing foodstuffs like wine, olive oil, and medicinal liquids. their non-porous and odorless nature made glass superior to pottery for sensitive contents. \n \n the shapes and decoration of glass flasks were diverse, reflecting the ingenuity of roman glassworkers. artisans utilized both free-blowing and mold-blowing techniques to create an enormous variety of forms, including novelty flasks shaped like fruits (such as the famous grape flasks), animals, human heads, or comic theatrical masks. decoration often involved applied glass trails (snake-thread or simple spirals) around the neck and body, or intricate cut-and-carved designs on luxury pieces like the multi-layered cameo glass and the famous cage cups (vasa diatretra). flasks were particularly significant in funerary rites, where they were placed in tombs, either filled with perfumed oil for anointing the deceased or to simply accompany the body into the afterlife."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"24","title":{"es":"roman bottle with spout"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18116/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.539Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":18116,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18117/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18117/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18117/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18117/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant with alexander the great drachm. obverse: head of herakles wearing lion-skin head-dress. reverse: zeus enthroned holding eagle and sceptre. \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 19 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n alexander iii of macedon, commonly known as alexander the great, was a king of the ancient greek kingdom of macedon. he succeeded his father philip ii to the throne in 336 bc at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout western asia and egypt. by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from greece to northwestern india. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. \n \n until the age of 16, alexander was tutored by aristotle. in 335 bc, shortly after his assumption of kingship over macedon, he campaigned in the balkans and reasserted control over thrace and illyria before marching on the city of thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. alexander then led the league of corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all greeks in their conquest of persia. \n \n in 334 bc, he invaded the achaemenid persian empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. following his conquest of asia minor, alexander broke the power of achaemenid persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at issus and gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew darius iii and conquered the achaemenid empire in its entirety. after the fall of persia, the macedonian empire held a vast swath of territory between the adriatic sea and the indus river. alexander endeavored to reach the \"ends of the world and the great outer sea\" and invaded india in 326 bc, achieving an important victory over porus, an ancient indian king of present-day punjab, at the battle of the hydaspes. due to the demand of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the beas river and later died in 323 bc in babylon, the city of mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a greek invasion of arabia. in the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the macedonian empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the diadochi. \n \n with his death marking the start of the hellenistic period, alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as greco-buddhism and hellenistic judaism. he founded more than twenty cities that bore his name, with the most prominent being the city of alexandria in egypt. alexander's settlement of greek colonists and the resulting spread of greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the indian subcontinent. the hellenistic period developed through the roman empire into modern western culture; the greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the byzantine empire up until its collapse in the mid-15th century ad. greek-speaking communities in central anatolia and in far-eastern anatolia survived until the greek genocide of the 1910s and early 1920s as well as the greek\u2013turkish population exchange of the mid-1920s. alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both greek and non-greek cultures. his military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves, and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"25","title":{"es":"modern pendant with alexander the great drachm"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18117/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.541Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18117,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18118/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18118/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18118/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18118/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18118/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: chalice with open fans decoration \n \n material: pottery, bucchero ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 170 mm x 163 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n parallel: the israel museum, jerusalem, accession number 84.66.223 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan pottery is best known for its distinctive bucchero ware, a type of ceramic fabric that is uniformly black from surface to core, often burnished to a high, almost metallic sheen. produced primarily between the 7th and 5th centuries bce, this characteristic black color was achieved by a specialized firing process called reduction, where the oxygen supply in the kiln was deliberately restricted. this technique chemically altered the iron oxide in the clay from its natural reddish state to a ferrous oxide, resulting in the lustrous black appearance that beautifully imitated the costly imported metal vessels\u2014particularly silver\u2014prized by the etruscan elite. \n \n bucchero ware evolved through distinct phases. the earliest and most technically refined is the bucchero sottile (fine bucchero), dating from the 7th to early 6th century bce, characterized by its remarkably thin, delicate walls, and decoration that was primarily incised (cut into the soft clay) with simple geometric patterns or stylized animals. over time, this gave way to the heavier, thicker-walled bucchero pesante (heavy bucchero). this later style, appearing from the mid-6th century bce onward, featured more elaborate, mold-applied relief decoration, often incorporating figurative scenes or friezes that were sometimes inspired by oriental and early greek artistic motifs. \n \n in addition to bucchero, etruscan potters produced a variety of other ceramic styles, heavily influenced by imported greek pottery. they initially created local versions of impasto (a coarse, handmade ware from the earlier villanovan culture), and later developed their own versions of greek painted vessels, such as etrusco-corinthian and imitation black-figure and red-figure techniques. these painted wares typically showcased scenes adapted from greek mythology or local etruscan life. regardless of style, etruscan vessels\u2014including common shapes like the kantharos (a deep drinking cup), oinochoe (jug), and amphora (storage jar)\u2014were frequently found in funerary contexts, serving as grave goods to accompany the deceased."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"26","title":{"es":"etruscan chalice with open fans decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18118/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.542Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":18118,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18119/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18119/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18119/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18119/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18119/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18119/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate, type genucilia \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 65 mm x 163 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the genucilia plate is a characteristic type of small, footed etruscan ceramic plate produced in central italy, primarily during the 4th century bce. the name derives from a specific plate found with the painted inscription of its owner, \"p. genucilia, \" likely a faliscan or latin woman. these plates are examples of local etruscan production that was heavily influenced by contemporary greek pottery styles, particularly the highly prized red-figure technique. though considered a mass-produced, \"second-rate\" ware by some scholars, they were exceptionally popular and were a widespread product across etruria and lazio. \n \n the typical genucilia plate is a shallow dish or patera, usually measuring about 14\u201316 cm in diameter, resting on a low stem and a wide foot. the decoration is limited to the circular central space, or tondo, and the rim. two primary decorative motifs dominate the interior: either a stylized female head in profile facing left, or a geometric star/cross pattern with simple dots. the female head is often interpreted by scholars as representing a deity, possibly proserpina (persephone), due to the plate's frequent association with funerary and votive contexts. \n \n the plates were executed using a simplified version of the red-figure technique, where the main design was left in the natural reddish color of the clay and outlined in black slip, with further details painted in black. a defining feature is the decorative border, typically a wave pattern (a spiral wave or meander) encircling the rim, which framed the central motif. production of the genucilia group is thought to have begun in the city of falerii (modern civita castellana), likely by an immigrant athenian potter, before production shifted to major etruscan centers like caere (modern cerveteri). they are frequently recovered from tombs and sanctuaries, suggesting they served a dual purpose as both inexpensive tableware and objects for religious offerings (agalmata)."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"27","title":{"es":"etruscan plate, type genucilia"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18119/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.544Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac450 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18119,"dimensions":{"depth":16.3},"estimateMin":450},{"startPrice":3800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18120/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18120/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18120/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18120/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18120/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18120/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: figure of a river god (probably tiber) with she-wolf \n \n material: marble \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 175 mm x 278 mm x 155 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, diplomatic, acquired before 1990s \n \n bibliography: vermeule iii c.c., and comstock m.b., sculpture in stone and bronze in the museum of fine arts boston, additions to the collection of greek, etruscan, and roman art 1971-1988, museum of fine arts boston, 1988, no. 71. \n \n parallel: mvsei vaticani collection, cat. 2300 & national archaeological museum of naples \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the pairing of the roman river god tiberinus (father tiber) with the she-wolf and the twins romulus and remus is a key motif illustrating the foundation myth of rome. according to the legend, the twins were abandoned on the banks of the tiber river by order of a wicked king. it was the river god, tiberinus, who ensured their survival. the water god helped to save the infants when the basket they were placed in got stuck on the riverbank, and some sources explicitly state he saved them before they were found by the she-wolf. this association links the divine power of the river, which provided safety and nourishment, directly to the miraculous preservation of the city\u2019s future founders. \n \n the she-wolf, or lupa, is one of the most famous symbols of rome, representing the animal that ultimately nursed the abandoned twins in a cave known as the lupercal until they were found by a shepherd. this moment, often represented in art by the capitoline wolf sculpture, is intrinsically connected to the river god tiber because their abandonment in the river is the crucial step that leads to the wolf\u2019s discovery and subsequent nurturing. the combined iconography of the river god, the she-wolf, and the twins tells a complete narrative of abandonment, divine rescue, and eventual foundation, emphasizing that rome\u2019s origins were protected by both the martial god mars (the twins\u2019 divine father) and the local genius of the land and water. \n \n a prominent ancient sculpture that explicitly combines these figures is the statue of the tiber river with romulus and remus, now housed in the louvre museum. this large marble statue depicts the river god tiber as a typical reclining, bearded middle-aged man, holding an oar (for navigation) and a cornucopia (symbolizing the river\u2019s nourishing properties). crucially, tucked beneath the god\u2019s right arm is the she-wolf suckling the twin infants, romulus and remus. the statue, likely dating to the hadrianic period, was discovered in rome in the 16th century near the site of the temple of isis and serapis, where it likely decorated a fountain. its composition visually reinforces the fundamental roles of both the tiber river (personified as tiberinus) and the she-wolf in the divine and miraculous beginnings of rome."},"estimateMax":6000,"lotNumber":"28","title":{"es":"roman figure of a river god (probably tiber) with she-wolf"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18120/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":3800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.545Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac5,000 - \u20ac6,000","currency":"EUR","id":18120,"dimensions":{"depth":15.5},"estimateMin":5000},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18121/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18121/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18121/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18121/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: eye of horus 'udjat eye' amulet \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 644 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 14 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, a. k., acquired between 1970s - 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the eye of horus, wedjat eye or udjat eye is a concept and symbol in ancient egyptian religion that represents well-being, healing, and protection. it derives from the mythical conflict between the god horus with his rival set, in which set tore out or destroyed one or both of horus's eyes and the eye was subsequently healed or returned to horus with the assistance of another deity, such as thoth. horus subsequently offered the eye to his deceased father osiris, and its revivifying power sustained osiris in the afterlife. the eye of horus was thus equated with funerary offerings, as well as with all the offerings given to deities in temple ritual. it could also represent other concepts, such as the moon, whose waxing and waning was likened to the injury and restoration of the eye. \n \n the eye of horus symbol, a stylized eye with distinctive markings, was believed to have protective magical power and appeared frequently in ancient egyptian art. it was one of the most common motifs for amulets, remaining in use from the old kingdom (c. 2686\u20132181 bc) to the roman period (30 bc \u2013 641 ad). pairs of horus eyes were painted on coffins from the first intermediate period (c. 2181\u20132055 bc) and middle kingdom (c. 2055\u20131650 bc). other contexts where the symbol appeared include on carved stone stelae and on the bows of boats. to some extent the symbol was adopted by the people of regions neighboring egypt, such as syria, canaan, and especially nubia. \n \n the ancient egyptian god horus was a sky deity, and many egyptian texts say that horus's right eye was the sun and his left eye the moon. the solar eye and lunar eye were sometimes equated with the red and white crown of egypt, respectively. some texts treat the eye of horus seemingly interchangeably with the eye of ra, which in other contexts is an extension of the power of the sun god ra and is often personified as a goddess. the egyptologist richard h. wilkinson believes the two eyes of horus gradually became distinguished as the lunar eye of horus and the solar eye of ra. other egyptologists, however, argue that no text clearly equates the eyes of horus with the sun and moon until the new kingdom (c. 1550\u20131070 bc); rolf krauss argues that the eye of horus originally represented venus as the morning star and evening star and only later became equated with the moon. \n \n katja goebs argues that the myths surrounding the eye of horus and the eye of ra are based around the same mytheme, or core element of a myth, and that \"rather than postulating a single, original myth of one cosmic body, which was then merged with others, it might be more fruitful to think in terms of a (flexible) myth based on the structural relationship of an object that is missing, or located far from its owner\". in the myths surrounding the eye of ra, the goddess flees ra and is brought back by another deity. in the case of the eye of horus, the eye is usually missing because of horus's conflict with his arch-rival, the god set, in their struggle for the kingship of egypt after the death of horus's father osiris."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"29","title":{"es":"egyptian eye of horus 'udjat eye' amulet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18121/view","directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.622Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18121,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":1500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18122/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18122/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18122/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18122/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: dagger 'pugio' type künzing \n \n material: iron \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 325 mm x 75 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex south german private collection, acquired in the south german art trade in the 80s. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the pugio was a double-edged dagger used as a standard sidearm by roman soldiers, particularly legionaries, from the late republic through the imperial period. while its primary function remains debated among historians, it is generally accepted as an auxiliary weapon for close-quarters fighting, complementing the primary sword, the gladius. the name pugio is thought to be related to the latin word pugnus (fist), perhaps referring to the secure, fist-like grip required to wield it effectively as a thrusting weapon. its design, likely adopted from the daggers of the cantabrians in the iberian peninsula, evolved over time but typically featured a broad, leaf-shaped blade, often with a prominent central ridge for strength and penetrating power, making it an advanced stabbing tool. \n \n beyond its military use on the battlefield, the pugio held significance as a status symbol and was a deeply personal item. soldiers often purchased their own pugiones, leading to highly decorated examples that featured elaborate handles made of materials like wood, bone, or horn, often overlaid with metal plates. the accompanying scabbards were even more ornate, frequently featuring intricate inlays of brass, silver, niello, and colored enamel, reflecting the owner's rank or wealth. this personalization underscores its importance to the roman soldier, serving not only as a functional weapon of last resort but also as an integral part of his military identity and dress. \n \n the pugio's history is notably marked by its role in roman politics and everyday life, as it was a common weapon for both self-defense and assassination. most famously, it was the weapon of choice for the conspirators who murdered julius caesar in 44 bc. its compact size made it easy to conceal beneath a toga, a key factor in its selection for that infamous event. therefore, the pugio\u2019s legacy is complex: it was an indispensable military tool, a highly personalized status symbol for the legionary, and a recurring fixture in the brutal political and personal violence of ancient rome."},"estimateMax":2600,"lotNumber":"30","title":{"es":"roman dagger 'pugio' type künzing"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18122/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_knives","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":1500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.546Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,200 - \u20ac2,600","currency":"EUR","id":18122,"estimateMin":2200},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18123/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18123/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bust of a boy \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 170 mm height \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, 1960; thence by descent. ex auktionshaus owl, bielefeld, germany, 5 september 2015, lot 40605 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman terracotta busts of boys are a fascinating category of minor art that provides unique insights into childhood and commemoration in the ancient world. while large-scale imperial portraits were typically carved in expensive marble or bronze, terracotta\u2014baked clay\u2014offered an affordable and accessible medium for private individuals. these busts were often mass-produced using molds, though unique finishing touches would be added by hand. the typical representation features the boy with plump, soft, and realistic childlike features, such as full cheeks, a rounded face, and sometimes a serious, distant gaze that lent an air of gravitas (dignity) to the young subject, aligning with the roman tradition of honoring ancestors. the hairstyle, often short and carefully combed, helps modern scholars date the piece by correlating it with prevailing imperial fashions of the time, such as the julio-claudian or hadrianic periods. \n \n the primary context for these terracotta portraits was funerary or commemorative. in a society with high infant mortality, the loss of a child was a common tragedy. these busts were frequently placed in tombs, either as a portrait of the deceased or as a stand-in for the expensive imago (wax death mask) or marble bust that only elite families could afford. their use in tombs underscores the deep importance of the family unit (familia) in roman life and the desire to preserve the memory and identity of even the youngest members. the terracotta material, despite its fragility, allowed for a wider dissemination of the portrait tradition, bringing the practice of individualized commemoration to a broader social class, including freedmen and middle-class families. \n \n stylistically, the terracotta busts of children demonstrate the roman interest in realistic portraiture, a trend that often contrasted with the more idealized figures of greek art. the artists were adept at capturing the vulnerability and particular features of youth, making the busts more personal and emotionally resonant than standardized adult figures. while some terracotta sculptures were plain, others show evidence of polychromy\u2014being painted with vibrant colors\u2014to enhance their lifelike appearance, though this paint rarely survives today. the survival of these delicate clay portraits, though often fragmentary, attests to their cultural significance and their role in a crucial roman social function: creating a lasting visual record of a person's life for their family's lineage and remembrance."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"31","title":{"es":"roman bust of a boy"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18123/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.522Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18123,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":8500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/011/011.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/012/012.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18124/013/013.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: montefortino helmet, group 1 - type robinson b, coarelli d \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 170 mm x 215 mm x 167 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, dr. hufnagel, aschaffenburg. expertised by angelo de robertis in 1980, frankfurt am main \n \n parallel: symonenko, o., sarmatian age helmets from eastern europe, p.291, fig. 3 & quesada sanz, f., journal of roman military equipment studies 8 (1997), montefortino-type and related helmets in the iberian peninsula, p. 158, fig. 7 group c \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the montefortino helmet was a foundational piece of roman military equipment, serving as the standard head protection for the roman army throughout the mid-to-late roman republic, from approximately 300 bc into the 1st century ad. its design originated with the celts, and the name is derived from a burial site in italy where an early example was found. the helmet is characteristically a single-piece casting made primarily of bronze (or brass, with later, simpler versions sometimes using iron). key features include a conical or rounded bowl for impact deflection, a small, raised neck guard flaring out at the back, and a distinctive central knob at the apex used for attaching a plume, usually made of horsehair or feathers, to signify rank or unit. early versions were often highly decorated with patterns like a \"rope\" motif around the rim or a \"pinecone\" design on the crest knob, reflecting the period when soldiers bought their own equipment. \n \n the widespread adoption of the montefortino by the roman army was due to its simplicity, effectiveness, and suitability for mass production. as the roman republic expanded and its army grew into a vast, standing force, the need for cheap, standardized equipment became paramount. the montefortino, despite its celtic origins, became the first distinctly roman helmet type to be mass-manufactured, a development critical to equipping the large numbers of levied citizen-soldiers. this led to a gradual simplification of the helmet's design; later variants like the buggenum sub-type were much plainer, more practical, and less decorated than their earlier republican counterparts. the helmet was integral to the equipment of the legionaries who fought in the punic wars and the great campaigns of the late republic. \n \n over time, the montefortino helmet underwent an evolutionary process that ultimately led to its replacement by other types. as the roman army transitioned to professional legions under the empire, the coolus helmet, also celtic in origin but often made of laminated iron, was increasingly used alongside the montefortino in the 1st century bc and 1st century ad. the ultimate successor was the imperial gallic and imperial italic series of helmets, which offered a much broader, more pronounced neck guard and reinforcing brow-ridge for superior protection against the new threats and fighting styles encountered on rome's frontiers. despite the shift in standard issue, older montefortino helmets were likely reused or adapted, sometimes even remaining in service with auxiliary units or non-frontline troops well into the imperial period, demonstrating the enduring nature of this classic roman design."},"estimateMax":11000,"lotNumber":"32","title":{"es":"roman montefortino helmet, group 1 - type robinson b, coarelli d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18124/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":8500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.525Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac9,000 - \u20ac11,000","currency":"EUR","id":18124,"dimensions":{"depth":16.7},"estimateMin":9000},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18125/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab from mummy wrappings \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 664 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 19 mm x 34 mm x 53 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, 2019, who bought it at auction arround 1988. \n before that it came from a french collection which was formed in the 1950´s \n \n parallel: the brooklyn museum, accession number 49.28a-c. the metropolitan museum of art, object number 89.2.388 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the scarab beetle was a powerful and multifaceted religious symbol in ancient egypt, fundamentally representing renewal, rebirth, and the rising sun. this association stemmed from the egyptians observing the common dung beetle (scarabaeus sacer) rolling balls of dung across the ground, an action they likened to the sun god khepri rolling the solar disc across the sky each morning to ensure its daily rebirth. as such, scarabs were among the most crucial amulets placed with the deceased. crafted from materials like glazed steatite (faience), green jasper, basalt, or carnelian, they were worn by the living for protection and good fortune, but their most significant role was in the funerary context, where they were often sewn or wrapped directly into the mummy wrappings. \n \n within the mummy wrappings, the most important form was the heart scarab . this larger amulet was typically placed directly over the heart of the deceased or sometimes rested on the throat or chest. its function was purely religious and magical, designed to safeguard the dead during the most critical moment of their journey into the afterlife: the weighing of the heart ceremony in the hall of two truths. in this judgment, the deceased\u2019s heart\u2014the seat of their intellect, memory, and conscience\u2014would be weighed against the feather of ma'at, the goddess of truth and cosmic order. if the heart was heavy with misdeeds, it would be devoured by the demon ammit, resulting in the annihilation of the soul. \n \n to prevent this devastating outcome, heart scarabs were often inscribed on their flat base with a version of chapter 30b of the book of the dead. this magical spell was a plea, imploring the heart not to testify against its owner's past actions when questioned by the gods. the inscription typically begins with a phrase like, \"o my heart which i had from my mother, o my heart which i had from my mother, o my heart of my different forms, do not stand up as a witness against me...\" by combining this compelling injunction with the form of the beetle, which guaranteed the cyclical nature of existence, the scarab ensured the heart's silence and the deceased's safe passage, thereby securing their transition into an akh (a blessed spirit) in the afterlife."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"33","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab from mummy wrappings"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18125/view","directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.628Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18125,"dimensions":{"depth":5.3},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":140,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18126/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18126/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18126/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18126/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: squat lekythos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 85 mm x 60 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the squat lekythos is a distinct, smaller variant of the ancient greek lekythos, an oil vessel primarily used for storing valuable oils, especially perfumed olive oil for cosmetic and ritual purposes. unlike the standard cylindrical or 'shoulder' lekythos, which is typically tall and slender (30\u201350 cm), the squat lekythos is characterized by its short, globular body that quickly rounds into a flat base, topped by a narrow neck and a single handle. this compact shape generally measures less than 20 cm in height and became popular in athens during the classical period, particularly from the second half of the 5th century bce onward. its size made it convenient for personal use and handling small quantities of expensive scented oil or unguents. \n \n the vessel played a significant dual role in both daily life and funerary rites. in everyday use, the narrow neck of all lekythoi was intentionally designed to limit the flow of oil to a thin stream, or even drops, making it efficient for anointing the body after bathing or exercise in the gymnasium. however, its most enduring association is with death. lekythoi, in general, were routinely placed in tombs as offerings to the dead, providing the deceased with oil for their journey into the afterlife. the squat lekythos specifically gained prominence in the red-figure technique, as the taller, standard lekythos increasingly shifted to the white-ground technique for funerary scenes. this small, decorative flask was a common find in graves throughout the greek world and beyond, attesting to its widespread use and cultural importance. \n \n the decoration of a squat lekythos often reflects contemporary athenian life, mythology, or ritual. found predominantly in the attic style and decorated with the red-figure technique, the surface was used to depict intricate scenes. for example, a squat lekythos might show a scene from a domestic setting, a mythological narrative like the story of philoktetes on lemnos, or scenes related to female deities or rituals, such as the athenian festival of the adonia. the high quality of some surviving examples suggests they were favored by the best vase painters of the late 5th and early 4th centuries bce, making them valuable historical artifacts that illuminate ancient greek daily practices and religious beliefs surrounding death and remembrance."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"34","title":{"es":"greek squat lekythos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18126/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"soldPrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.527Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18126,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18127/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18127/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18127/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm x 165 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"35","title":{"es":"roman plate"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18127/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.529Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18127,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":240,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18128/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18128/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18128/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18128/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting crown of oak leaves, type bussière d ii \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 50 mm x 88 mm x 124 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. xli, fig. 364 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"36","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting crown of oak leaves, type bussière d ii"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18128/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"soldPrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.531Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18128,"dimensions":{"depth":12.4},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":70,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18129/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18129/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: tessera depicting an eagle \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n bibliography: maddoli: no.852; sena chiesa, gems: no.1283 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the term tessera was also applied to small tokens or tiles, often made of ceramic (terracotta or clay), lead, or bronze. these were not seals impressed onto goods like a clay lump, but were themselves stamped objects that served as a form of administrative or commercial ticket. they functioned similarly to modern tokens or chits, used for entry to events, participation in religious festivals (especially in places like palmyra, where clay tokens were common), or as part of state distribution programs, such as the tesserae frumentariae (tokens for grain). \n \n the clay used for these tokens was fundamentally the same material used in pottery, and their manufacture sometimes mirrored pottery techniques, including firing in a kiln and having detailed, embossed designs on one or both sides. in some cases, the symbols or names found on these commercial tesserae (especially the tessera nummularia related to money or weights) have been linked to control marks or stamps found on amphorae and other transport vessels from the eastern mediterranean. this overlap suggests that a common administrative system\u2014or at least a shared set of symbols and practices\u2014was used to manage different commercial aspects of roman life, from identifying pottery workshops to distributing state resources. \n \n while the clay tokens themselves were not the act of sealing a product, they were a tool for commercial verification and control. they were often decorated with imperial portraits, mythological scenes, letters, or geometric patterns. more importantly, some ceramic tokens incorporated private seals or countermarks to prevent counterfeiting, making the object distinct and ensuring its authenticity for the recipient."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"37","title":{"es":"roman tessera depicting an eagle"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18129/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":70,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:06.562Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18129,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":1400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/011/011.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/012/012.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18130/013/013.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: weight in the shape of an astragalus with greek inscription 'ου..ραtα' \n \n material: bronze and iron \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 130 mm x 84 mm, 1,5 kg \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the roman weight shaped like an astragalus, or knucklebone, is a fascinating piece of roman material culture that bridges the gap between everyday entertainment and official commerce. the astragalus is the talus bone from the ankle of an animal, typically a sheep or goat, which was used in antiquity as an informal gaming piece, similar to dice. roman artisans replicated this naturally asymmetrical bone in heavier materials like bronze or lead to serve a completely different, formal purpose. these metal replicas preserved the characteristic irregular, multifaceted shape of the bone, distinguishing them from the simpler, geometric weights also common in the roman world. \n \n the primary function of these astragalus-shaped artifacts was as certified weights for trade and commerce. roman society relied on standardized systems of weights and measures, often controlled and verified by state officials (agoranomoi) and stored in temples, such as the temple of ops augusta in rome. the metal astragalus weights are not mere curiosities; large examples, sometimes inscribed with their official weight or an indication of their regulatory authority, conform to standard roman weight units like the libra (pound) or its fractions. their recognizable form ensured they were understood to be part of the official roman economy, even though the replication of a simple bone contrasts with the more elaborate busts, animals, or geometric shapes used for other bronze weights. \n \n beyond their role in commerce, the choice of the astragalus shape likely carried a strong cultural resonance. the original knucklebones were ubiquitous across the greco-roman world, used not only for games of chance (tali or astragaloi) but also as symbolic votive offerings. by casting an object associated with everyday life, luck, and ritual into a certified, stable weight, the romans incorporated a familiar symbol into their system of measurement. the metal astragalus weights, therefore, serve as a tangible link between the seemingly disparate worlds of gambling, votive gifts, and economic regulation, demonstrating a unique roman penchant for reproducing culturally significant forms in enduring, functional materials."},"estimateMax":2200,"lotNumber":"38","title":{"es":"roman weight in the shape of an astragalus with greek inscription"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18130/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":1400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:06.566Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,800 - \u20ac2,200","currency":"EUR","id":18130,"estimateMin":1800},{"startPrice":2800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18131/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18131/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18131/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18131/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18131/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: military mask helmet section depicting mars \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 150 mm x 180 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes a certificate of search in the stolen works of art of interpol database \n \n provenance: ex alison barker private collection, a retired london barrister, acquired between 1960s \u2013 1990s \n \n bibliography: rucinski, e., get the picture?: iconography of cheek pieces on roman imperial cavalry helmets, journal of roman military equipment studies \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n \n this object has been verified in the the stolen works of art of interpol database and is accompanied by a search certificate by us. \n \n roman military equipment is famous for its abundance of depictions rife with symbolical content. the so-called cavalry sports equipment, which used to be seen as being solely parade armour, can be distinguished from the infantry equipment not only by its function, but also by its design. there are numerous surviving heavily ornamented parts of roman cavalry equipment and a number of studies have been published on their purpose and decoration. whether the ornamented equipment belonged to parade armour or was also worn in battle is still under discussion. one of those groups contains the helmets, of which a relatively large number of different variations exist. apart from the calotte with its neck guard, the loosely attached cheek pieces were also an essential part of the helmet. cheek pieces as protective elements were used both for infantry and cavalry helmets. although in some cases it is still difficult to attribute individual examples to the cavalry, due to the higher amount of remains we can be relatively certain that the majority of helmets did indeed belong to the cavalry. \n \n mars was one of the most important and widely revered gods in the roman pantheon, second only to jupiter, and was primarily known as the god of war. however, his role extended beyond mere conflict; he was originally an agricultural deity associated with spring, growth, and the protection of cattle and fields. this dual nature reflects his essential function as a guardian of the roman people and their territory: he was invoked to ensure a successful harvest and to protect the land from both enemy forces and natural threats. he was considered the father of romulus and remus, the legendary founders of rome, solidifying his status as the divine ancestor of the romans (pater). due to this ancestral connection and his aggressive military aspect, he became the core divinity of the roman army and the embodiment of masculine virtue, courage, and martial strength (virtus). unlike the greeks' fickle god of war, ares, the roman mars was a dignified, just, and highly ritualized figure whose worship was central to state religion and military triumph."},"estimateMax":4500,"lotNumber":"39","title":{"es":"roman military mask helmet section depicting mars"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18131/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":2800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.532Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,500 - \u20ac4,500","currency":"EUR","id":18131,"estimateMin":3500},{"startPrice":6500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/011/011.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18132/012/012.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: dagger 'pugio' \n \n material: iron \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: republic, 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 300 mm x 60 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex emeritus collection (usa), collected from the 1950\u2019s to the 1980\u2019s by a distinguished university professor who served as department head, dean and vice president of a major university. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the origins of the roman pugio, a short, broad dagger, are somewhat intertwined with the late roman republic and the period of transition into the empire, as its shape is thought to derive from the daggers used by iberian tribes. while archaeological evidence for the pugio in its standardized roman form solidifies primarily in the late 1st century bce\u2014the end of the republic\u2014and the early imperial period, the romans were already familiar with the concept of a dedicated sidearm. the pugio served as an essential personal weapon for roman soldiers, carried alongside the main gladius (sword) and providing a critical tool for close-quarters combat, often used for stabbing downward in a swift, lethal motion against a fallen or restrained enemy. \n \n characteristically, the pugio was defined by its wide, leaf-shaped blade and a prominent central ridge, designed for maximum rigidity and piercing power. the republican and early imperial versions share this core design but show stylistic and construction differences. republican-era blades, or those immediately preceding the standardized imperial forms, were generally more uniform and rugged. they featured an integrated tang that fitted into a simple hilt, often constructed from layers of wood or bone. importantly, the pugio was a piece of military equipment, but it was also a badge of honor and status, especially for centurions and senior officers, a tradition that began to take root in the highly professionalized armies of the late republic under figures like marius and caesar. \n \n in the context of the republic's political upheaval, the pugio takes on a highly significant, and often infamous, symbolic role. it was the weapon of personal choice in the chaotic political landscape, famously used in acts of assassination and conspiracy. the most notorious instance is the assassination of julius caesar in 44 bce, where the conspirators wielded daggers\u2014almost certainly pugiones\u2014to strike down the dictator on the floor of the senate. this event cemented the dagger's association not just with the battlefield, but with political violence and the defense of the republic (as the assassins claimed) or its destruction (as caesar's followers believed). it remained a standard issue until the 3rd century ce, but its period of greatest historical and symbolic impact was arguably during the last tumultuous decades of the roman republic."},"estimateMax":8000,"lotNumber":"40","title":{"es":"roman dagger 'pugio'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18132/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_knives","escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":6500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:19.534Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac7,000 - \u20ac8,000","currency":"EUR","id":18132,"dimensions":{"depth":1.5},"estimateMin":7000},{"startPrice":2100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18133/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: etruscan anatomical votive model of a head \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 240 mm x 165 mm x 130 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference qed2533/eg-0104) \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":2800,"lotNumber":"41","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of a head with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18133/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":2100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.474Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,500 - \u20ac2,800","currency":"EUR","id":18133,"dimensions":{"depth":13},"estimateMin":2500},{"startPrice":3300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18134/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of a dog \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, han dynasty \n \n period: 206 b.c - 220 a.d \n \n dimensions: 320 mm x 315 mm x 160 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference: qed2533/ec-0101) and expertise of chambre europienne des experts conseil en ouvres d\u2019art (cecoa), 1998 \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, b.h., ex g.q. private collection, ex galerie arts et civilisations (1998) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n statuettes of dogs from the han dynasty (206 bce \u2013 220 ce) are a common type of tomb figurine, reflecting the close relationship between humans and animals in ancient chinese society. these ceramic figures were often placed in tombs as part of the belief in an afterlife where the deceased would require the same comforts and protections as in life. dogs, valued as guardians, hunters, and loyal companions, were symbolically included to offer security and companionship in the next world. \n \n most han dog statuettes are made of earthenware, sometimes with a green lead-glaze known as \u201csancai\u201d or cold-painted with pigments that have faded over time. they are typically depicted in a seated or standing posture, with pricked ears, alert expressions, and short, muscular bodies\u2014features resembling the native chinese breeds used for guarding homes and livestock. some have collars or bells modeled around their necks, emphasizing their domesticated role. \n \n these figures were not merely decorative but held symbolic and functional value. in han cosmology, dogs were seen as protectors against evil spirits and intruders, both in the mortal world and beyond. their inclusion in tombs suggests that they were considered essential to maintaining order and safety in the afterlife. this reflects a broader han practice of burying tomb occupants with a full retinue of mingqi, or \u201cspirit objects, \u201d which replicated elements of daily life. \n \n the prevalence of dog statuettes also illustrates the han dynasty\u2019s agricultural and domestic structure, where dogs were not only companions but integral to rural livelihoods."},"estimateMax":4000,"lotNumber":"42","title":{"es":"chinese statuette of a dog with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18134/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":3300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.476Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,500 - \u20ac4,000","currency":"EUR","id":18134,"dimensions":{"depth":16},"estimateMin":3500},{"startPrice":1400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18135/011/011.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anchor fragment, collar \n \n material: lead \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 75 mm x 590 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired in the 70s and 80s in the german art market. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n this object is a fragment of a roman lead anchor, specifically the portion known as the collar, which typically encircled and secured the wooden stock or shaft of the anchor. roman anchors were often composite constructions, with wooden elements reinforced by metal components to withstand the stresses of maritime use. the lead collar would have played a critical role in providing structural integrity, anchoring the wooden parts together and helping to maintain balance and weight distribution. \n \n such lead collars are usually cast in a circular or oval shape, sometimes bearing inscriptions or stamped marks identifying the ship, owner, or a workshop. their discovery is particularly valuable to archaeologists and maritime historians, as they offer insights into the construction techniques of roman ships, the logistics of seafaring trade, and the organization of naval fleets. some examples include latin inscriptions, dedications to deities, or even ship names, making them both technical and epigraphic artifacts. \n \n fragments like this often survive in seabed deposits or coastal contexts, where wood has decayed but lead has remained intact. their presence can indicate the site of a shipwreck or a former port installation. in some cases, they are found alongside other maritime gear such as anchor stocks, bronze nails, or amphorae, providing a broader picture of ancient maritime activity in the region. \n \n the collar\u2019s heavy lead composition also hints at its dual function: not only structural but also as ballast to help the anchor grip the seabed effectively."},"estimateMax":1900,"lotNumber":"43","title":{"es":"roman anchor fragment, collar"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18135/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":1400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:06.568Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,500 - \u20ac1,900","currency":"EUR","id":18135,"dimensions":{"depth":10.5},"estimateMin":1500},{"startPrice":130,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18136/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18136/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18136/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18136/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: modern pendant with hadrian denarius \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coin description: hadrian ad 117-138. rome. denarius. 134-138 ad. hadrianvs avg cos iii p p, bare head right / tellvs stabil, tellus stabil standing left, holding plough and rake, corn growing to right.ric 276 sear 3543 rsc 1425. 18 mm, 3,43 g \n \n hadrian (reigned 117\u2013138 ce) was the third of the so-called five good emperors and is remembered as a restless, brilliant, and contradictory ruler who fundamentally shifted the roman empire's focus from expansion to consolidation. abandoning the aggressive expansionist policies of his predecessor, trajan, hadrian recognized that the empire had reached its maximum sustainable size. he ordered the withdrawal of roman forces from the untenable eastern territories, instead dedicating his reign to strengthening, securing, and integrating the vast territory rome already controlled. a tireless traveler, he spent over half his 21-year rule crisscrossing the provinces to personally inspect defenses, reform administration, and ensure the loyalty of the military and local governors, demonstrating an unparalleled level of imperial oversight. \n \n hadrian's defining legacy lies in his extensive architectural and military fortifications, which symbolized his policy of \"peace through strength.\" the most famous of these is hadrian's wall in northern britain, a monumental 73-mile stone barrier built beginning in 122 ce to secure the empire's northwestern frontier against the northern tribes. far more than a simple defensive structure, the wall was a massive propaganda statement and a means to control and tax movement and trade across the border. beyond the frontiers, his passion for architecture led him to oversee major projects in rome, most notably the completely rebuilt pantheon with its revolutionary, unreinforced concrete dome, and his vast, sprawling country residence, hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n beyond his military and architectural achievements, hadrian was renowned as a profound hellenophile, earning the nickname graeculus (\"greekling\") for his deep admiration of greek culture, art, and philosophy. this intellectual passion informed his reign, leading him to promote greek arts throughout the empire and to adorn cities like athens with grand public works. he also instituted significant legal reforms, consolidating the perpetual edict into a definitive body of law (edictum perpetuum). his reign, however, was not without conflict, marked by the brutal suppression of the bar kokhba revolt in judea. in his personal life, his intense, well-documented relationship with the beautiful greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his untimely death, led to the widespread creation of antinous\u2019 cult, reflecting the emperor's highly aesthetic and unconventional nature."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"44","title":{"es":"modern pendant with hadrian denarius"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18136/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.477Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18136,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18137/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18137/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18137/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18137/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: necklace \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 664 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 780 mm \n \n condition: good condition, with metal closure \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, k.h.s., acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n egyptian faience necklaces were among the most common and enduring forms of jewelry in ancient egypt, prized not for their intrinsic material value, but for their vibrant color, protective symbolism, and ability to mimic semi-precious stones. faience is not pottery, but a ceramic material made from quartz or sand, with a high alkali content that results in a self-glazing surface when fired. this glaze, typically a brilliant, saturated blue-green due to copper compounds, was highly evocative of two powerful egyptian symbols: the nile's fertility and the rejuvenating qualities of the sky. this color was associated with life, rebirth, and the gods, particularly the deity osiris, linking the wearer to the promise of eternal existence. \n \n the construction of these necklaces utilized a mass-production technique ideal for creating elaborate, broad collars. small faience beads\u2014often in the shape of tubes, disks, rings, or stylized flora like lotus petals\u2014were molded, strung, and sometimes even glued onto a backing. a popular type was the usekh collar, a wide, semicircular neckpiece that draped over the shoulders and chest. these collars replicated the floral garlands worn in life and were essential burial goods, believed to offer magical protection and a substitute for ephemeral flowers in the afterlife. the ability to churn out thousands of these uniform beads made faience accessible to nearly all classes, from pharaohs and nobility to common citizens, solidifying its place as a staple of egyptian adornment. \n \n the symbolic power of the faience necklace extended through its use of protective amulets. often incorporated into the strings were small pendants crafted from faience, molded into figures such as the dwarf god bes (a protector of the household), the eye of horus (udjat), or the djed pillar (representing stability). when worn in life, the necklace provided a visible layer of magical defense; in death, it served as funerary equipment. the sheer number of faience necklaces recovered from tombs across millennia\u2014from the predynastic period well into the roman era\u2014attests not only to their popularity but also to the enduring belief in the vibrant material\u2019s apotropaic properties and its fundamental role in preparing the deceased for their journey into the next world."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"45","title":{"es":"egyptian necklace"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18137/view","directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.644Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18137,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":1200,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18138/007/007.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: amphora \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: etrusco-corinthian \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 465 mm x 275 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etrusco-corinthian amphora is a ceramic vessel that reflects the cultural exchange between the etruscans of central italy and the greek world, particularly corinth, during the orientalizing period (circa 720\u2013575 bce). these amphorae were heavily influenced by imported corinthian pottery, both in form and decoration, but produced locally by etruscan artisans. they typically feature a bulbous body, narrow neck, and twin vertical handles, designed to store and transport liquids such as wine or oil. \n \n etrusco-corinthian amphorae are decorated in the black-figure technique, a style originally developed in corinth around the 7th century bce. the vessels often display bands of decoration divided into horizontal registers, filled with lively representations of animals, mythological creatures, and geometric patterns. these motifs were drawn from eastern (near eastern and egyptian) models and adapted to local tastes, giving rise to a distinct visual language that blends greek formality with etruscan expressiveness. \n \n a key feature of these amphorae is their dense and symmetrical ornamentation, where lions, sphinxes, sirens, and panthers appear in repetitive sequences, sometimes separated by rosettes or stylized plants. while clearly borrowing from greek prototypes, etrusco-corinthian pieces often exhibit a more ornamental and less narrative approach, prioritizing rhythmic design over storytelling. this stylistic choice aligns with broader etruscan preferences for surface decoration and symbolic content."},"estimateMax":2000,"lotNumber":"46","title":{"es":"etrusco-corinthian amphora"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18138/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":1200,"soldPrice":1200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:36.569Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,600 - \u20ac2,000","currency":"EUR","id":18138,"dimensions":{"depth":27.5},"estimateMin":1600},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18139/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18139/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18139/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18139/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18139/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: beaked jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: faliscian \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 233 mm x 123 mm x 110 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the faliscans were an ancient italic people who lived in the city of falerii and a considerable area of surrounding territory, the ager faliscus. they spoke an italic language, faliscus, which was closely related to latin. despite considerable etruscan influence, the faliscans retained, in addition to their language, many features of their italic origin, such as the worship of ceres, mercury or mars, and the cult of the god soranus by the hirpi sorani. \n \n established at least from the beginning of the first millennium bc in an area on the right bank of the river tiber between etruria and latium, the phaliscans maintained close cultural, commercial and political ties with the etruscans from the first centuries of their history. allies of veyes in the wars that this city waged against rome in the 5th century bc, which ended with the fall of the etruscans. they remained hostile to roman expansion until, like all the other peoples of the italic peninsula, they were finally subjugated in the 3rd century bc. in 241 bc their last war against rome ended not only with the loss of the last remnants of political autonomy but also with the destruction of their historic centre and main city, falerii."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"47","title":{"es":"faliscian beaked jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18139/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:36.570Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18139,"dimensions":{"depth":11},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":2500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18140/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of mourning isis \n \n material: wood and gesso \n \n culture: egyptian, ptolemaic period \n \n period: 4th \u2013 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 305 mm x 90 mm x 115 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, j.d., acquired in 2020\u2019s from dutch antiquities dealer. \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, object number 12.182.23b. the israel museum, jerusalem, accession number 97.63.194. museum of fine arts boston, accession number 72.4127 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n during the ptolemaic period (305\u201330 bce), isis was the most prominent goddess of the egyptian pantheon, worshipped both as a mother and as a mourner. in her role as mourning isis, she was the sister and wife of osiris, who grieved his murder and magically restored him to life. this act made her the archetype of divine mourning and the model for human funerary lamentation. in the ptolemaic period, when temple rituals became increasingly elaborate, isis\u2019 role as mourner was celebrated in public festivals such as the khoiak festival, which reenacted the death and resurrection of osiris. her lament was not simply grief, but a performative and magical act that brought about rebirth for both osiris and the deceased. \n \n visually, mourning isis was typically depicted standing or kneeling at the foot of the bier, mirroring her sister nephthys at the head. she could be shown with arms raised in a gesture of wailing or beating her chest, sometimes with tears indicated by fine incised lines on temple reliefs. ptolemaic artists often emphasized her femininity and grace, aligning her image with hellenistic aesthetics while preserving her egyptian attributes, such as the throne hieroglyph (aset) on her head. in paired scenes, the two sisters flanked the corpse of osiris or the deceased, creating a protective enclosure with their lamentations. \n \n ritually, isis\u2019 voice was considered the most powerful element of the mourning rite. the lamentations of isis and nephthys were performed by priestesses who embodied the two goddesses during funerary rites and temple festivals. these ritual texts, which survived and were recopied in the ptolemaic era, describe isis crying out to osiris, urging him to rise and live again. her lament was not only an expression of sorrow but a creative act of magic, restoring cosmic balance. in this period, isis also absorbed attributes of greek goddesses such as demeter, which strengthened her association with seasonal cycles, fertility, and resurrection. \n \n the figure of mourning isis in the ptolemaic period thus symbolized eternal life and divine compassion. her cult, already popular, became global as ptolemaic rulers promoted her worship beyond egypt, into the mediterranean world. in the funerary context, her presence assured the deceased that they would share in the resurrection of osiris, just as isis had ensured for her husband. this enduring image of isis weeping at the foot of the coffin remained one of the most comforting and powerful symbols of egyptian religion until the end of the pharaonic era \u2014 and even into roman times, when her cult spread to rome itself."},"estimateMax":3500,"lotNumber":"48","title":{"es":"egyptian statuette of mourning isis"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18140/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":2500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.479Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,000 - \u20ac3,500","currency":"EUR","id":18140,"dimensions":{"depth":11.5},"estimateMin":3000},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18141/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18141/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18141/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18141/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18141/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plaque with inscription, probably 'athenodorus omnipresent / αθηνοδωρ ος πανταυχου' \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 28 mm x 58 mm x 4 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman votive plaques were offerings made to the gods as acts of devotion, gratitude, or supplication. these dedications, known as ex voto offerings, were typically made in fulfillment of a vow (votum) and placed in temples, shrines, or sacred spaces. votive plaques could be crafted from various materials, including bronze, terracotta, marble, and even wood, and they often bore inscriptions detailing the reason for the offering. many plaques depicted images of deities, body parts (symbolizing healing requests), or scenes related to the supplicant\u2019s prayers. such dedications were an essential part of roman religious life, reflecting personal and communal expressions of faith. \n \n these plaques often served medical, military, and personal purposes. individuals who had recovered from illness might dedicate a plaque featuring a sculpted relief of the healed body part as a gesture of thanks to a healing deity such as aesculapius or apollo. soldiers and officials frequently left plaques honoring mars, jupiter, or mithras after surviving battles or achieving victories. likewise, traders and sailors dedicated plaques to neptune or mercury, seeking safe passage and commercial success. the inscriptions on these plaques, usually in latin, provide valuable insights into the lives of ordinary romans, revealing details about professions, social status, and personal concerns. \n \n votive plaques were an enduring tradition throughout the roman world, found in italy, gaul, britannia, and the provinces of the eastern mediterranean. over time, the practice evolved, with early christian communities adopting similar forms of votive dedication, replacing pagan gods with saints. many roman plaques have been discovered in archaeological excavations, helping scholars reconstruct aspects of roman religious practices and popular devotion. today, these artifacts are displayed in museums, offering a tangible connection to the everyday spirituality of the ancient world."},"estimateMax":1000,"lotNumber":"49","title":{"es":"roman plaque with inscription, probably 'athenodorus omnipresent'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18141/view","tags":["esart_decorative","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:06.570Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,000","currency":"EUR","id":18141,"dimensions":{"depth":0.4},"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":280,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18142/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18142/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18142/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18142/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type bussière b iii 1 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 28 mm x 75 mm x 103 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"50","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp, type bussière b iii 1"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18142/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"soldPrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.152Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18142,"dimensions":{"depth":10.3},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18143/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18143/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18143/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: unguentarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 82 mm x 40 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"51","title":{"es":"roman unguentarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18143/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.154Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18143,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18144/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18144/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18144/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18144/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18144/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab of the royal scribe amenhotep \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: new kingdom, 1550 - 1292 b.c \n \n dimensions: 15 mm x 11 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the scarab of the royal scribe amenhotep is a finely crafted amulet that reflects the artistic and administrative sophistication of new kingdom egypt, likely dating to the 18th dynasty. carved from steatite and glazed in a bright blue or green hue, the scarab bears the distinctive features of these popular amulets, including a rounded back incised with lines to mimic a beetle\u2019s wings and legs. the underside is inscribed with hieroglyphs naming amenhotep, who held the prestigious title of \"royal scribe\"\u2014a position of significant influence within the pharaonic bureaucracy, often involved in royal correspondence and state recordkeeping. \n \n the inscription is typically composed within a cartouche or framed register and may include epithets such as \u201cbeloved of thoth, \u201d referencing the god of wisdom and writing. this not only identifies amenhotep by name and title but also invokes divine legitimacy for his work. scarabs like this one were often used as personal seals, pressed into clay or wax to mark documents and containers, and could serve funerary or amuletic purposes, ensuring protection and remembrance in the afterlife. \n \n artifacts bearing the name of amenhotep provide valuable insight into egypt's administrative elite and the individuals who served closely with the pharaoh. as royal scribes were educated and literate, their legacy endures not just through monuments but through portable objects such as scarabs. these pieces offer a glimpse into the lives of powerful, though often lesser-known, figures in ancient egyptian society\u2014bridging the gap between the royal court and the daily operations of the empire."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"52","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab of the royal scribe amenhotep, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18144/view","directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.651Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18144,"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":1700,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18145/010/010.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: statuette of a fat lady \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, tang dynasty \n \n period: 618 - 907 a.d \n \n dimensions: 303 mm x 110 mm x 83 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference: qed1211/fc-0204) \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, from toulouse, acquired in the 1980s \n \n parallel: national palace museum, taipei, taiwan (r.o.c), object number 000550n000000000. national palace museum, taipei, taiwan (r.o.c), object number 000434n000000000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n during the tang dynasty (618\u2013907 ce), china experienced a period of extraordinary cultural prosperity, artistic refinement, and cosmopolitan openness. the ceramic figures known today as fat ladies\u2014portrayals of court women with full, rounded faces and voluptuous bodies\u2014reflect both the ideals of beauty of the time and the sophistication of tang funerary art. these sculptures, often found in elite tombs, were created as mingqi (spirit objects) intended to accompany the deceased in the afterlife, ensuring comfort, elegance, and the continuation of social status beyond death. \n \n the figures typically depict court attendants dressed in long flowing robes with layered garments, high-waisted skirts, and elaborate coiffures arranged in large chignons or wing-shaped buns. their serene expressions, gently tilted heads, and subtle hand gestures convey grace and dignity. the robust physiques\u2014so different from the slender forms admired in other periods\u2014reflect the tang aesthetic that associated fullness with beauty, wealth, and good fortune. this ideal was famously linked to the influence of the imperial concubine yang guifei, whose celebrated plumpness epitomized sensuality and refinement at the tang court. \n \n technically, these sculptures were made of earthenware and often decorated with pigments or sancai (three-colored) lead glazes in amber, green, and cream tones. the use of such vivid glazes, combined with delicate modeling, created figures of striking realism and charm. many examples show traces of painted cosmetics, such as red lips and rouged cheeks, further emphasizing their fashionable appearance and status as embodiments of worldly elegance. \n \n together, the tang fat lady figures offer a vivid glimpse into the tastes, values, and daily life of the tang elite. they reveal how notions of beauty were intertwined with social and moral ideals\u2014expressing not only physical opulence but also the grandeur and confidence of a flourishing empire at the height of its artistic achievement."},"estimateMax":2500,"lotNumber":"53","title":{"es":"chinese statuette of a fat lady with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18145/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esinternational","esinternational_all","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":1700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:23.364Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,000 - \u20ac2,500","currency":"EUR","id":18145,"dimensions":{"depth":8.3},"estimateMin":2000},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18146/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18146/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18146/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18146/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, daunian \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 85 mm x 88 mm x 98 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, s.z., acquired between 1970 - 1992 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the daunian jug, or oinochoe, is a distinctive form of pottery created by the daunians, an indigenous iapygian tribe who inhabited the northern part of apulia (modern-day foggia and barletta-andria-trani provinces) in southeastern italy, a region that was later part of magna graecia. these hand-built terracotta vessels date primarily from the iron age through the 4th century bce and stand out for their highly individualistic, non-greek shapes and their vibrant, geometric decoration. while the term \"jug\" encompasses several forms, the daunian variant is often characterized by a globular body, a long, narrow neck, a wide, flat rim that can resemble a plate, and often a single, prominent strap handle that arches high above the mouth. \n \n a defining feature of the daunian jug, and daunian pottery in general, is its purely geometric ornamentation, which remained largely uninfluenced by the figural scenes of contemporary greek ceramics until the later phases of production. the decoration is typically applied in bichrome (two-color) or polychrome (multi-color) paint\u2014usually dark violet, red, or black on a background of whitish or pale slip\u2014and is organized into horizontal bands or listae. motifs consist of rigorous geometric shapes like lozenges, triangles, squares, swastikas, and zigzags, which cover the upper half of the vessel. unlike the wheel-made, mass-produced pottery of the greek colonies, most daunian jugs were meticulously hand-formed, a technique that reflects the deep-rooted local traditions of this ancient italic culture. \n \n daunian vessels, including various types of jugs, large kraters, and askoi (spouted flasks), are most frequently recovered from funerary contexts, indicating their crucial role as grave goods and ritual objects in the daunian social and religious landscape. while the precise function of every type of jug is not always known, their overall purpose related to the storage and pouring of liquids, likely in banqueting or funerary rites. the major production centers were local towns like canosa di puglia and ordona, whose regional workshops gave rise to specific typological variations. over time, as greek influence from the nearby colonies in magna graecia grew\u2014especially after the 5th century bce\u2014later daunian pottery began to incorporate more figurative, vegetal, and hellenizing elements, eventually leading to a decline in the unique geometric style."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"54","title":{"es":"greek jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18146/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.155Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":18146,"dimensions":{"depth":9.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18147/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18147/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18147/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18147/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18147/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18147/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: chalice \n \n material: pottery, bucchero ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 143 mm x 150 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n parallel: the israel museum, jerusalem, accession number 84.66.223 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan pottery is best known for its distinctive bucchero ware, a type of ceramic fabric that is uniformly black from surface to core, often burnished to a high, almost metallic sheen. produced primarily between the 7th and 5th centuries bce, this characteristic black color was achieved by a specialized firing process called reduction, where the oxygen supply in the kiln was deliberately restricted. this technique chemically altered the iron oxide in the clay from its natural reddish state to a ferrous oxide, resulting in the lustrous black appearance that beautifully imitated the costly imported metal vessels\u2014particularly silver\u2014prized by the etruscan elite. \n \n bucchero ware evolved through distinct phases. the earliest and most technically refined is the bucchero sottile (fine bucchero), dating from the 7th to early 6th century bce, characterized by its remarkably thin, delicate walls, and decoration that was primarily incised (cut into the soft clay) with simple geometric patterns or stylized animals. over time, this gave way to the heavier, thicker-walled bucchero pesante (heavy bucchero). this later style, appearing from the mid-6th century bce onward, featured more elaborate, mold-applied relief decoration, often incorporating figurative scenes or friezes that were sometimes inspired by oriental and early greek artistic motifs. \n \n in addition to bucchero, etruscan potters produced a variety of other ceramic styles, heavily influenced by imported greek pottery. they initially created local versions of impasto (a coarse, handmade ware from the earlier villanovan culture), and later developed their own versions of greek painted vessels, such as etrusco-corinthian and imitation black-figure and red-figure techniques. these painted wares typically showcased scenes adapted from greek mythology or local etruscan life. regardless of style, etruscan vessels\u2014including common shapes like the kantharos (a deep drinking cup), oinochoe (jug), and amphora (storage jar)\u2014were frequently found in funerary contexts, serving as grave goods to accompany the deceased."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"55","title":{"es":"etruscan chalice"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18147/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.157Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":18147,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18148/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18148/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18148/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18148/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18148/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: figurine of ithyphallic squatting silenus \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 80 mm x 35 mm x 40 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 \u2013 1985 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n in greek art, silenus (or silenos) was a companion and tutor of dionysus, often depicted as an older satyr with human features but sometimes with animalistic traits such as horse ears or a tail. the squatting ithyphallic silenus is a recurring motif in greek vase painting and terracotta figurines, usually showing the figure crouched low to the ground, with exaggerated genitals (ithyphallic) on display. this posture was humorous and intentionally grotesque, playing into the theme of silenus as a comic, drunken, and lascivious character associated with the revelries of dionysian cult. \n \n such depictions often appear on sympotic vessels (drinking cups, kraters, oinochoai) where they served as playful or even risqué imagery to amuse banqueters. the squatting pose could also be linked to the physicality of dance and revelry, suggesting a moment of drunken antics. in some cases, the figure is shown in interaction with others \u2014 pursuing maenads, carrying wine skins, or part of a procession \u2014 but when isolated, the squatting pose itself becomes a piece of visual humor, a reminder of silenus\u2019 association with wine, fertility, and the earth."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"56","title":{"es":"greek figurine of ithyphallic squatting silenus"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18148/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:23.368Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18148,"dimensions":{"depth":4},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18149/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18149/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18149/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18149/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: fragment of a statuette with a leg and a dog \n \n material: limestone \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 100 mm x 115 mm x 65 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 \u2013 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n dogs held an important place in roman daily life, serving as companions, guardians, hunters, and even status symbols. wealthy romans often kept small lapdogs as pets, while larger breeds were prized for guarding villas, farms, and herds. hunting dogs were used in venationes (hunts) and sometimes even in the arena. the romans inherited much of their dog culture from the greeks and etruscans but developed their own appreciation for specific breeds, some of which are described by writers like columella and varro. mosaics and frescoes frequently depict dogs, such as the famous \u201ccave canem\u201d (\u201cbeware of the dog\u201d) mosaic from pompeii, a reminder of their role as protectors of the home. \n \n dogs also had religious and symbolic roles in roman society. they were associated with several deities, including diana (goddess of the hunt) and hecate (goddess of magic and the underworld). in certain festivals, such as the robigalia, dogs were sacrificed to appease the god robigus and protect crops from disease. they were also linked to funerary beliefs \u2014 sometimes buried with their owners or depicted on tomb reliefs, symbolizing loyalty and companionship that continued into the afterlife."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"57","title":{"es":"roman fragment of a statuette with a leg and a dog"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18149/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:23.372Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18149,"dimensions":{"depth":6.5},"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":900,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18150/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of a mouth \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 140 mm x 88 mm x 77 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference: qed2533/eg-0107) \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":1400,"lotNumber":"58","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of a mouth with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18150/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":900,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:23.376Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,200 - \u20ac1,400","currency":"EUR","id":18150,"dimensions":{"depth":7.7},"estimateMin":1200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18151/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18151/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18151/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18151/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: single-handled cup \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek, daunian \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 33 mm x 117 mm x 100 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, s.z., acquired between 1970 - 1992 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the daunian jug, or oinochoe, is a distinctive form of pottery created by the daunians, an indigenous iapygian tribe who inhabited the northern part of apulia (modern-day foggia and barletta-andria-trani provinces) in southeastern italy, a region that was later part of magna graecia. these hand-built terracotta vessels date primarily from the iron age through the 4th century bce and stand out for their highly individualistic, non-greek shapes and their vibrant, geometric decoration. while the term \"jug\" encompasses several forms, the daunian variant is often characterized by a globular body, a long, narrow neck, a wide, flat rim that can resemble a plate, and often a single, prominent strap handle that arches high above the mouth. \n \n a defining feature of the daunian jug, and daunian pottery in general, is its purely geometric ornamentation, which remained largely uninfluenced by the figural scenes of contemporary greek ceramics until the later phases of production. the decoration is typically applied in bichrome (two-color) or polychrome (multi-color) paint\u2014usually dark violet, red, or black on a background of whitish or pale slip\u2014and is organized into horizontal bands or listae. motifs consist of rigorous geometric shapes like lozenges, triangles, squares, swastikas, and zigzags, which cover the upper half of the vessel. unlike the wheel-made, mass-produced pottery of the greek colonies, most daunian jugs were meticulously hand-formed, a technique that reflects the deep-rooted local traditions of this ancient italic culture. \n \n daunian vessels, including various types of jugs, large kraters, and askoi (spouted flasks), are most frequently recovered from funerary contexts, indicating their crucial role as grave goods and ritual objects in the daunian social and religious landscape. while the precise function of every type of jug is not always known, their overall purpose related to the storage and pouring of liquids, likely in banqueting or funerary rites. the major production centers were local towns like canosa di puglia and ordona, whose regional workshops gave rise to specific typological variations. over time, as greek influence from the nearby colonies in magna graecia grew\u2014especially after the 5th century bce\u2014later daunian pottery began to incorporate more figurative, vegetal, and hellenizing elements, eventually leading to a decline in the unique geometric style."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"59","title":{"es":"greek single-handled cup"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18151/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.158Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":18151,"dimensions":{"depth":10},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":400,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18152/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18152/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18152/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18152/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18152/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18152/006/006.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bail amphora \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 320 mm x 113 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the bail amphora is a distinctive type of ancient greek pottery used primarily for holding and transporting liquids, like wine or oil. its most defining characteristic is its unique handle structure: a single, high-arching handle, or bail, that spans from one side of the rim to the other, making it easily distinguishable from the more common two-handled neck or belly amphorae. this single, large handle was practical for carrying, especially when the vessel was full. while amphorae, in general, were common throughout the mediterranean, the bail amphora form is often associated with the black sea region and the workshops of attica (athens) and euboea during the 6th and 5th centuries bce. they were frequently decorated using the black-figure technique, featuring scenes from greek mythology, daily life, or athletic contests. \n \n stylistically, the shape of the bail amphora, although standardized in its handle, showed variations in its body. it typically had an ovoid body, a distinct neck that rose above the shoulders, and often a small, simple foot. the artistic decoration on these amphorae followed the general trends of attic pottery. black-figure painters would silhouette figures in black slip against the red clay background, adding incised details and touches of red and white pigment. key painters, like the amasis painter or the affecter, created masterpieces on this form. the iconography (the subject matter of the decoration) often provides valuable insights into greek culture, religion, and social practices, such as the symposion (drinking party) or funerary rites. \n \n the functionality of the bail amphora extended beyond mere storage and transport. like many other amphora types, they were also used as prizes in panhellenic games or as grave markers and funerary offerings. the contents of the amphora might have been significant; for instance, large panathenaic prize amphorae, which were a specialized type of bail amphora, were filled with olive oil from the sacred groves of attica. the study of the distribution of bail amphorae, as revealed through archaeological finds across the mediterranean, helps trace ancient trade routes and the extent of athenian and euboean commercial influence, confirming their role as both an art object and a vital economic vessel in the ancient world."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"60","title":{"es":"greek bail amphora"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18152/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"soldPrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.160Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18152,"dimensions":{"depth":11.3},"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":60,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18153/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18153/002/002.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: near eastern, elamite \n \n period: 2nd - 1st millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 135 mm x 20 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the elamite culture began in modern day iran sometime around 2700 bc and continued through 640 bc and included several dynastic lines. there's no certainty about where the elamites originated, but there are clues from other sources including the judeo-christian bible which places the elamites as a semitic culture that sprung from a descendant of shem (one of noah's 3 sons) named elam. the elamites were mentioned in the bible in ezra and acts and the kingdom of elam is mentioned in genesis, nehemiah, ezra, jeremiah, daniel, and i chronicles. regardless of the provenance of the elamites, they occupied a long period of history in the middle east and especially persia. during this period, the elamites maintained power through a strict system of accession and inheritance which allowed power to stay focussed within the elamite mainstream culture. \n \n elamite culture was arranged as many cultures are; around trade and resources. it was a patriarchal (led by men) society, reflecting the vast majority of surrounding civilizations. the area of iran occupied for millennia by the elamite empire was a known trade hot spot. located along the persian gulf with access to major shipping routes across land and sea, elam was a mainstay in getting numerous resources wherever they needed to go throughout the middle east and asia. as a result, the people of elam benefited from the riches, artwork, and resources of many different cultures and places. therefore, the elamite culture was one of great cosmopolitan wealth."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"61","title":{"es":"elamite arrowhead"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18153/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"soldPrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.275Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18153,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":900,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18154/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: campana relief \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: overall 630 mm x 410 mm, separate pieces 345 mm x 340 mm x 50 mm, 230 mm x 230 mm x 50 mm, 132 mm x 190 mm x 25 mm \n \n condition: good condition, fragmentary \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the campana reliefs are a distinct category of ancient roman terracotta plaques that were used extensively as architectural decoration, primarily from the mid-first century bce to the mid-second century ce. they are named after the 19th-century italian collector giampietro campana, who first cataloged and published them, drawing scholarly attention to this art form. these reliefs were created by pressing wet clay into reusable molds, allowing for mass production of detailed decorative friezes. they served as a less expensive, yet still highly detailed, alternative to carved stone reliefs and were originally brightly painted, though only traces of their vibrant colors often remain today. the tradition of using architectural terracottas dates back to the etruscan temples, but the campana reliefs mark their sophisticated revival and popularization during the roman republic and early empire. \n \n functionally, campana reliefs were integral to the ornamentation of various structures, both public and private. they were typically employed as horizontal friezes on the exterior of buildings, lining the top of walls just below the roofline, or as revetment plaques to protect and adorn wooden roof elements. the plaques were produced in different forms corresponding to their architectural placement, including cladding tiles, crowning tiles, and antefixes (vertical blocks at the eaves of a roof). they have been found decorating temples, public baths, theaters, and private houses, especially in the central italian region around rome. this wide application speaks to their popularity and their role in standardizing decorative motifs across different classes of roman architecture. \n \n the artistic motifs on the campana reliefs are incredibly varied, providing a rich visual record of roman culture and artistic tastes. the subject matter can be broadly categorized into mythological scenes, which frequently include episodes from the homeric epics, the deeds of heroes like heracles, and dionysiac revelry; daily roman life, depicting scenes from the circus, the theater, or military triumphs; and ornamental themes, such as elaborate floral or acanthus scrollwork. a notable theme is the nilotic landscape, depicting scenes from egypt like the nile in flood, often featuring crocodiles, pygmies, and exotic flora. stylistically, the plaques often reflect the neo-attic classicism popular during the augustan period, blending older greek prototypes with roman sensibilities to create a monumental decorative statement in a relatively humble medium."},"estimateMax":1600,"lotNumber":"62","title":{"es":"roman campana relief"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18154/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":900,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:25.475Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,400 - \u20ac1,600","currency":"EUR","id":18154,"dimensions":{"depth":5},"estimateMin":1400},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18155/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18155/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18155/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18155/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type howland 21 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 38 mm x 67 mm x 129 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the history of ancient greek oil lamps reflects a gradual technological and aesthetic evolution, transforming from simple, open vessels to more enclosed, sophisticated forms. the earliest lamps, dating to the bronze age, were basic, wheel-made, open-saucer dishes, often made of terracotta, with a pinched rim to create a simple nozzle where the wick (usually linen or a plant fiber) would rest. this simple design was prone to oil spillage, but by the 6th and 5th centuries bce\u2014the height of the classical period\u2014athenian workshops perfected the \"padlock\" lamp (also known as the \"attic type\"). this style was wheel-made with a rounded, more enclosed body, a prominent filling hole, a longer bridged nozzle, and often a loop or strap handle, providing greater control over the flame and reducing the waste of the fuel, typically olive oil. \n \n a significant shift in greek lamp production occurred during the hellenistic period (beginning around 323 bce) with the introduction of mold-made lamps. while earlier greek lamps were primarily utilitarian and featured only a black slip glaze for decoration and to reduce oil seepage, the use of molds allowed for mass production and elaborate ornamentation. the body became fully enclosed, with decoration focused on the lamp's shoulder or discus (the central upper surface). common motifs included mythological figures, masks, animals, and decorative patterns like rosettes and vines. this new manufacturing technique allowed for greater detail and standardization, making greek lamps, particularly those from centers like athens and asia minor, highly sought after and widely exported throughout the mediterranean world, thus influencing later roman designs. \n \n beyond their essential function as a portable and fixed source of artificial light, greek oil lamps held important ritual and symbolic significance. they were an indispensable fixture of both domestic life and public spaces, used to illuminate homes, shops, and shrines after sunset. crucially, oil lamps were frequently employed in religious ceremonies, serving as votive offerings to deities, or placed in burial chambers to provide light for the deceased in the afterlife, a practice common across the ancient mediterranean. the presence of a maker's mark (often a stamp on the base) on many hellenistic mold-made lamps also demonstrates their economic importance, serving as a rudimentary form of quality control and branding that is invaluable today for dating and tracing ancient trade networks."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"63","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp, type howland 21"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18155/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:45.161Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18155,"dimensions":{"depth":12.9},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":70,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18156/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18156/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18156/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument, spoon / probe \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 125 mm x 21 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum für asiatische kunst, ex galerie hardt, germany, acquired between 1970 - 2010 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bronze medical instruments, meticulously fashioned with skill and care, epitomize the sophistication of ancient healthcare. these robust implements, encompassing scalpels, forceps, and probes, manifest the romans\u2019 dedication to surgical precision and patient well-being. these tools played pivotal roles in an array of medical procedures, from intricate surgeries to wound management, underscoring the romans\u2019 unwavering commitment to the practice and science of healing. in contemporary times, these relics remain enduring symbols of the enduring influence of roman medicine and surgical prowess. \n \n the spatula probe consists of a long thin handle and tends to range in size from roughly 6 to 15 centimetres with a spatula on one end of its handle and an olivary probe on its other end, indicating its multifunctionality. the spatula is usually leaf-shaped and tends to be flat on one side and slightly rounded on the other. some spatula ends are quite thin, perhaps five or six millimetres in width, whilst others are short and blunt. some have more of a rectangular shape to them and others have a spatulat blade on both ends. it could be used for spreading medicaments on infected areas of the body as well as mixing medicines on an ointment pallet. sometimes the spatula could be used as a cautery, as soranus mentions using it on the umbilical cord (gyn 3. 27, milne 1907: 60). it could also be used as a tongue depressor and as a blunt dissector (milne 1907: 59-60). the olivary end could be used in the same way as many already suggested for the double-ended olivary probe."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"64","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, spoon, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18156/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":70,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.278Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18156,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":150,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18157/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18157/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18157/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant, possibly valentinian holding double cross \n \n material: gilded bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 26 mm x 20 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pendants, along with other jewelry, served vital functions that transcended mere aesthetic adornment, signaling the wearer's social status, wealth, and spiritual beliefs. while upper-class women famously wore elaborate pieces of gold, silver, pearls, and precious stones to display the family\u2019s wealth and standing, men typically limited their jewelry to finger rings, fibulae (brooches), and certain military distinctions. the materials themselves were a sign of status: gold and carved gems were reserved for the elite, while bronze, bone, and glass were more common for the lower classes. a critical piece of symbolic jewelry was the bulla, a round locket-like pendant worn around the neck by male children of the aristocracy. this amulet, containing a protective charm, was worn until the boy came of age, underscoring the deep-seated belief in the protective, or apotropaic, power of roman pendants. \n \n the history of valentinian i is crucial to understanding the late roman empire's shift towards military-focused, divided rule. a pannonian soldier of humble origins, valentinian was proclaimed emperor by the army in 364 ad following the death of jovian. recognizing the immense challenges of governing the sprawling empire, he made the consequential decision to divide the administration, taking the western roman empire for himself and appointing his younger brother, valens, to rule the east. valentinian was an energetic and capable military commander who spent most of his reign campaigning aggressively to secure the threatened frontiers, particularly along the rhine and danube rivers against threats from the alamanni and other germanic tribes. \n \n valentinian i established his court primarily at milan and trier, focusing on administrative and military reform in the west. he was known for his dedication to justice for the lower classes and enacted legislation to protect the rights of the common people, which contrasted sharply with his reputation for extreme severity and a quick, violent temper toward officials who displeased him. his reign was a period of relative stability and military success for the west, achieved through his personal command and the work of highly competent generals. however, the division of the empire he formalized ultimately weakened rome's overall position, and his unexpected death in 375 ad, caused by a stroke suffered during an angry outburst toward a delegation of quadi, left the western throne to his young sons, leading to further instability in the years that followed."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"65","title":{"es":"roman pendant, possibly valentinian holding double cross"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18157/view","directSalePrice":150,"soldPrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T16:39:13.944Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18157,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18158/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18158/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18158/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18158/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 2nd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 67 mm x 144 mm x 84 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000s, ex bonhams sale \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the skyphos is a fundamental form of ancient greek pottery, known primarily as a deep, two-handled drinking cup used extensively for wine. unlike the shallower kylix, the skyphos has a notably deeper body and often sits on a low, broad base or none at all. its handles are a defining feature and come in two main varieties: horizontal, ear-shaped loops that project from the rim (common in both corinthian and athenian styles), or a mixed design where one handle is horizontal and the other is vertical, a type sometimes known as a glaux (owl) skyphos. the sturdiness and capacity of the skyphos made it a popular vessel for everyday consumption and particularly well-suited for the all-male drinking party, the symposium, where it was a staple of the social and ritualistic drinking. \n \n the skyphos shape remained remarkably consistent from the geometric period (c. 900\u2013700 bce) onward, with its decoration evolving alongside the major stylistic shifts in greek vase painting. early examples were adorned with the geometric patterns of the time, such as meanders and checkerboard motifs. as the orientalizing and then the archaic periods began, the skyphos became a canvas for the emerging figurative styles. it was frequently decorated using the black-figure technique, where silhouetted figures were painted against the red clay background, and later in the red-figure technique, which allowed for greater detail and naturalism in the depiction of human and mythological scenes. this continuity in form, coupled with evolving decorative styles, highlights the skyphos's enduring relevance in greek society. \n \n the skyphos served as a medium for some of the finest narrative art produced in ancient greece, offering insights into greek mythology, daily life, and the rituals of the symposium. painters used the deep, curved surface to illustrate complex scenes, often featuring gods, heroes, or the raucous nature of the drinking party. beyond terracotta, skyphoi were also crafted from precious metals like silver and gold, indicating their value as elite objects for display and commemoration. while the deep cup form ensured practicality for drinking, the painted scenes transformed the vessel into a piece of portable art, solidifying the skyphos's place not just as a piece of ancient crockery, but as a cultural artifact integral to understanding the social and artistic landscape of the greek world."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"66","title":{"es":"greek skyphos, ex bonhams"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18158/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:37.305Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18158,"dimensions":{"depth":8.4},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":2800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18159/008/008.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of a head \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 300 mm x 190 mm x 100 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference: qed2533/eg-0103) \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":3900,"lotNumber":"67","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of a head with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18159/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":2800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:25.477Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,500 - \u20ac3,900","currency":"EUR","id":18159,"dimensions":{"depth":10},"estimateMin":3500},{"startPrice":700,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18160/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18160/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18160/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18160/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18160/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: etruscan anatomical votive model of an eyes \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 130 mm x 60 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":1300,"lotNumber":"68","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of an eyes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18160/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":700,"soldPrice":700,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:37.307Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac1,100 - \u20ac1,300","currency":"EUR","id":18160,"estimateMin":1100},{"startPrice":300,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18161/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18161/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18161/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18161/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18161/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: squat lekythos with palmettes \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 105 mm x 60 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex nina borowski \u2013 archaeologie (1974), ex galerie george krimitsos, paris (1971 \u2013 1973) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the greek squat lekythos is a small oil vessel characterized by its broad body, short neck, and narrow mouth. unlike the taller, more slender variants used primarily in funerary contexts, the squat lekythos was often intended for daily use, particularly in storing perfumed oils and ointments. its manageable size and shape made it ideal for personal grooming rituals or religious offerings, commonly found in both domestic and sacred settings across the greek world from the 6th to 4th centuries bce. \n \n one of the most distinctive decorative elements on squat lekythoi is the palmette motif. this stylized design, based on the fan-like form of a palm leaf, became a hallmark of greek ceramic decoration, often appearing on shoulder zones or as framing elements. in the case of squat lekythoi, palmettes frequently appear in symmetrical arrangements\u2014sometimes in pairs, back-to-back, or linked with tendrils\u2014lending a sense of balance and elegance to the vessel. the motif served both decorative and symbolic purposes, possibly alluding to regeneration or divine protection. \n \n these vessels were typically painted using the black-figure or red-figure techniques, depending on their period and regional origin. the palmette designs were rendered with precision, often accompanied by lotus flowers or scrolls, emphasizing the greek appreciation for stylized natural forms. the careful placement of such motifs, even on small objects, reflects the high aesthetic standards of ancient greek pottery workshops and their mastery of pattern and proportion."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"69","title":{"es":"greek squat lekythos with palmettes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18161/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"soldPrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:37.308Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18161,"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":550,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18162/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18162/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18162/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18162/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18162/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab, reign of amenhotep iii \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: amarna period, 1391 \u2013 1353 b.c \n \n dimensions: 6 mm x 10 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n scarab amulets from the amarna period, particularly during the reign of amenhotep iii (circa 1391\u20131353 bce), represent both continuity and innovation in egyptian religious and artistic practices. scarabs had long been used in ancient egypt as protective amulets, symbols of rebirth, and tokens of personal identity. during amenhotep iii\u2019s reign\u2014an era of immense wealth, artistic refinement, and growing religious experimentation\u2014scarabs continued to hold deep symbolic importance while often serving as diplomatic gifts or royal propaganda tools. \n \n scarabs from this period were typically made of glazed steatite or faience and bore inscriptions on their flat undersides. these could include the names and titles of the king, deities, or references to specific events. under amenhotep iii, a distinctive group of large \u201ccommemorative scarabs\u201d was produced, bearing long inscriptions detailing royal achievements such as lion hunts, building projects, or diplomatic marriages. these were widely distributed throughout the near east, emphasizing the pharaoh\u2019s power and divine favor. \n \n artistically, amarna period scarabs often reflect the increasing stylization and realism that characterized the broader visual culture of the time. while most still maintained the traditional beetle form associated with the god khepri, some scarabs began to show more fluid and dynamic shapes, influenced by the artistic reforms that would fully blossom under amenhotep iv (akhenaten). the craftsmanship of these amulets was high, with finely carved hieroglyphs and smooth, glossy glazes in shades of blue and green\u2014colors linked to life, regeneration, and the nile. \n \n in both funerary and diplomatic contexts, these scarabs served to reinforce the divine nature of the king and the protective power of egyptian symbolism. their widespread discovery\u2014from egyptian tombs to levantine palaces\u2014attests to egypt\u2019s far-reaching influence during amenhotep iii\u2019s reign."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"70","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab, reign of amenhotep iii, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18162/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esdecorativearts_figurines","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":550,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.280Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":18162,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":2800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18163/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of a stomach \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 197 mm x 115 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference: qed2533/eg-0108) \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":3500,"lotNumber":"71","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of a stomach with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18163/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":2800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.954Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,000 - \u20ac3,500","currency":"EUR","id":18163,"estimateMin":3000},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18164/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18164/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18164/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 47 mm x 145 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"72","title":{"es":"roman bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18164/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.956Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18164,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":2800,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18165/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: military cheek piece of a helmet fragment with jupiter\u2019s eagle \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 180 mm x 123 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes a certificate of search in the stolen works of art of interpol database \n \n provenance: ex alison barker private collection, a retired london barrister, acquired between 1960s \u2013 1990s \n \n bibliography: rucinski, e., get the picture?: iconography of cheek pieces on roman imperial cavalry helmets, journal of roman military equipment studies \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n \n this object has been verified in the the stolen works of art of interpol database and is accompanied by a search certificate by us. \n \n roman military equipment is famous for its abundance of depictions rife with symbolical content. the so-called cavalry sports equipment, which used to be seen as being solely parade armour, can be distinguished from the infantry equipment not only by its function, but also by its design. there are numerous surviving heavily ornamented parts of roman cavalry equipment and a number of studies have been published on their purpose and decoration. whether the ornamented equipment belonged to parade armour or was also worn in battle is still under discussion. one of those groups contains the helmets, of which a relatively large number of different variations exist. apart from the calotte with its neck guard, the loosely attached cheek pieces were also an essential part of the helmet. cheek pieces as protective elements were used both for infantry and cavalry helmets. although in some cases it is still difficult to attribute individual examples to the cavalry, due to the higher amount of remains we can be relatively certain that the majority of helmets did indeed belong to the cavalry. \n \n in greek and roman mythology, the eagle served as jupiter\u2019s personal messenger, and it is said to have carried the youth ganymede to olympus, where he served as the gods\u2019 cupbearer. pliny the elder also describes the eagle as one of the signa militaria, or \u201cmilitary symbols\u201d (nh 10.6). as a symbol of jupiter\u2019s authority, an eagle would be set free during the consecration of an emperor\u2014a ritual that culminated in his apotheosis. by flying into the air, the eagle was believed to carry the soul of the deified emperor to heaven, thus securing him a place among the gods."},"estimateMax":4500,"lotNumber":"73","title":{"es":"roman military cheek piece of a helmet fragment with jupiter\u2019s eagle"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18165/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":2800,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.957Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac3,500 - \u20ac4,500","currency":"EUR","id":18165,"estimateMin":3500},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18166/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18166/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18166/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18166/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting an eagle, type bussière b iv \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 45 mm x 70 mm x 108 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. liii, fig. 515 and pl. lxiii, fig. 630 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"74","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting an eagle, type bussière b iv"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18166/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.959Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18166,"dimensions":{"depth":10.8},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18167/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18167/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: brick stamped with 'c i f' \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 195 mm x 110 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex germany private collection, acquired before 1980s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a roman brick stamp is a fired clay impression used to mark bricks and tiles produced in the roman world, primarily during the imperial period. these stamps were typically pressed into the wet clay before firing, leaving behind inscriptions that recorded valuable information. the marks could include the name of the owner of the brickyard, the legion or military unit that produced the brick, or even the consular date, which provides a secure chronological framework. because of this, brick stamps are not just practical identifiers but also critical archaeological evidence. \n \n the use of brick stamps was especially widespread from the 1st to the 3rd centuries ce, particularly around rome and its surrounding regions. many stamped bricks bear the names of imperial estates or private entrepreneurs, showing how production was organized on both state and private levels. in military contexts, stamped bricks can reveal which legion was stationed in a given area, offering direct evidence for troop movements and construction projects. the stamps also sometimes contained abbreviations and symbols, requiring careful epigraphic study to interpret correctly."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"75","title":{"es":"roman brick stamped with 'c i f'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18167/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.960Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18167,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18168/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18168/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18168/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18168/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant depicting a harvester \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm x 19 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pendants, a crucial component of ancient jewelry, reflected a shift in taste from the greek emphasis on intricate goldwork to a preference for vibrant color and mass-produced affordability. while the wealthy elite wore elaborate pendants crafted from gold, silver, and imported precious stones like emeralds, garnets, and pearls, the lower classes utilized more common materials such as bronze, glass, bone, and jet. roman artisans pioneered the skillful use of colored glass to simulate costly gems, a technique that made elaborate necklaces and pendants accessible to a broader population. this focus on color and ornamentation, facilitated by rome's vast trade network, set roman jewelry apart and allowed pendants to serve as versatile adornments across all social strata. \n \n beyond mere fashion, roman pendants frequently held deep symbolic and amuletic significance, functioning as a form of social and religious communication. for adults, pendants were often powerful status symbols: the most prestigious featured set gemstones, intricate cameos, or coins (medallions) bearing the likeness of the reigning emperor, linking the wearer to imperial power. crucially, pendants served as protective charms, known as amuleta. the most distinct example is the bulla, a locket traditionally given to male children at birth and worn until they reached manhood, which was believed to ward off evil spirits and misfortune. other common protective motifs included the fascinus (phallic charm) and various religious figures or symbols of good fortune. \n \n the diverse designs found on roman pendants reflect the society's complex belief system and hierarchy. motifs ranged from depictions of deities like venus and mars for blessings in love and war, to abstract symbols such as the crescent moon (lunula), which was popular among women and children for protection. the use of elaborate pendants was particularly pronounced on necklaces, which men and women of both high and low status wore. for women, these pieces were a crucial way to display their family's wealth, as jewelry was often considered their personal, independently held property. ultimately, a roman pendant was more than an accessory; it was a visible declaration of the wearer's wealth, piety, and social standing within the structured life of the empire."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"76","title":{"es":"roman pendant depicting a harvester"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18168/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.961Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18168,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18169/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18169/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18169/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18169/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: modern pendant with hadrian as \n \n material: silver and bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 25 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coin description: hadrian ae as 24 mm 8,19 gr., rome mint. ad 125-128. hadrianvs avgvstvs, laureate and draped bust right, seen from the back / cos iii around, s-c across fields, tyche of antioch seated left on rock, holding corn-ears, river-god orontes swimming left below. ric ii 680; bmcre 1350; mcalee 544. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (76\u2013138 ad) was roman emperor from 117 to 138 ad, and is remembered as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, hispania baetica (modern spain), he was a distant relative of his predecessor, trajan, whose wife, pompeia plotina, played a key role in securing hadrian's controversial adoption and succession. early in his reign, hadrian immediately reversed trajan's expansionist policy, judging the new territories in mesopotamia, assyria, and armenia to be unsustainable. instead of conquest, he focused on consolidation and internal organization, prioritizing the defense of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's diverse peoples. this strategic shift marked a pivotal change in roman imperial policy, moving from perpetual expansion to sustained stability. \n \n hadrian is perhaps most famous for his extensive travels and his architectural contributions throughout the empire. he spent more than half of his reign touring the provinces, personally inspecting troops, supervising administration, and commissioning major building projects. his most renowned project is hadrian's wall, a massive defensive fortification spanning 80 roman miles across northern britain, which symbolically and physically defined the northern frontier of the empire. a passionate admirer of greek culture (earning him the nickname graeculus or \"little greek\"), he strongly promoted athens as the cultural capital of the roman world. in rome itself, his architectural genius is immortalized in the reconstruction of the majestic pantheon with its revolutionary dome, and the construction of his own monumental mausoleum, which is now castel sant'angelo. \n \n despite his benevolent reputation and achievements, hadrian was also an enigmatic and contradictory figure whose reign was marked by both personal generosity and extreme cruelty. he had a tumultuous relationship with the roman senate, which he often bypassed and which resented his autocratic style. his final years were marred by chronic illness and the brutal suppression of the bar kokhba revolt in judea, a conflict fueled by his hellenizing policies and attempts to rebuild jerusalem as a roman city. hadrian's legacy ultimately rests on his role as a brilliant administrator and builder who successfully stabilized the roman empire for a generation, ensuring the continuation of the peaceful pax romana by carefully managing his succession, adopting antoninus pius, who in turn adopted marcus aurelius."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"77","title":{"es":"modern pendant with hadrian as"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18169/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.963Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":18169,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":280,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18170/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18170/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18170/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18170/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18170/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: aryballos \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 64 mm x 58 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the aryballos (plural aryballoi) was a small, spherical, or globular flask, a vessel type originating in ancient greece and later adopted throughout the roman empire. its distinctive shape featured a globular body (hence the greek name, which refers to a leather bag or sack), a short, narrow neck, and a broad, flat rim. the characteristic narrow opening was practical, allowing the user to carefully dispense small, controlled amounts of its precious contents. while earlier greek aryballoi were typically made of ceramic (pottery), the roman era saw the widespread production of these vessels in blown glass, a technological innovation of the 1st century ce. these glass versions were often made with a thin, translucent body and frequently featured one or two small handles, to which bronze chains or rings could be attached for carrying. \n \n the primary function of the roman glass aryballos was as a container for expensive oils and perfumes (unguentum), essential items for the elaborate roman bathing ritual. visitors to the thermae (public baths) carried their aryballoi from home, often with a chain or strap allowing them to be worn on the wrist or hung in the changing rooms (apodyteria). the oils were applied to the body after sweating and before the final plunge into the cold bath (frigidarium). the oil served both to lubricate the skin and, most importantly, as a cleansing agent. after the oil was rubbed in to absorb dirt and sweat, the mixture was scraped off the body using a curved bronze tool called a strigil. for the romans, the aryballos was thus an inseparable accoutrement of daily life and social interaction at the baths. \n \n the use of blown glass dramatically changed the production and aesthetic of the aryballos. unlike the earlier core-formed glass vessels which were thicker and more opaque, the free-blown roman examples are often delicate and transparent, showcasing the craftsmanship of the roman glassmakers, particularly those in the eastern mediterranean centers like syria and palestine. these glass aryballoi frequently exhibit beautiful bluish-green or manganese purple tints and occasionally feature decorative wheel-cut bands or specialized handle shapes. their widespread use and distinctive appearance make the roman glass aryballos a common and recognizable archaeological find, often unearthed in roman settlements and cemeteries across the vast territories of the empire."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"78","title":{"es":"roman aryballos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18170/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"soldPrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.964Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18170,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18171/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18171/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18171/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18171/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pyxis \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age, canaanite \n \n period: 1400 - 1200 b.c \n \n dimensions: 79 mm x 92 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n canaan was the name of a large and prosperous ancient country (at times independent, at others a tributary to egypt) located in the levant region of present-day lebanon, syria, jordan, and israel. it was also known as phoenicia. the origin of the name \u2018canaan\u2019 comes from various ancient texts and there is no scholarly consensus on precisely where the name originated nor what it meant. \n \n according to the bible, the land was named after a man called canaan, the grandson of noah (genesis 10). other theories cite \u2018canaan\u2019 as derived from the hurrian language for \u2018purple\u2019 and, as the greeks knew the canaanites as \u2018phoenicians\u2019 (greek for `purple\u2019) and as the phoenicians worked in purple dye and so were called by the greeks \u2018purple people\u2019, this explanation is the most probable. the theory has also been advanced that the name comes from the hebrew root-verb kana which denotes order from chaos, a blending, or synchronous existence. \n \n the earliest habitation in the region was around the city of jericho in the paleolithic age and this early rural community would then develop into the city which is the oldest urban center in the region (and, arguably, the world). other cities developed during the early bronze age but were abandoned, probably because of overpopulation, and the people returned to an agrarian lifestyle for a number of years. cities again grew up during the middle bronze age which saw the development of trade with other civilizations and, most notably, egypt. canaan (also referred to as phoenicia at this time) continued to prosper until c. 1250 \u2013 c. 1150 bce during the so-called bronze age collapse. \n \n following the upheaval of c. 1250 \u2013 c. 1150 bce, however, the hebrews (israelites), to whom joshua is said to have given the land, populated the region and established the kingdoms of israel and judah. these kingdoms lasted until the region was conquered in succession by the assyrians, babylonians, persians, alexander the great, the seleucids, and the roman empire."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"79","title":{"es":"bronze age pyxis"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18171/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.966Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18171,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18172/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18172/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18172/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18172/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: modern pendant with constantine ii follis \n \n material: silver and bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 20 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coin description: constantine ii (caesar, 317-337) ae follis (bronze, 3.14g, 19mm) thessalonika obv: constantinvs ivn nob c, laureate head right. rev: caesarvm nostrorvm around vot v within wreath. mintmark tsbvii. ref: ric 100 \n \n the subject of constantine ii must be the roman emperor who ruled from 337 to 340 ce, as he is the primary historical figure with that name during the roman imperial period. constantine ii was the eldest son of constantine the great and his second wife, fausta. born in 316 ce, he was raised as a privileged member of the constantinian dynasty, which had reunified and reoriented the roman empire. like his brothers, he was granted the title of caesar at a young age and was given administrative responsibility for the western part of the empire, including gaul, britannia, and hispania, even during his father's lifetime. this early experience was part of constantine the great's strategy to train his sons in governance and ensure a stable, dynastic succession, a major break from earlier roman imperial norms. \n \n following the death of constantine the great in 337 ce, the empire was officially partitioned among his three surviving sons: constantine ii, constantius ii, and constans. although the three brothers initially met and agreed upon the division\u2014which included a violent purge of other male relatives\u2014constantine ii claimed a right to pre-eminence based on his seniority and his father\u2019s original disposition of the territories. he initially controlled the far west, while constans received italy, africa, and illyricum, and constantius ii took the east. however, constantine ii became dissatisfied with his allocation, feeling he deserved more and was entitled to act as the senior emperor to his younger brothers, especially constans. \n \n this resentment and ambition led to a fateful military conflict. in 340 ce, constantine ii marched his army from gaul into italy, encroaching upon constans' territory. constans responded by sending a mobile force that ambushed his brother near aquileia in northeastern italy. constantine ii was killed in the engagement, marking a swift and violent end to his three-year reign. his death left the western provinces in the hands of his younger brother, constans, and significantly destabilized the arrangement for imperial co-rule established by their father. the conflict underscores the enduring difficulties of dynastic succession and power-sharing that plagued the later roman empire, even after its adoption of christianity."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"80","title":{"es":"modern pendant with constantine ii follis"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18172/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:21.967Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18172,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18173/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18173/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18173/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18173/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18173/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery, bucchero ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 164 mm x 117 mm x 98 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex h.a.c. kunst der antike (1984), ex german private collection, dr. k.d., frankfurt (1983) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan pottery reflects a dynamic blend of indigenous innovation and external influence, particularly from greek and near eastern cultures. during the 7th century b.c., etruscan potters developed the bucchero style\u2014distinctive for its black, glossy surface achieved through a reducing firing technique. bucchero vessels, often finely crafted and decorated with incised or relief patterns, served both everyday and ceremonial functions. early examples were elegant and light, while later ones grew heavier and more elaborate, often mimicking metal prototypes. \n \n by the 6th century b.c., the influence of greek pottery became more pronounced, especially through the importation of corinthian and attic ceramics. etruscan artisans began producing their own painted wares, imitating greek black-figure and later red-figure techniques. these locally made vases, especially from workshops in places like vulci and cerveteri, frequently depict mythological scenes, banquets, and athletic contests, sometimes with uniquely etruscan interpretations. shapes such as amphorae, kraters, and kylikes were common, reflecting the importance of symposium culture. \n \n in the 5th century b.c., etruscan pottery production became increasingly regionalized and somewhat conservative compared to the innovations in greek pottery. however, the continued production of impasto wares\u2014coarse, hand-formed ceramics used for domestic purposes\u2014demonstrates a parallel tradition alongside the finer, painted pieces."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"81","title":{"es":"etruscan olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18173/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.155Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18173,"dimensions":{"depth":9.8},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18174/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18174/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18174/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18174/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 128 mm x 34 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman flasks were versatile and functional vessels used primarily for storing and transporting liquids such as oils, perfumes, and medicinal concoctions. these flasks, which were typically made from glass or ceramic, varied in size and shape, reflecting their diverse uses and the craftsmanship of the period. glass flasks were particularly valued for their ability to contain and preserve aromatic oils and perfumes, which were essential in daily roman life for personal grooming and religious rituals. ceramic flasks, on the other hand, were often used for more practical purposes, such as storing cooking oils or vinegar. \n \n the design of roman flasks often included features that facilitated their use and storage. many flasks had narrow necks to minimize spillage and maintain the quality of their contents. some were equipped with handles or spouts to make pouring easier, while others had stoppers or lids to seal the contents securely. the artistic quality of these vessels varied from simple, utilitarian designs to more elaborate forms decorated with patterns or inscriptions. inscriptions on flasks sometimes indicated the type of liquid contained or the name of the owner, adding a personalized touch to these everyday objects. \n \n roman flasks also provide valuable insights into trade and cultural exchanges within the roman empire. glass production techniques, including the use of molds and blowing methods, were advanced during the roman period, and roman glassware was widely traded across the empire. the distribution of roman flasks throughout various provinces reflects the extensive trade networks and the integration of different cultures within the empire. additionally, the variety in flask designs and materials reveals the adaptability of roman artisans to different regional tastes and technological innovations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"82","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18174/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.157Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18174,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18175/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18175/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18175/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18175/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, tek sing shipwreck \n \n period: 19th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 28 mm x 150 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex nagel auction, with oficial tek sing trasure labels. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the tek sing shipwreck, which occurred in february 1822, is one of the most significant maritime disasters in east asian history. the ship, a large chinese junk, was sailing from amoy (modern-day xiamen, china) to batavia (now jakarta, indonesia) when it struck a reef in the gaspar strait. the ship was carrying a cargo of over 350,000 porcelain items, silks, spices, and other goods, intended for the eastern and european markets. tragically, over 1,500 people\u2014most of them chinese immigrants\u2014drowned in the incident, with only 190 survivors. the wreck's immense loss of life has earned it the nickname \"the titanic of the east\"\u200b \n \n in 1999, the wreck of the tek sing was rediscovered by marine salvage expert michael hatcher. the site was located in the south china sea, near the islands of sumatra and java. the salvage operation uncovered an astonishing collection of porcelain artifacts, including fine blue and white porcelain from the dehua region of china. these items were carefully recovered and auctioned in germany, where they became significant pieces for collectors and scholars studying early 19th-century chinese export goods\u200b \n \n the discovery of the tek sing wreck provided invaluable insight into both maritime trade routes and chinese porcelain craftsmanship. the cargo from the ship serves as a vital historical reference, particularly for understanding the global trade of goods between china and the wider world during the early 1800s. unfortunately, the treasure of artifacts recovered from the wreck was dispersed, and the wreck site itself was destroyed during the salvage operations"},"estimateMax":100,"lotNumber":"83","title":{"es":"chinese plate, tek sing shipwreck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18175/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.159Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac70 - \u20ac100","currency":"EUR","id":18175,"dimensions":{"depth":15},"estimateMin":70},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18176/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18176/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18176/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 140 mm x 9 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum für asiatische kunst, ex galerie hardt, germany, acquired between 1970 - 2010 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bronze medical instruments, meticulously fashioned with skill and care, epitomize the sophistication of ancient healthcare. these robust implements, encompassing scalpels, forceps, and probes, manifest the romans\u2019 dedication to surgical precision and patient well-being. these tools played pivotal roles in an array of medical procedures, from intricate surgeries to wound management, underscoring the romans\u2019 unwavering commitment to the practice and science of healing. in contemporary times, these relics remain enduring symbols of the enduring influence of roman medicine and surgical prowess. \n \n the spatula probe consists of a long thin handle and tends to range in size from roughly 6 to 15 centimetres with a spatula on one end of its handle and an olivary probe on its other end, indicating its multifunctionality. the spatula is usually leaf-shaped and tends to be flat on one side and slightly rounded on the other. some spatula ends are quite thin, perhaps five or six millimetres in width, whilst others are short and blunt. some have more of a rectangular shape to them and others have a spatulat blade on both ends. it could be used for spreading medicaments on infected areas of the body as well as mixing medicines on an ointment pallet. sometimes the spatula could be used as a cautery, as soranus mentions using it on the umbilical cord (gyn 3. 27, milne 1907: 60). it could also be used as a tongue depressor and as a blunt dissector (milne 1907: 59-60). the olivary end could be used in the same way as many already suggested for the double-ended olivary probe."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"84","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18176/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.160Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18176,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18177/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18177/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18177/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18177/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: hairpin \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 140 mm x 16 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum für asiatische kunst, ex galerie hardt, germany, acquired between 1970 - 2010 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the emergence of the bronze age (roughly 3300 bce to 1200 bce, varying by region) marked a significant shift in the production of personal adornments, including the hair pin. while earlier examples from the neolithic period were crafted from readily available materials like bone, ivory, or wood, the mastery of metallurgy introduced copper and, subsequently, bronze as superior materials. this new alloy offered not only greater durability but also a medium for more sophisticated decoration, allowing for the creation of slender, yet robust pins. these metal pins, unlike the cruder bone predecessors, could be cast, hammered, and meticulously finished, transforming them from simple fasteners into clear indicators of the wearer's craftsmanship, wealth, and status within the emerging stratified societies of the bronze age. \n \n bronze age hair pins served a dual purpose: they were primarily functional implements for securing elaborate hairstyles\u2014a necessary accessory given the fashion for long hair\u2014but also important articles of personal adornment. the heads of these pins frequently bore the majority of the decoration, featuring a wide variety of shapes, from simple spherical or coiled tops to more complex geometric patterns, discs, or loops. archaeological finds from cultures across europe, such as the únětice culture in central europe or the hoards of the british bronze age, show a range of forms. furthermore, the practice of creating very long pins, sometimes over 10-20 centimeters in length, suggests that the pin was often intended to be highly visible, protruding from the hair or clothing to serve a decorative and social function. \n \n the context in which bronze age hair pins are found speaks volumes about their social significance. they are frequently recovered as grave goods, particularly in female burials, where their inclusion suggests they were highly valued personal possessions deemed necessary for the afterlife. in some cases, such as the hallstatt burials (spanning the late bronze age into the iron age), exceptionally long or elaborate bronze pins are found, sometimes even in what are believed to be male graves, indicating their use may not have been strictly gendered but rather a universal symbol of status or rank. the shift to bronze, a material that required specialized knowledge and trade networks to acquire and work, cemented the hair pin's role as more than just a functional tool; it was a powerful statement of social standing, connecting the wearer to the burgeoning technology and commerce of the bronze age world."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"85","title":{"es":"bronze age hairpin, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18177/view","directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.691Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18177,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18178/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18178/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18178/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18178/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18178/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: terra sigillata \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 44 mm x 153 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n terra sigillata is a distinctive type of high-quality roman fine ware pottery, easily recognizable by its characteristic glossy, bright red surface and intricate molded decoration. the name, which literally means \"stamped earth\" or, more accurately in the roman context, \"clay with little images, \" refers both to the potters' trademark stamps pressed into the vessels and the relief designs that often adorned them. this ceramic style originated in the late 1st century bce in arretium (modern arezzo, italy), where it is known as arretine ware. its superior appearance and durability allowed it to quickly supplant older ceramic traditions, becoming the dominant form of mass-produced tableware consumed by roman soldiers, citizens, and elite populations across the empire. \n \n the technique used to achieve the iconic finish of terra sigillata was technically advanced for its time. vessels were thrown on a wheel and often pressed into molds that bore intricate decorative scenes, typically featuring mythological figures, hunting scenes, or floral designs, which appeared in relief on the finished product. the glossy surface was not a glaze, but rather a colloidal slip\u2014an extremely fine slurry of clay particles applied to the dried vessel before firing. fired in specialized kilns that carefully controlled the atmosphere and temperature, this slip vitrified to create the hard, brilliant sheen that distinguishes the ware. this combination of mass-production via molds and high-quality finish ensured a consistent product that could be shipped and traded economically across vast distances. \n \n as the popularity of terra sigillata grew, production centers shifted out of italy. gallic sigillata, produced in large workshops in what is now france and germany, eventually surpassed the italian output and became the most widespread type, commonly referred to as samian ware by archaeologists in britain. these gallic workshops created their own distinct forms, such as the iconic bowl known as the dragendorff 30. later, african red slip ware dominated the market and remained in production much longer than its european counterparts, continuing into the 7th century ce. the widespread presence of terra sigillata in archaeological sites, even as far as india (as suggested by finds in places like pattanam), makes it an invaluable dating tool for archaeologists, offering precise chronological markers across the roman world."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"86","title":{"es":"roman bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18178/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.162Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18178,"dimensions":{"depth":15.3},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":90,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18179/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18179/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18179/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18179/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type howland 28 a \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 34 mm x 68 mm x 91 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the history of ancient greek oil lamps reflects a gradual technological and aesthetic evolution, transforming from simple, open vessels to more enclosed, sophisticated forms. the earliest lamps, dating to the bronze age, were basic, wheel-made, open-saucer dishes, often made of terracotta, with a pinched rim to create a simple nozzle where the wick (usually linen or a plant fiber) would rest. this simple design was prone to oil spillage, but by the 6th and 5th centuries bce\u2014the height of the classical period\u2014athenian workshops perfected the \"padlock\" lamp (also known as the \"attic type\"). this style was wheel-made with a rounded, more enclosed body, a prominent filling hole, a longer bridged nozzle, and often a loop or strap handle, providing greater control over the flame and reducing the waste of the fuel, typically olive oil. \n \n a significant shift in greek lamp production occurred during the hellenistic period (beginning around 323 bce) with the introduction of mold-made lamps. while earlier greek lamps were primarily utilitarian and featured only a black slip glaze for decoration and to reduce oil seepage, the use of molds allowed for mass production and elaborate ornamentation. the body became fully enclosed, with decoration focused on the lamp's shoulder or discus (the central upper surface). common motifs included mythological figures, masks, animals, and decorative patterns like rosettes and vines. this new manufacturing technique allowed for greater detail and standardization, making greek lamps, particularly those from centers like athens and asia minor, highly sought after and widely exported throughout the mediterranean world, thus influencing later roman designs. \n \n beyond their essential function as a portable and fixed source of artificial light, greek oil lamps held important ritual and symbolic significance. they were an indispensable fixture of both domestic life and public spaces, used to illuminate homes, shops, and shrines after sunset. crucially, oil lamps were frequently employed in religious ceremonies, serving as votive offerings to deities, or placed in burial chambers to provide light for the deceased in the afterlife, a practice common across the ancient mediterranean. the presence of a maker's mark (often a stamp on the base) on many hellenistic mold-made lamps also demonstrates their economic importance, serving as a rudimentary form of quality control and branding that is invaluable today for dating and tracing ancient trade networks."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"87","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp, type howland 28 a"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18179/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"soldPrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.164Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18179,"dimensions":{"depth":9.1},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18180/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18180/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18180/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18180/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18180/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 232 mm x 182 mm \n \n condition: good condition, small hole in the body but stable \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"88","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18180/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.166Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18180,"dimensions":{"depth":18.2},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18181/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18181/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18181/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18181/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting a monogrammatic cross, type bussière e ix 31 - atlante x a1 a \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: christian \n \n period: 5th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 46 mm x 76 mm x 125 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n parallel: ennabli, a., lampes chrétiennes de tunisie (musées du bardo et de carthage), pl. xv, fig. 1025 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a christian oil lamp with a monogrammatic cross is a significant artifact from the early christian period, typically dating from the 3rd to 5th centuries ce. these lamps were used for both practical and symbolic purposes, providing light in homes, churches, and tombs. the oil lamps were usually made of terracotta, clay, or sometimes metal, and their design often incorporated christian symbols, including the monogrammatic cross, which was a representation of christ. the monogram, typically formed by overlapping the greek letters \"xp\" (for \"christos\"), was a popular christian symbol during the late roman empire and early christian period, signifying both the divinity and humanity of jesus christ. \n \n the monogrammatic cross on these oil lamps was more than just decorative; it had deep religious significance. early christians, who often faced persecution, used subtle symbols such as this cross to identify each other and to convey their faith without drawing unwanted attention. the monogram itself became a powerful and widely recognized symbol of christ, sometimes also combined with other christian motifs like the fish (ichthys) or the good shepherd. the presence of these symbols on everyday objects like oil lamps reflects how christianity was integrated into daily life, even in times when the faith was not officially recognized by the roman empire. \n \n these lamps were often found in christian burial sites, where they were used not only for practical purposes but also to symbolize the eternal light of christ and the promise of resurrection. many early christian tombs featured oil lamps as offerings to illuminate the path to the afterlife. in addition to their liturgical and funerary roles, they were used during worship services, especially in house churches, where lighting and symbols of faith were crucial for creating a sacred atmosphere."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"89","title":{"es":"christian oil lamp depicting a monogrammatic cross, type bussière e ix 31 - atlante x a1 a"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18181/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.167Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18181,"dimensions":{"depth":12.5},"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":260,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18182/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18182/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18182/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18182/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: face bead, probably medusa \n \n material: mosaic glass \n \n culture: romano-egyptian \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 14 mm x 16 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 52.11.15. corning museum of glass, accession number 62.1.25 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the glass mosaic beads were created using a core-forming technique, where small glass pieces were arranged and fused onto a core of molten glass. this method allowed artisans to produce a wide range of patterns and colors, using materials like blue, green, red, yellow, and white glass, which were then molded into bead shapes. some beads were made using a process known as cane glass, where glass rods were stretched and cut into small pieces to create a mosaic effect. the beads were often cylindrical, spherical, or disc-shaped, with some featuring additional decorative elements, such as gold leaf or inlays of semi-precious stones like lapis lazuli. these beads were then strung together to create necklaces, bracelets, or other forms of jewelry, reflecting the fusion of roman luxury and egyptian artistry."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"90","title":{"es":"romano-egyptian face bead, probably medusa"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18182/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":260,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:20.169Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18182,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18183/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18183/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18183/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18183/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18183/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: stamp seal depicting a prancing bull with young. a lunar crescent and floral motifs in the exergue. likely a depiction of baal-milkom. \n \n material: stone \n \n culture: iron age, ammonite \n \n period: 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 16 mm x 12 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n this seal offers a unique insight into the religious and cultural practices of the ammonites, an ancient semitic people who inhabited the region of modern-day jordan. the central motif of a prancing bull and its young is highly significant, as the bull was often associated with strength, fertility, and divine power in various ancient near eastern cultures. in the context of the ammonite seal, this image is likely symbolic of the chief deity baal-milkom, a god of war, fertility, and agriculture, commonly revered in the ancient levant. \n \n the presence of the lunar crescent in the composition is also noteworthy, as lunar symbolism was prevalent in the religious iconography of many ancient civilizations. in the near east, the moon was often associated with divinity, timekeeping, and agricultural cycles. the crescent could be a reference to the moon god, possibly linked with the ammonite deity or perhaps serving as an emblem of cosmic order. the lunar crescent in combination with the bull suggests a connection between earthly fertility and divine, celestial forces. this duality is not uncommon in ancient near eastern religious symbolism, where deities representing natural elements often had their cosmic counterparts. \n \n floral motifs in the exergue, or lower section of the seal, further reinforce the theme of fertility and natural abundance. plants and flowers were frequently used in iconography to symbolize life, renewal, and the cycle of growth. in the case of the ammonite seal, these motifs likely serve to enhance the image of baal-milkom\u2019s influence over nature and fertility. it is possible that the floral designs were also intended to invoke protection, prosperity, and divine blessings, which were central concerns in the everyday lives of the ammonites, particularly for those involved in agriculture or seeking favor from their deities. \n \n this stamp seal, likely used as a personal or administrative tool, would have been an important object for the ammonite elite or priests, signifying both personal authority and religious devotion. seals like this were commonly employed for impressing marks on clay or wax to authenticate documents, gifts, or ceremonial items. the detailed iconography not only reflects the ammonites' religious beliefs but also their artistic skills and the cultural interactions with neighboring societies such as the israelites, phoenicians, and other levantine peoples."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"91","title":{"es":"iron age, ammonite stamp seal depicting prancing bull with young, likely a depicting of baal-milkom, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18183/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.274Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18183,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18184/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18184/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18184/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18184/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 150 mm x 115 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"92","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18184/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.277Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18184,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18185/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18185/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18185/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18185/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18185/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting running antelope, type bussière d ii \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 47 mm x 82 mm x 110 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. lxxxix, fig. 977 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"93","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting running antelope, type bussière d ii"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18185/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.279Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18185,"dimensions":{"depth":11},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":1600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/011/011.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18186/012/012.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: amulet in rectangular sheet (lamella) with greek cursive writing \n \n material: gold \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 13 mm x 88 mm, 0,93 gr \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european dealer, bought from a european private collection before 2000s \n \n bibliography: kotansky, roy d., a gold lamella for 'blessed' abalala (2016) \n \n parallel: the british museum online collection, museum number 2009,8042.1 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the rectangular sheet amulet, or lamella, bearing greek cursive script is a fascinating and common artifact of personal magic and religion in the roman world. these lamellae were typically made of thin, malleable metal, most often gold, silver, or lead, with gold being reserved for the most precious and powerful amulets. they served a similar protective or coercive function to defixiones (curse tablets), but instead of being pinned down to affect a target, they were folded, rolled, or crumpled into a small packet and then worn on the body\u2014often placed in a cylindrical metal capsule\u2014to protect the wearer or secure a desired outcome. the use of greek cursive was dominant because greek remained the lingua franca of magic, science, and intellectual pursuits across the eastern mediterranean and was highly valued in roman magical practice everywhere. \n \n the text inscribed on these amulets is what defines their magical power. they frequently feature invocations of powerful deities or spirits, sometimes mixing greek, egyptian, and jewish names in a syncretic blend typical of greco-roman magic. common elements include magical voces (meaningless-sounding words of power), palindromes, and charaktēres (magical signs or symbols) that were believed to compel the divine forces. the content falls into several categories: prayers for protection from illness, demons, and evil eye; love spells; or appeals for good fortune. the choice of a rectangular metal sheet, rather than clay or papyrus, was deliberate, as the durable, inert metal was believed to be a more permanent and effective vehicle for the written spell, ensuring its power would last as long as the wearer possessed the amulet. \n \n from an archaeological perspective, these lamellae provide direct evidence of the popular religious beliefs and daily magic practiced by roman-era individuals, a realm often undocumented in official histories. workshops specializing in their manufacture flourished, and in some contexts, there is evidence that the thin sheets were even \"struck\" or impressed from master molds to allow for mass production of popular protective phrases, though most were carefully inscribed by hand using a stylus. the discovery of these amulets in graves and domestic contexts across the roman empire\u2014from egypt to britain\u2014highlights the universality of personal anxiety and the dependence on magic for perceived control over fate, a critical facet of daily life that coexisted with official roman state religion."},"estimateMax":2200,"lotNumber":"94","title":{"es":"roman amulet in rectangular sheet (lamella) with greek cursive writing"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18186/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":1600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.282Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,000 - \u20ac2,200","currency":"EUR","id":18186,"estimateMin":2000},{"startPrice":1300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18187/009/009.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: figure of a court lady \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese \n \n period: han dynasty, 206 b.c - 220 a.d \n \n dimensions: 755 mm x 295 mm x 158 mm \n \n condition: good condition. includes thermoluminescence test by qed laboratory (reference: qed1549/fc-0109) \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, from toulouse, acquired in the 1980s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n figures of court ladies from the han dynasty (206 bce \u2013 220 ce) are a prominent type of mingqi (spirit objects) placed in tombs to serve the deceased in the afterlife, reflecting the han belief in the continuity of life after death. these terracotta figures, often created using hollow molds for efficient production, represent female attendants, dancers, and musicians\u2014a complete retinue to provide comfort, entertainment, and service to the tomb's occupant. the figures are typically portrayed in a slender, elongated, and reverent posture, with their hands held demurely below the chest, sometimes suggesting they once held an object like a fan or tray. this restrained stillness reflects their role as attendants and contrasts with the more animated figures of dancers or entertainers found in the same funerary assemblages. \n \n the characteristic appearance of the han court lady figures is defined by their attire and subtle facial modeling. they are dressed in shenyi, the traditional court robe, a full-length garment with long, flaring sleeves, often featuring a cross-lapel design fastened to the right. while the terracotta body is generally unglazed, the figures were once vividly painted with bright, unfired pigments\u2014a technique that unfortunately makes the paint prone to flaking over two millennia. traces of this original pigment often reveal details like a white-painted face to signify a fashionable pale complexion, delicately painted black eyebrows and eyes, and bright red lips. the hair is typically styled in an elegant manner, such as a high chignon or a long, low ponytail down the shoulders. \n \n the inclusion of these ceramic court ladies and other mingqi in tombs was a direct reflection of the social status and wealth of the deceased, replacing the ancient practice of human sacrifice with figurative substitutes. by replicating the daily life of the aristocracy\u2014complete with attendants, soldiers, animals, and models of architecture\u2014the tomb was conceived as an eternal dwelling where the deceased could continue their privileged existence. the style of these figures, with their simple, fluid lines and contained energy, showcases the artistic refinement of the han period and offers modern viewers a fascinating glimpse into the courtly aesthetics and deep-seated spiritual beliefs of one of china's most formative dynasties."},"estimateMax":2500,"lotNumber":"95","title":{"es":"chinese figure of a court lady with thermoluminescence test (tl)"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18187/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esdecorativearts_figurines","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":1300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.280Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac2,000 - \u20ac2,500","currency":"EUR","id":18187,"dimensions":{"depth":15.8},"estimateMin":2000},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18188/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18188/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18188/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18188/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18188/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate, type genucilia \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 52 mm x 133 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the genucilia plate is a characteristic type of small, footed etruscan ceramic plate produced in central italy, primarily during the 4th century bce. the name derives from a specific plate found with the painted inscription of its owner, \"p. genucilia, \" likely a faliscan or latin woman. these plates are examples of local etruscan production that was heavily influenced by contemporary greek pottery styles, particularly the highly prized red-figure technique. though considered a mass-produced, \"second-rate\" ware by some scholars, they were exceptionally popular and were a widespread product across etruria and lazio. \n \n the typical genucilia plate is a shallow dish or patera, usually measuring about 14\u201316 cm in diameter, resting on a low stem and a wide foot. the decoration is limited to the circular central space, or tondo, and the rim. two primary decorative motifs dominate the interior: either a stylized female head in profile facing left, or a geometric star/cross pattern with simple dots. the female head is often interpreted by scholars as representing a deity, possibly proserpina (persephone), due to the plate's frequent association with funerary and votive contexts. \n \n the plates were executed using a simplified version of the red-figure technique, where the main design was left in the natural reddish color of the clay and outlined in black slip, with further details painted in black. a defining feature is the decorative border, typically a wave pattern (a spiral wave or meander) encircling the rim, which framed the central motif. production of the genucilia group is thought to have begun in the city of falerii (modern civita castellana), likely by an immigrant athenian potter, before production shifted to major etruscan centers like caere (modern cerveteri). they are frequently recovered from tombs and sanctuaries, suggesting they served a dual purpose as both inexpensive tableware and objects for religious offerings (agalmata)."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"96","title":{"es":"etruscan plate, type genucilia"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18188/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.282Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac450 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18188,"dimensions":{"depth":13.3},"estimateMin":450},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18189/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18189/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18189/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18189/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ceramic vessel mold with inscription 'τον αγιο[.] πα[---]', which would refer to a holy person \n \n material: limestone \n \n culture: christian \n \n period: 5th - 6th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 115 mm x 135 mm \n \n condition: good condition, are two separate pieces \n \n provenance: ex american art gallery, new york, acquired from american private collection before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the limestone mold for a ceramic vessel, particularly those bearing christian symbols, is a significant artifact of the late antique and early byzantine periods (c. 4th\u20137th centuries ce), primarily found in regions like egypt (coptic) and asia minor. these molds were essential to the mass production of small, molded earthenware objects, most famously pilgrim flasks (or ampullae). unlike common, utilitarian pottery, these vessels served a sacred purpose, functioning as religious souvenirs and containers for holy substances. limestone, being relatively easy to carve, was used to create the negative impression for the vessel's decorative relief, often in two halves which would then be joined after the clay was pressed into them. \n \n the ceramic vessels produced from these molds are characterized by their christian iconography, which was central to their function as eulogia (blessings). typical motifs include scenes from the bible, the cross, the christogram (a monogram of christ's name), or representations of popular saints. the most famous examples are the menas flasks from the shrine of saint menas in abu mena, egypt, which depict the saint flanked by two kneeling camels. these images were not merely decorative; they were believed to transfer the healing or protective power of the holy site or the saint to the oil, water, or soil they contained. the use of molds allowed for a degree of artistic standardization while meeting the high demand from pilgrims traveling to major christian sites. \n \n the existence of these molds and the proliferation of their ceramic products highlight the commercialization of christian piety and the changing nature of religious practice in the late roman world. the workshops that housed these molds were often situated near pilgrimage centers and were crucial in supplying the steady stream of believers. as pilgrims dispersed across the mediterranean and beyond, they carried these small, durable, mold-made vessels with them. this not only disseminated christian iconography and cults but also established an early and extensive trade network for religious tokens, providing rich archaeological evidence for popular beliefs and the material culture of early christianity."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"97","title":{"es":"christian ceramic vessel mold with inscription which would refer to a holy person"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18189/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.284Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":18189,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18190/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18190/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: brick stamped with '-esa' \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 197 mm x 110 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex germany private collection, acquired before 1980s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a roman brick stamp is a fired clay impression used to mark bricks and tiles produced in the roman world, primarily during the imperial period. these stamps were typically pressed into the wet clay before firing, leaving behind inscriptions that recorded valuable information. the marks could include the name of the owner of the brickyard, the legion or military unit that produced the brick, or even the consular date, which provides a secure chronological framework. because of this, brick stamps are not just practical identifiers but also critical archaeological evidence. \n \n the use of brick stamps was especially widespread from the 1st to the 3rd centuries ce, particularly around rome and its surrounding regions. many stamped bricks bear the names of imperial estates or private entrepreneurs, showing how production was organized on both state and private levels. in military contexts, stamped bricks can reveal which legion was stationed in a given area, offering direct evidence for troop movements and construction projects. the stamps also sometimes contained abbreviations and symbols, requiring careful epigraphic study to interpret correctly."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"98","title":{"es":"roman brick stamped with '-esa'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18190/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.286Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18190,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18191/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18191/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18191/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18191/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: seal stamp with inscription 'petrvs' \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 20 mm x 31 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bronze seal stamps, often taking the form of a signet ring (or annulus signatorius) or a separate stamp with a handle (signaculum), were critical instruments in ancient roman society. their primary function was to secure, authenticate, and validate personal and commercial documents, as well as property. by impressing the seal's carved design, known as an intaglio, onto a piece of soft material\u2014typically wax or clay (bulla)\u2014the owner created a tamper-evident mark of identity. this act served as a legal signature for a largely non-literate population, ensuring that a letter remained private, a contract was valid, or a container of goods was unopened. bronze was a practical and affordable metal for this purpose, offering durability and allowing for mass-produced stamps used in large administrative contexts, such as marking roof tiles or commercial goods. \n \n the iconography on these bronze seals was deeply personal and reflected the owner's status, beliefs, and interests. while the wealthy elite often used rings set with finely carved semi-precious stones (gems), bronze signets for the middle class or administrative stamps featured directly engraved designs. common motifs included portraits of the owner or a family member, deities like mercury (god of commerce) or fortuna (goddess of luck), mythical creatures, and animals. inscriptions, typically the owner's name or initials, were carved in reverse so they would appear correctly when stamped. the choice of image conveyed a sense of identity and could also serve an apotropaic (protective) function, acting as an amulet against evil alongside its practical purpose. \n \n the wide distribution of bronze seal stamps and signet rings across the roman empire underscores their importance in both private life and public administration. the use of seals was not confined to a single social class, though the material and artistic quality indicated the owner's wealth. while signet rings were carried on the person for daily use, larger bronze stamps (signacula) were employed by officials or trade guilds to mark standardized items, such as the lead sealings on packages or wine casks. their survival in the archaeological record offers valuable insight into roman legal practices, literacy levels, and the personal identities and symbolic preferences of individuals who relied on this ancient yet effective method of authentication."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"99","title":{"es":"roman seal stamp with inscription 'petrvs'"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18191/view","tags":["escollectibles_writinginstrumentsdeskaccessories","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.287Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":18191,"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18192/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18192/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18192/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18192/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: modern pendant with constantius ii follis \n \n material: silver and bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 22 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coin description: constantius ii (337-361) ae follis (bronze, 3.99g, 20mm) alexandria, a = 1st officina, 348-350. obv: d n constantivs p f avg laurel and rosette diademed, draped and cuirassed bust of constantius ii to left, holding globe in his right hand. rev: fel temp reparatio / alea constantius standing left, holding labarum with his right hand and shield set on ground with his let; at his feet to left, two bound captives seated. ref: lrbc 2815. ric 55. \n \n flavius julius constantius (317\u2013361 ad) was the second surviving son of constantine the great and his wife fausta, and an emperor of the roman empire for nearly a quarter-century. born into the constantinian dynasty, constantius was elevated to the rank of caesar at the age of seven. upon his father's death in 337 ad, he initially inherited the eastern third of the empire, alongside his brothers, constantine ii (who ruled the west) and constans (who ruled italy and north africa). the succession was immediately followed by a brutal purge of his male relatives from constantine's extended family, in which constantius is widely believed to have been complicit, leaving only himself, his brothers, and his cousins, julian and gallus, alive. this massacre secured the brothers' position but foreshadowed the intense political and military rivalries that would define constantius's reign. \n \n constantius ii spent the initial years of his rule primarily engaged in the east against the formidable sasanian persian empire, led by king shapur ii. this grueling and indecisive frontier war preoccupied him, preventing him from immediately intervening in the west when his brother constantine ii was killed in 340 ad and later when his last surviving brother, constans, was overthrown and murdered by the usurper magnentius in 350 ad. this revolt forced constantius to eventually march west, where he crushed magnentius in the bloody battle of mursa major (351 ad), a pyrrhic victory considered one of the largest and most devastating battles in roman history. having reunited the empire under his sole rule by 353 ad, constantius was compelled to appoint his cousins, first gallus and later julian, as caesares to help manage the vast, threatened frontiers, particularly in gaul. \n \n the most lasting impact of constantius ii's reign was his deeply involved role in the arian controversy, a major theological dispute within early christianity. while his father, constantine, had championed the nicene creed (which stated that the son and father were \"of the same substance\"), constantius strongly favored the semi-arian position, which viewed christ as being like but not identical in substance to god the father. he used his imperial authority to impose his theological views, exiling nicene bishops, including the influential athanasius of alexandria, and attempting to enforce doctrinal unity through a series of church councils. in addition to his focus on christian doctrine, constantius also took aggressive steps against paganism, issuing laws that forbade pagan sacrifices and ordered the closing of temples, making him a pivotal figure in the growing institutionalization of christianity within the roman state."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"100","title":{"es":"modern pendant with constantius ii follis"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18192/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:22.284Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18192,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18193/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18193/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18193/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18193/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: necklace \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 664 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 720 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, k.h.s., acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n egyptian faience necklaces were among the most common and enduring forms of jewelry in ancient egypt, prized not for their intrinsic material value, but for their vibrant color, protective symbolism, and ability to mimic semi-precious stones. faience is not pottery, but a ceramic material made from quartz or sand, with a high alkali content that results in a self-glazing surface when fired. this glaze, typically a brilliant, saturated blue-green due to copper compounds, was highly evocative of two powerful egyptian symbols: the nile's fertility and the rejuvenating qualities of the sky. this color was associated with life, rebirth, and the gods, particularly the deity osiris, linking the wearer to the promise of eternal existence. \n \n the construction of these necklaces utilized a mass-production technique ideal for creating elaborate, broad collars. small faience beads\u2014often in the shape of tubes, disks, rings, or stylized flora like lotus petals\u2014were molded, strung, and sometimes even glued onto a backing. a popular type was the usekh collar, a wide, semicircular neckpiece that draped over the shoulders and chest. these collars replicated the floral garlands worn in life and were essential burial goods, believed to offer magical protection and a substitute for ephemeral flowers in the afterlife. the ability to churn out thousands of these uniform beads made faience accessible to nearly all classes, from pharaohs and nobility to common citizens, solidifying its place as a staple of egyptian adornment. \n \n the symbolic power of the faience necklace extended through its use of protective amulets. often incorporated into the strings were small pendants crafted from faience, molded into figures such as the dwarf god bes (a protector of the household), the eye of horus (udjat), or the djed pillar (representing stability). when worn in life, the necklace provided a visible layer of magical defense; in death, it served as funerary equipment. the sheer number of faience necklaces recovered from tombs across millennia\u2014from the predynastic period well into the roman era\u2014attests not only to their popularity but also to the enduring belief in the vibrant material\u2019s apotropaic properties and its fundamental role in preparing the deceased for their journey into the next world."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"101","title":{"es":"egyptian necklace"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18193/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:08.289Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18193,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18194/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18194/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18194/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18194/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18194/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18194/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: female head with pointed curls \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: egyptian, coptic \n \n period: 4th - 5th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 105 mm x 81 mm x 28 mm (without stand) \n \n condition: good condition. includes stand \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coptic is the most recent chronological stage of the indigenous egyptian language, an afroasiatic language with a recorded history spanning over four millennia, making it one of the longest-attested human languages. it emerged in the 3rd century ad and represents the evolution of demotic egyptian, written with a unique script primarily derived from the greek alphabet, supplemented by seven characters borrowed from demotic to represent sounds not found in greek. while coptic was once the vernacular language of egypt's population, its use declined following the arab conquest in the 7th century, eventually being completely supplanted by arabic as the primary spoken tongue. \n \n although coptic has no modern-day native speakers, it remains in daily, active use as the liturgical language of the coptic orthodox church of alexandria and the smaller coptic catholic church. this continued religious application has preserved the language and its cultural heritage for centuries. the bohairic dialect, originally associated with the nile delta, gained prominence in the medieval period and is the dialect used today in coptic church services, maintaining a living link to pre-islamic egyptian identity and christianity. texts written in coptic, particularly in the older sahidic dialect (the literary standard between roughly 325 and 800 ad), are profoundly significant, notably including the nag hammadi library of gnostic gospels. \n \n the term copt itself derives from the greek word for 'egyptian' and, over time, became associated specifically with the native egyptian population that maintained their christian faith following the arabization and islamization of the country. consequently, coptic culture is a distinctive blend of ancient egyptian traditions and christian monastic practices, expressed through unique art, architecture, and music. today, efforts are underway to revive and teach coptic as a cultural and identity marker within the coptic community, emphasizing its value as a crucial part of egyptian heritage and a direct linguistic descendant of the language of the pharaohs."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"102","title":{"es":"egyptian female head with pointed curls"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18194/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.422Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18194,"dimensions":{"depth":2.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18195/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18195/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18195/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 65 mm x 125 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"103","title":{"es":"roman bowl"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18195/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.427Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18195,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18196/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18196/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18196/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting rosette, type bussière d ii \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 38 mm x 68 mm x 97 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. lxxvi, fig. 821 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"104","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting rosette, type bussière d ii"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18196/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.434Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18196,"dimensions":{"depth":9.7},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18197/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18197/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18197/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18197/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: pendant with alexander the great drachm. obverse: head of herakles wearing lion-skin head-dress. reverse: zeus enthroned holding eagle and sceptre. \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 19 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n alexander iii of macedon, commonly known as alexander the great, was a king of the ancient greek kingdom of macedon. he succeeded his father philip ii to the throne in 336 bc at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout western asia and egypt. by the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from greece to northwestern india. he was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. \n \n until the age of 16, alexander was tutored by aristotle. in 335 bc, shortly after his assumption of kingship over macedon, he campaigned in the balkans and reasserted control over thrace and illyria before marching on the city of thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. alexander then led the league of corinth, and used his authority to launch the pan-hellenic project envisaged by his father, assuming leadership over all greeks in their conquest of persia. \n \n in 334 bc, he invaded the achaemenid persian empire and began a series of campaigns that lasted for 10 years. following his conquest of asia minor, alexander broke the power of achaemenid persia in a series of decisive battles, including those at issus and gaugamela; he subsequently overthrew darius iii and conquered the achaemenid empire in its entirety. after the fall of persia, the macedonian empire held a vast swath of territory between the adriatic sea and the indus river. alexander endeavored to reach the \"ends of the world and the great outer sea\" and invaded india in 326 bc, achieving an important victory over porus, an ancient indian king of present-day punjab, at the battle of the hydaspes. due to the demand of his homesick troops, he eventually turned back at the beas river and later died in 323 bc in babylon, the city of mesopotamia that he had planned to establish as his empire's capital. alexander's death left unexecuted an additional series of planned military and mercantile campaigns that would have begun with a greek invasion of arabia. in the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the macedonian empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the diadochi. \n \n with his death marking the start of the hellenistic period, alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism that his conquests engendered, such as greco-buddhism and hellenistic judaism. he founded more than twenty cities that bore his name, with the most prominent being the city of alexandria in egypt. alexander's settlement of greek colonists and the resulting spread of greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the indian subcontinent. the hellenistic period developed through the roman empire into modern western culture; the greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the byzantine empire up until its collapse in the mid-15th century ad. greek-speaking communities in central anatolia and in far-eastern anatolia survived until the greek genocide of the 1910s and early 1920s as well as the greek\u2013turkish population exchange of the mid-1920s. alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mould of achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both greek and non-greek cultures. his military achievements and unprecedented enduring successes in battle made him the measure against which many later military leaders would compare themselves, and his tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"105","title":{"es":"modern pendant with alexander the great drachm"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18197/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.443Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18197,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18198/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18198/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18198/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18198/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18198/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting birds and donkey \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: christian \n \n period: 5th - 7th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 28 mm x 62 mm x 89 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, h.l., acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n christian oil lamps, prominent artifacts from late antiquity (c. 3rd to 7th centuries ad), were a direct continuation of lighting technology used throughout the greco-roman and jewish worlds. before the advent of widespread electric lighting, the terracotta or bronze oil lamp was an essential utilitarian object for daily life, providing portable, artificial light in homes, workshops, and streets. for early christians, who often met at night or in subterranean spaces like the catacombs due to persecution, lamps were a simple necessity for illumination during services. the continuity of this common household item allowed early believers to integrate their new faith's symbolism onto a familiar object without drawing undue attention from roman authorities. \n \n the significance of the christian oil lamp extends far beyond its practical function, as light and fire hold profound theological meaning in christianity. christ is frequently referred to as the \"light of the world\" (john 8:12), and lamps, therefore, served as tangible symbols of divine presence, guidance, and salvation. the lamps were decorated with a distinct set of christian symbols, which gradually replaced the pagan motifs found on earlier roman lamps. common iconography included: the chi-rho, a monogram of the first two greek letters of christ's name; the cross; the fish (ichthys), which is an acronym for \"jesus christ, god's son, savior\"; and occasionally stylized palm branches or vine scrolls. these symbols were not only declarations of faith but were also sometimes believed to possess apotropaic powers\u2014a belief that the signs of christ could ward off evil. \n \n in addition to domestic and liturgical use, christian lamps played roles in specific religious practices. lamps were often placed in catacomb niches as a sign of respect or remembrance for the deceased, though evidence suggests this was not part of an initial funerary ritual but a later custom. following the acceptance of christianity, lamps began to be used ceremonially in churches, eventually evolving into the tradition of the sanctuary lamp (kandilo) that burns before the altar. furthermore, during the byzantine period, lamps became popular pilgrimage souvenirs, especially those made in the holy land. these lamps, often mass-produced and adorned with crosses or inscriptions like \"the light of christ shines for all, \" allowed pilgrims to carry home a tangible connection to sacred sites, embodying the spiritual light experienced during their journey."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"106","title":{"es":"christian oil lamp depicting birds and donkey"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18198/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.451Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18198,"dimensions":{"depth":8.9},"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":130,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18199/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18199/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18199/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18199/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age, canaan \n \n period: 1900 - 1400 b.c \n \n dimensions: 200 mm x 94 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n canaan was the name of a large and prosperous ancient country (at times independent, at others a tributary to egypt) located in the levant region of present-day lebanon, syria, jordan, and israel. it was also known as phoenicia. the origin of the name \u2018canaan\u2019 comes from various ancient texts and there is no scholarly consensus on precisely where the name originated nor what it meant. \n \n according to the bible, the land was named after a man called canaan, the grandson of noah (genesis 10). other theories cite \u2018canaan\u2019 as derived from the hurrian language for \u2018purple\u2019 and, as the greeks knew the canaanites as \u2018phoenicians\u2019 (greek for `purple\u2019) and as the phoenicians worked in purple dye and so were called by the greeks \u2018purple people\u2019, this explanation is the most probable. the theory has also been advanced that the name comes from the hebrew root-verb kana which denotes order from chaos, a blending, or synchronous existence. \n \n the earliest habitation in the region was around the city of jericho in the paleolithic age and this early rural community would then develop into the city which is the oldest urban center in the region (and, arguably, the world). other cities developed during the early bronze age but were abandoned, probably because of overpopulation, and the people returned to an agrarian lifestyle for a number of years. cities again grew up during the middle bronze age which saw the development of trade with other civilizations and, most notably, egypt. canaan (also referred to as phoenicia at this time) continued to prosper until c. 1250 \u2013 c. 1150 bce during the so-called bronze age collapse. \n \n following the upheaval of c. 1250 \u2013 c. 1150 bce, however, the hebrews (israelites), to whom joshua is said to have given the land, populated the region and established the kingdoms of israel and judah. these kingdoms lasted until the region was conquered in succession by the assyrians, babylonians, persians, alexander the great, the seleucids, and the roman empire."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"107","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18199/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.453Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18199,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18200/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18200/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18200/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18200/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 122 mm x 120 mm \n \n condition: good condition, small hole in the body but stable \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"108","title":{"es":"bronze age jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18200/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.454Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18200,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":150,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18201/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18201/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18201/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18201/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18201/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bowl with decoration \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 48 mm x 95 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bowls, or paterae and scyphi in latin depending on their shape and material, were ubiquitous items throughout the roman empire, reflecting the daily needs and varying social status of its vast population. these vessels were crafted from a variety of materials, most commonly terracotta (pottery), but also in bronze, silver, and glass for wealthier individuals. their functions were just as diverse: plain, sturdy ceramic bowls were used for preparing, storing, and serving simple food like stews and porridge, while more elaborately decorated bowls were used as sophisticated tableware for banquets, drinking, or even for religious rituals, such as making libations to the gods. \n \n the most distinctive and significant type of roman bowl is the terra sigillata, meaning \"stamped earth.\" this highly standardized and widely exported fine ceramic ware, known for its smooth, bright red, glossy slip (a liquid suspension of clay) and molded relief decoration, became the premium tableware of the roman world. production centered in italy (primarily at arezzo, giving rise to \"aretine ware\") and later in gaul, spain, and north africa. these bowls often featured complex decorative friezes\u2014including mythological scenes, gladiators, or hunting motifs\u2014which were created by pressing the clay into decorated molds. the uniformity of terra sigillata across the empire demonstrates an early form of industrial-scale pottery production and trade. \n \n roman bowls are invaluable to archaeologists because their styles, manufacturing techniques, and decorative patterns changed rapidly over time and across different production centers. found in vast numbers at excavation sites\u2014from military camps in britain to domestic trash heaps in egypt\u2014they serve as crucial chronological indicators for dating the strata in which they are found. furthermore, the presence of specific imported wares, like the fine red bowls from north africa, illustrates the complexity of roman trade networks and economic interactions. by studying the spread and distribution of these ceramics, historians can map roman influence, cultural exchange, and the daily lives of the common people."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"109","title":{"es":"roman bowl with decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18201/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"soldPrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.456Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18201,"dimensions":{"depth":9.5},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18202/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18202/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18202/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18202/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 4th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 32 mm x 195 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman plates, generally referred to as patinae or lanx (for larger platters), were a staple of dining across all social strata of the roman empire. like other roman vessels, they were manufactured in an immense range of materials, sizes, and quality, reflecting the diner's wealth and the occasion's formality. the vast majority of the population used simple, flat-bottomed plates made from coarse or fine terracotta (pottery). these everyday dishes were used to serve the main portions of a meal, such as meat, vegetables, and the ubiquitous puls (a thick grain porridge), forming the basis of domestic roman culinary life. \n \n for the elite, plates transitioned from utilitarian objects to expressions of status and wealth. the most coveted plates were those made from high-quality materials, primarily silver and, notably, the fine red ceramic known as terra sigillata. silver plates were often elaborately decorated with embossed scenes from mythology or history and were reserved for formal convivia (banquets), sometimes serving as a display of inherited wealth. terra sigillata plates, while ceramic, were highly prized for their glossy surface and molded relief decoration, often designed with slightly raised rims and flat bottoms ideal for individual servings of sauced dishes. these plates, standardized and traded across the empire, represent the roman appreciation for both function and aesthetic elegance in tableware. \n \n roman plates offer unique insights for archaeologists and art historians, as their flat surfaces provided an ideal canvas for decoration and inscription. large platters, especially, often depicted complex figurative scenes, providing valuable evidence of roman mythology, daily life, and military themes. furthermore, the base of many plates often bears the potter's stamp (a sigillum), which allows scholars to date the object precisely, identify the manufacturing workshop, and trace trade routes from major centers like arezzo or gaul. thus, these seemingly simple objects are not only essential artifacts for reconstructing roman diet and dining customs but also crucial chronological markers and records of ancient artistic production and commercial activity."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"110","title":{"es":"roman plate"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18202/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.458Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18202,"dimensions":{"depth":19.5},"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18203/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18203/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18203/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18203/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab with seated hero facing two lion-figures \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: post-ramesside, 1100 - 900 b.c \n \n dimensions: 9 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"111","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab with seated hero facing two lion-figures"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18203/view","directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.736Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18203,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18204/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18204/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18204/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18204/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: modern pendant with septimius severus denarius \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 21 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coin description: septimius severus (193-211). denarius. rome. obv: severvs pivs avg. laureate head right. rev: p m tr p xv cos iii p p. victory standing right, with foot set upon helmet, inscribing shield set upon palm tree to right. ric 211. condition: very fine. \n \n lucius septimius severus was a roman emperor who reigned from 193 to 211 ad, marking the beginning of the severan dynasty. born in leptis magna in the roman province of africa (modern-day libya), he was the first major emperor of provincial, non-italian descent, having a punic background and speaking latin with an african accent. severus\u2019s ascent to power followed the turbulent \"year of the five emperors\" after the assassination of commodus. a successful general, he used his military support to defeat two key rival claimants\u2014pescennius niger in the east and clodius albinus in the west\u2014a victory cemented by the decisive battle of lugdunum in 197 ad. this ruthlessness was a hallmark of his rule, as he purged the roman senate of his enemies and centralized power firmly within the imperial office. \n \n severus's reign fundamentally transformed the roman empire into a military monarchy, famously advising his sons on his deathbed, \"enrich the soldiers and scorn all other men.\" he significantly raised the pay of legionaries, granted them privileges (like the right to marry while serving), and created three new legions, dramatically increasing the army's size and reliance on the emperor. his foreign policy was highly active and focused on securing the frontiers. he waged a successful war against the parthian empire in the east, sacking their capital, ctesiphon, and expanding the frontier to the tigris river. later in his reign, he personally led a massive military campaign in britain, strengthening hadrian's wall and invading caledonia (modern scotland) to subdue troublesome tribes. \n \n septimius severus died in eboracum (modern york, england) in 211 ad while on campaign in britain. his final ambition\u2014to conquer and secure the whole of britain\u2014was left unfulfilled, and his sons quickly abandoned the costly invasion shortly after his passing. he left the empire to his two sons, caracalla and geta, hoping they would rule jointly. however, their fierce rivalry led to caracalla having geta murdered soon after their father's death. despite this tragic failure of succession, severus's reign brought stability after civil war and left a legacy of massive public works (like the arch of septimius severus in the roman forum) and significant legal and military reforms that paved the way for the later \"barracks emperors\" and the tumultuous crisis of the third century."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"112","title":{"es":"modern pendant with septimius severus denarius"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18204/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.372Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18204,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18205/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18205/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18205/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18205/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18205/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18205/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oinochoe with open fan decoration \n \n material: pottery, bucchero ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 245 mm x 193 mm x 160 mm \n \n condition: good condition, foot restored \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired between 1971 - 1998 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bucchero ware is the quintessential ceramic fabric of the etruscans, an indigenous, pre-roman people of central italy. produced chiefly between the 7th and 5th centuries bce, this distinctive pottery is instantly recognizable by its uniform jet-black color and striking, highly polished, almost metallic surface sheen. the color is not the result of a glaze or paint, but rather a sophisticated firing technique known as reduction firing. in this process, the oxygen supply in the kiln is deliberately restricted, causing the iron oxide naturally present in the clay to lose its oxygen molecules, changing the clay's natural red color to black\u2014a color that penetrates the entire body of the ceramic. the lustrous finish was achieved by carefully burnishing (polishing by rubbing) the surface of the vessel before firing. \n \n the forms and aesthetic of bucchero ware strongly suggest it was intended to imitate the appearance of more expensive metalware, particularly silver vessels, which were popular luxury imports in etruria. etruscan potters cleverly translated the sharp lines, crisp edges, and sometimes elaborate handles and fittings of metal vessels into a ceramic medium, providing a less costly but still elegant alternative for the elite. bucchero is broadly classified into two major styles reflecting its chronological development. the earliest and finest production is known as bucchero sottile (\"thin bucchero\"), characterized by extremely thin, delicate walls (sometimes less than 2mm thick), which represent a high technical achievement. \n \n as the etruscan culture matured, the style evolved from the subtle sottile to bucchero pesante (\"heavy bucchero\") starting around the mid-6th century bce. this later style featured thicker walls, squatter proportions, and a heavier reliance on applied relief decoration, often created by rolling a cylinder with recessed designs over the soft clay. bucchero vessels came in many forms\u2014including the greek-inspired kantharos (wine cup), oinochoe (jug), and amphora\u2014and played a central role in the etruscan banquet and funerary rituals. found frequently in etruscan tombs, bucchero ware was also a significant trade item, with examples excavated across the mediterranean, serving as an important archaeological marker for etruscan influence and commerce."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"113","title":{"es":"etruscan oinochoe with open fan decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18205/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.374Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac700 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":18205,"dimensions":{"depth":16},"estimateMin":700},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18206/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18206/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18206/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18206/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 82 mm x 77 mm x 78 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection acquired in 1986 from p.l., paris \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the olpe is a specific type of ancient greek pouring vessel, primarily used as a wine jug. it belongs to the broader category of oinochoai (wine pourers), but the olpe is distinguished by its unique profile. it is typically tall in relation to its breadth, possessing a smooth, continuous profile without a defined shoulder. crucially, the mouth of the olpe is round and continuous, lacking the articulated spout or the distinctive three-lobed (trefoil) mouth found on other pouring vessels. this shape made it ideal for transferring liquids, most commonly diluted wine, from the large mixing bowl (krater) to the individual drinking cups (kylikes or skyphoi) at a symposium (a male drinking party). \n \n the olpe achieved particular prominence and artistic sophistication during the orientalizing period (c. 725\u2013625 bce), especially in corinth. corinthian potters were masters of miniaturist painting, using the black-figure technique with added incision and polychromy (multiple colors) to decorate the olpe's smooth, ovoid body. these vessels often feature decoration arranged in superimposed friezes (horizontal bands), populated by real and fantastic animals\u2014such as lions, panthers, goats, and sphinxes\u2014along with abundant rosettes as filling ornaments. this decorative style was heavily influenced by near eastern and phoenician artistic traditions, showcasing corinth's wide-ranging trade and cultural influence across the mediterranean. \n \n one of the most famous surviving examples of this vessel type is the chigi olpe (c. 650 bce), a masterpiece of proto-corinthian pottery. while small in size (about 26 cm tall), this olpe features complex, highly detailed narrative scenes of mythological and heroic battles (like the judgment of paris), making it a key artifact for studying the transition from the orientalizing style to the narrative focus of later archaic art. found in an etruscan tomb, the chigi olpe, along with many other imported greek olpai, underscores the vital role these vessels played as high-value trade commodities, demonstrating the vast export market for greek fine wares throughout etruria and magna graecia (southern italy)."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"114","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18206/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.376Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18206,"dimensions":{"depth":7.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18207/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18207/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18207/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18207/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 109 mm x 35 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman flasks were versatile and functional vessels used primarily for storing and transporting liquids such as oils, perfumes, and medicinal concoctions. these flasks, which were typically made from glass or ceramic, varied in size and shape, reflecting their diverse uses and the craftsmanship of the period. glass flasks were particularly valued for their ability to contain and preserve aromatic oils and perfumes, which were essential in daily roman life for personal grooming and religious rituals. ceramic flasks, on the other hand, were often used for more practical purposes, such as storing cooking oils or vinegar. \n \n the design of roman flasks often included features that facilitated their use and storage. many flasks had narrow necks to minimize spillage and maintain the quality of their contents. some were equipped with handles or spouts to make pouring easier, while others had stoppers or lids to seal the contents securely. the artistic quality of these vessels varied from simple, utilitarian designs to more elaborate forms decorated with patterns or inscriptions. inscriptions on flasks sometimes indicated the type of liquid contained or the name of the owner, adding a personalized touch to these everyday objects. \n \n roman flasks also provide valuable insights into trade and cultural exchanges within the roman empire. glass production techniques, including the use of molds and blowing methods, were advanced during the roman period, and roman glassware was widely traded across the empire. the distribution of roman flasks throughout various provinces reflects the extensive trade networks and the integration of different cultures within the empire. additionally, the variety in flask designs and materials reveals the adaptability of roman artisans to different regional tastes and technological innovations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"115","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18207/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.378Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18207,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":380,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18208/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18208/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18208/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18208/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18208/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: chalice \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 4th - 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 128 mm x 158 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n impasto is the earliest and most basic form of indigenous etruscan pottery, characteristic of the preceding villanovian culture and continuing into the early phases of the etruscan civilization (c. 9th\u20137th centuries bce). this coarse ware is defined by the composition of its clay, which is unrefined and contains noticeable chips of mica or stone inclusions (temper). impasto vessels were typically handmade rather than wheel-thrown, resulting in thick walls, simple forms, and an often uneven, porous surface texture. fired at low temperatures, the colors of impasto pottery vary widely from dull brown to red, and decoration, when present, usually consists of crude incised or impressed geometric patterns made before firing. \n \n emerging in the 7th century bce, bucchero ware represents the etruscans' major technical and artistic contribution to pottery. it is the signature fabric of the etruscan elite and is immediately recognizable by its uniform jet-black color and striking, highly polished, metallic sheen. the black color is achieved through a controlled reduction firing process, which starves the kiln of oxygen, causing the iron oxide in the clay to turn black throughout the vessel body. bucchero forms, which include kantharoi (cups) and oinochoai (jugs), were often inspired by and designed to imitate expensive metal vessels like silver, offering a sophisticated, locally produced alternative for banquets and funerary rites. \n \n while impasto and bucchero were distinctly etruscan developments, the third major category of etruscan pottery involves vessels that were either directly imported from greece or locally produced in imitation of greek styles. the etruscans were enthusiastic consumers of greek painted vases\u2014particularly corinthian and attic black-figure and red-figure wares\u2014which were highly prized for their narrative scenes and fineware quality. etruscan potters responded by creating their own local versions, such as \"pontic\" vases or etrusco-corinthian ware, incorporating etruscan mythological and cultural motifs into the greek decorative schemes. this synthesis of indigenous techniques (like impasto and bucchero) with foreign influences demonstrates the etruscan culture's commercial reach and its ability to adapt and integrate external artistic ideas."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"116","title":{"es":"etruscan chalice"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18208/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":380,"soldPrice":380,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.379Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18208,"dimensions":{"depth":15.8},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18209/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18209/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18209/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18209/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of a pudendum muliebre \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 23 mm x 76 mm x 84 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan pottery reflects a dynamic blend of indigenous innovation and external influence, particularly from greek and near eastern cultures. during the 7th century b.c., etruscan potters developed the bucchero style\u2014distinctive for its black, glossy surface achieved through a reducing firing technique. bucchero vessels, often finely crafted and decorated with incised or relief patterns, served both everyday and ceremonial functions. early examples were elegant and light, while later ones grew heavier and more elaborate, often mimicking metal prototypes. \n \n by the 6th century b.c., the influence of greek pottery became more pronounced, especially through the importation of corinthian and attic ceramics. etruscan artisans began producing their own painted wares, imitating greek black-figure and later red-figure techniques. these locally made vases, especially from workshops in places like vulci and cerveteri, frequently depict mythological scenes, banquets, and athletic contests, sometimes with uniquely etruscan interpretations. shapes such as amphorae, kraters, and kylikes were common, reflecting the importance of symposium culture. \n \n in the 5th century b.c., etruscan pottery production became increasingly regionalized and somewhat conservative compared to the innovations in greek pottery. however, the continued production of impasto wares\u2014coarse, hand-formed ceramics used for domestic purposes\u2014demonstrates a parallel tradition alongside the finer, painted pieces."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"117","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of a pudendum muliebre"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18209/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.381Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18209,"dimensions":{"depth":8.4},"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18210/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18210/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18210/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18210/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: chalice \n \n material: pottery, bucchero \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 90 mm x 130 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex h.a.c. kunst der antike (1984), ex german private collection, dr. k.d., frankfurt (1978) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etruscan chalice was a distinctive type of drinking vessel used by the etruscans, the ancient civilization of central italy that flourished between the 8th and 3rd centuries bce. chalices were typically made of ceramic, bronze, or bucchero \u2014 the characteristic black etruscan pottery \u2014 and were used in both daily life and ritual contexts. their form often included a deep bowl with a wide rim, supported by a tall stem and foot, making them elegant and easy to handle during banquets or libation ceremonies. the chalice was part of the broader etruscan interest in communal dining and wine drinking, which they inherited and adapted from greek symposium culture. \n \n decoration on etruscan chalices could range from simple burnished surfaces to elaborate figural scenes. in bucchero examples, the glossy black surface was often incised or stamped with geometric or floral motifs, while in bronze or painted ceramic versions, mythological scenes were common. these decorations sometimes reflect both etruscan and imported greek themes, showing how the etruscans absorbed and reinterpreted foreign artistic influences. some chalices were clearly ceremonial, perhaps used for offerings to the gods or for funerary banquets to honor the dead."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"118","title":{"es":"etruscan chalice"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18210/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.383Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18210,"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18211/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18211/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18211/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18211/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: piriform aryballos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: etrusco-corinthian \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 103 mm x 61 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the aryballos (pl. aryballoi) has a small round or ovoid body and a narrow neck. the typically broad and flat lip prevents spillage. the use of the greek term aryballos for this particular shape is a modern convention. it may well have been used in antiquity, but we know that other names, such as lekythos, were also applied. \n \n aryballoi are common in corinthian ware, some being tiny and meticulously decorated. examples are less widespread in athenian, although the shape is depicted on vases or funerary stelai, either hanging up, often with a strigil or sponge in an athletic setting, or being used by the athletes themselves. \n \n in corinth and east greece, warrior\u2019s heads, animals, and other mould-made figures could serve as the body of aryballoi. athenian potters sustain the habit, and there are examples in the form of female heads, shells, even genitals."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"119","title":{"es":"etrusco-corinthian piriform aryballos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18211/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.385Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":18211,"dimensions":{"depth":6.1},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18212/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18212/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18212/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18212/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plaque with sphinx with schematic hieroglyphs and very crude flanking crowns of lower egypt \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: ramesside, 1300 - 1100 b.c \n \n dimensions: 11 mm x 17 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ancient egyptian scarab is an amulet or seal modeled after the dung beetle (scarabaeus sacer), an insect that held profound religious significance. egyptians observed the beetle's habit of rolling a ball of dung across the ground and associated this action with the god khepri, the manifestation of the rising sun. khepri, often depicted as a man with a beetle for a head, was believed to roll the sun disk over the eastern horizon at dawn, symbolizing the concept of renewal and rebirth. because the beetle's offspring seemed to emerge spontaneously from the dung ball, the scarab became a powerful emblem of kheper (which means \"to come into being\" or \"to create\"), representing the endless cycle of life, death, and resurrection \n \n scarab artifacts were incredibly common and produced throughout almost all periods of egyptian history, serving both practical and spiritual functions in daily life. most scarabs were made from glazed steatite (a soft stone that hardens when fired) but were also carved from materials like amethyst, basalt, lapis lazuli, and carnelian. the flat underside of the beetle was typically inscribed or decorated with various motifs: the names of pharaohs (like amenhotep iii's commemorative scarabs), titles of officials, private names, protective mottoes, or simply geometric designs. in this capacity, scarabs were pierced longitudinally to be strung on a cord and used as personal seals for authenticating documents or marking ownership, as well as being worn as amulets for protection and good luck. \n \n the most crucial ritualistic use of the scarab was in funerary practices, particularly the heart scarab of the new kingdom and later periods. this large, often basalt or green stone, scarab was placed over the heart of the deceased during mummification, sometimes replacing the actual heart. the base was inscribed with a vital spell, specifically chapter 30b of the book of the dead, which entreated the heart\u2014considered the seat of the soul and memory\u2014\"do not stand as a witness against me\" during the final judgment before osiris. the heart scarab thus served as a magical safeguard, ensuring that the deceased could successfully navigate the \"weighing of the heart\" ceremony and achieve a peaceful journey into the afterlife and eternal rebirth."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"120","title":{"es":"egyptian plaque with sphinx with schematic hieroglyphs and very crude flanking crowns of lower egypt"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18212/view","directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.747Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18212,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18213/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18213/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18213/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18213/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: modern pendant with antoninus pius denarius \n \n material: silver \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition. original coin within a modern handmade circular silver setting. \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s (coin) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n coin description: divus antoninus pius denarius 18 mm 3,28 gr. . divvs antoninvs, bare head right / consecratio pyre in four tiers, decorated with garlands and statues, door in second tier, facing quadriga on top. ric iii 436 [aurelius]; rsc 164; bmcre 57-59. \n \n antoninus pius, who reigned from 138 to 161 ce, is celebrated as one of the \"five good emperors\" and presided over what is often considered the peak of the roman empire's prosperity and stability\u2014the pax romana. born titus aurelius fulvus boionius antoninus, his ascent was secured through adoption by emperor hadrian, contingent on antoninus in turn adopting the future emperors marcus aurelius and lucius verus. he earned the epithet \"pius\" (meaning \"dutiful, \" \"pious, \" or \"respectful\") from the senate shortly after his accession, either for preventing the senate from posthumously condemning hadrian's memory or for his devotion to the state and traditional roman values. his nearly 23-year rule was remarkably peaceful and free from major wars or internal strife, a rarity in roman imperial history. \n \n unlike his military-focused predecessors, antoninus pius distinguished himself by focusing on internal administration, legal reform, and finance rather than aggressive conquest. he rarely left italy, governing the empire through careful attention to provincial issues and maintaining excellent relations with the roman senate, which restored a sense of senatorial dignity. his most notable military undertaking was the construction of the antonine wall in britain, built north of hadrian's wall around 142 ce to mark a brief advance into caledonia, though this border was eventually abandoned. his reign is also noted for his generous public spending, providing financial aid to various communities and funding numerous building projects in rome, including the restoration of temples and the construction of his daughter faustina's mausoleum. \n \n antoninus pius died peacefully at his ancestral estate at lorium in 161 ce, having achieved the second-longest reign since augustus. his carefully managed succession was the culmination of the adoptive system championed by the \"five good emperors.\" in his final hours, he handed the state and his daughter to marcus aurelius and, when asked for the password by the night-watch tribune, his last recorded word was reportedly \"aequanimitas\" (equanimity or composure)\u2014a perfect summation of his entire reign. though often overlooked in favor of his philosophical successor, marcus aurelius, antoninus pius left a legacy of balanced governance, judicial fairness, and a treasury in good order, providing a stable foundation that allowed the empire to weather the greater crises that followed."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"121","title":{"es":"modern pendant with antoninus pius denarius"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18213/view","tags":["esjewelry_necklacespendants","esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics","esjewelry","esjewelry_all"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:49.831Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18213,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":130,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18214/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18214/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18214/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18214/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jar with two small handles \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 3rd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 96 mm x 97 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1975 \u2013 1990. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bronze age jugs were essential in daily life across the ancient world, particularly in regions like the aegean, the near east, and europe. these vessels were primarily functional, used to store, pour, and transport liquids such as water, oil, wine, and other consumables. characterized by a range of shapes, from globular bodies with narrow necks to elongated forms with wide mouths, bronze age jugs reveal a remarkable diversity that reflects both regional styles and the practical needs of different cultures. the evolution of their designs across the bronze age, from roughly 3300 to 1200 bce, offers insight into technological advances in pottery, as well as the expanding trade networks that spread pottery styles and innovations across cultures. \n \n the materials and techniques used in crafting bronze age jugs reflect the advancements of the time. potters utilized local clays, which they fired in increasingly sophisticated kilns, producing durable ceramics that could withstand daily use and transport. many jugs were burnished or decorated with simple geometric patterns, indicating an aesthetic component beyond functionality. in the aegean and minoan cultures, for instance, jugs were often decorated with marine motifs, spiral designs, and plant patterns, reflecting an appreciation of natural surroundings. in the levant and egypt, jugs might be adorned with incised patterns or painted bands. these stylistic differences, along with variations in shape and form, help archaeologists trace cultural interactions and trade routes, as similar jug types appear across different bronze age societies. \n \n bronze age jugs also held a significant role in ritual and burial practices, indicating their cultural and symbolic value. in many archaeological sites, jugs have been found in tombs, often alongside other grave goods, suggesting that they held meaning beyond everyday usage."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"122","title":{"es":"bronze age jar with two small handles"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18214/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:42.737Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18214,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18215/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18215/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18215/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, . type kennedy 3, hadad 4 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman, herodian period \n \n period: 1st century b.c - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 27 mm x 59 mm x 80 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex jerusalem private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the herodian period refers to the time during which the herodian dynasty ruled over judea, a region in the roman empire, from approximately 37 bce to 70 ce. this period is named after herod the great, who was appointed as king of judea by the roman senate in 37 bce. herod the great's reign was marked by extensive building projects, including the expansion of the second temple in jerusalem, which was one of his most notable achievements. herod's rule is often characterized by his ambitious architectural undertakings, which included fortresses, palaces, and cities, such as caesarea maritima, which he established as a major port city and administrative center. \n \n herod's reign was also marked by political and social upheaval. although he was a skilled administrator and was able to secure significant roman support, his rule was often contentious. he faced opposition from various jewish factions and was known for his harsh measures to maintain control, including the execution of perceived threats within his own family. herod's policies and his efforts to integrate jewish and hellenistic cultures created a complex social and political environment in judea, which sometimes led to tensions with the local population. \n \n following herod's death in 4 bce, his kingdom was divided among his sons, who ruled as tetrarchs. this division eventually led to further instability and conflict, with varying degrees of roman intervention and oversight. the herodian period ultimately ended with the first jewish revolt (66-73 ce), which led to the destruction of the second temple in 70 ce and significant changes in the governance of judea."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"123","title":{"es":"roman, herodian oil lamp, type kennedy 3, hadad 4"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18215/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:42.740Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18215,"dimensions":{"depth":8},"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18216/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18216/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18216/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cup \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 89 mm x 81 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"124","title":{"es":"roman cup"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18216/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:42.742Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18216,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":260,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18217/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18217/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18217/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18217/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18217/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type bussière d ii \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 35 mm x 70 mm x 102 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"125","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp, type bussière d ii"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18217/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":260,"soldPrice":260,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:42.743Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18217,"dimensions":{"depth":10.2},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":240,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18218/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18218/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18218/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18218/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: silenus applique \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 4th - 2nd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 25 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etruscan silenus applique is a fascinating example of the etruscans' adoption and adaptation of greek mythological figures, specifically the wild companion of dionysus (known as bacchus to the romans). an applique is a decorative element, usually made of bronze or terracotta, designed to be attached to another object, such as the handles of large bronze vessels (stamnoi or stamnos), bronze cistae (cylindrical containers), or furniture. in etruscan art, silenus\u2014often depicted as a bald, stout, bearded man with features like horse ears and a snub nose\u2014served primarily as a decorative mask or a small, lively, reclining figure. his imagery evoked the themes of wine, revelry, fertility, and the untamed natural world, reflecting his role as a daimon (nature spirit) and the tutor of the wine god. \n \n the artistic function of these appliqués was two-fold: decorative and apotropaic. the grotesque or exaggerated features of the silenus mask, such as his often furrowed brow, wide eyes, and heavy beard, were believed to possess the power to ward off evil or misfortune. this protective quality, known as apotropaic function, made the silenus head a common motif on the architecture of etruscan temples, particularly as antefixes\u2014decorative tiles placed at the eaves of the roof to conceal and protect the ends of the roof tiles. terracotta antefixes featuring the head of silenus from the 4th century bce are particularly well-documented, often showing traces of the original vivid red, white, and black paint used by etruscan artisans. \n \n the stylistic lineage of the etruscan silenus can be traced directly back to greek prototypes, but etruscan artists frequently infused the figure with their own regional aesthetic, often emphasizing the archaic features for greater expressiveness, especially in earlier bronze works (6th to 5th century bce). these bronze appliqués showcase the etruscan mastery of metalwork\u2014often produced via the lost-wax casting process\u2014and their role as avid consumers and producers of dionysian imagery. whether appearing as a full reclining figure on a vessel or merely as a dynamic mask ornament, the silenus appliqué remains a powerful visual testament to the religious and social importance of dionysiac cults and associated ritual feasting within etruscan society."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"126","title":{"es":"etruscan silenus applique"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18218/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esdecorativearts_figurines","esart","esdecorativearts_all","esart_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"soldPrice":340,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.900Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18218,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18219/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18219/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18219/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18219/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18219/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos with open fan decoration \n \n material: pottery, bucchero \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 45 mm x 151 mm x 123 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etruscan bucchero ware is one of the most distinctive and emblematic forms of ancient etruscan pottery, flourishing primarily between the 7th and 5th centuries bce. its most defining characteristic is its unique, glossy black finish, achieved through a specialized firing technique. instead of firing the clay in an oxidizing atmosphere (which produces red or buff colors), the potters subjected the vessels to a reducing atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide within an enclosed kiln. this process prevented oxygen from reaching the clay, causing the iron oxides to revert to their metallic state, resulting in a matte or high-gloss black color that permeated the entire body of the clay, rather than just being a surface slip. this technique was highly prized, often giving the ceramic an appearance resembling polished metal. \n \n bucchero ware is typically categorized into three main phases: bucchero sottile (thin bucchero), which appeared earliest in the 7th century bce and is characterized by its exceptionally thin walls and delicate, incised geometric patterns; bucchero pesante (heavy bucchero), prevalent from the mid-6th century bce onward, featuring thicker walls, often employing stamping, molding, and relief decoration, sometimes incorporating figures or mythological scenes; and later, bucchero grigio (grey bucchero), a less refined variant. the shapes of bucchero vessels often mimic contemporary bronze and silver forms, including kantharoi (drinking cups), oinochoai (wine pitchers), and kyathoi (ladles). the sophisticated technique and metallic sheen meant that bucchero was often used for banqueting and funerary rituals, holding a high status in the domestic and ceremonial life of the etruscan elite. \n \n the decorative techniques on bucchero pottery focused largely on emphasizing the sharp contrast between the black surface and the lines cut into it. incised decoration (a incisione) was the most common method, using sharp tools to cut geometric motifs, animal friezes, or simple patterns into the leather-hard clay before firing. with the advent of bucchero pesante, techniques shifted to relief molding and stamping, allowing for mass-production and greater narrative complexity, often depicting sphinxes, gorgons, and figures from the dionysian cycle, reflecting the etruscans' growing contact with and assimilation of greek mythological themes. the production of bucchero ware declined significantly after the 5th century bce as imported greek painted pottery (especially black-figure and red-figure styles) became overwhelmingly dominant in etruscan markets."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"127","title":{"es":"etruscan skyphos with open fan decoration"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18219/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-23T01:06:42.745Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18219,"dimensions":{"depth":12.3},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18220/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18220/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18220/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18220/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18220/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: scarab of neferkare \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: third intermediate period, 25th dynasty, 713 - 698 b.c \n \n dimensions: 7 mm x 11 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the scarab of pharaoh shabako, identified by his prenomen (throne name) neferkare, serves as an important artifact connecting the kushite rulers of the 25th dynasty to the ancient traditions of egyptian kingship. shabako, who reigned approximately from 713\u2013698 b.c., was a nubian pharaoh who successfully consolidated kushite control over the whole of egypt, reviving many old egyptian customs and commissioning extensive building works. the appearance of his royal name, neferkare (\"beautiful is the soul of re\"), on a scarab is significant because the scarab beetle itself was a potent symbol of the sun god khepri, representing rebirth, regeneration, and the daily cycle of the sun. by inscribing his name onto this powerful amulet, shabako not only reinforced his divine authority but also firmly positioned himself as a legitimate successor to the pharaohs of egypt's glorious past, even adopting the prenomen of the sixth dynasty ruler pepi ii. \n \n shabako\u2019s royal-name scarabs were typically crafted from materials like hematite, blue faience, or glazed steatite and were small, worn as protective amulets, personal seals, or integrated into jewelry. these scarabs played a crucial dual role: they served a practical administrative function as seals, confirming royal decree or ownership, and an apotropaic, ritual function, providing protection and guaranteeing the pharaoh's success and eternal existence. notably, the 25th dynasty revived the tradition of creating large, commemorative scarabs\u2014a practice originally associated with the powerful new kingdom pharaoh amenhotep iii. these larger pieces were often used to advertise major royal achievements, such as military victories, thereby functioning as important political and diplomatic propaganda across the empire. \n \n the legacy of the neferkare shabako scarab lies in its ability to embody the political and cultural agenda of the 25th dynasty. as kushites, these rulers needed to visibly demonstrate their piety and commitment to egyptian state religion to secure the support of the influential egyptian clergy and populace. by producing numerous artifacts like the royal-name scarabs, often mimicking classical egyptian styles while maintaining their distinct kushite identity, shabako cemented the legitimacy of his rule over both the delta and the thebais. these ubiquitous small objects, recovered widely across egypt and the levant, confirm the extent of his consolidated control and his successful adoption of the millennia-old symbols of egyptian royal power and divine protection."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"128","title":{"es":"egyptian scarab of neferkare, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18220/view","directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.755Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18220,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18221/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18221/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18221/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18221/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18221/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18221/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos \n \n material: pottery, bucchero \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 102 mm x 190 mm x 121 mm \n \n condition: good condition, restored \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etruscan bucchero ware is one of the most distinctive and emblematic forms of ancient etruscan pottery, flourishing primarily between the 7th and 5th centuries bce. its most defining characteristic is its unique, glossy black finish, achieved through a specialized firing technique. instead of firing the clay in an oxidizing atmosphere (which produces red or buff colors), the potters subjected the vessels to a reducing atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide within an enclosed kiln. this process prevented oxygen from reaching the clay, causing the iron oxides to revert to their metallic state, resulting in a matte or high-gloss black color that permeated the entire body of the clay, rather than just being a surface slip. this technique was highly prized, often giving the ceramic an appearance resembling polished metal. \n \n bucchero ware is typically categorized into three main phases: bucchero sottile (thin bucchero), which appeared earliest in the 7th century bce and is characterized by its exceptionally thin walls and delicate, incised geometric patterns; bucchero pesante (heavy bucchero), prevalent from the mid-6th century bce onward, featuring thicker walls, often employing stamping, molding, and relief decoration, sometimes incorporating figures or mythological scenes; and later, bucchero grigio (grey bucchero), a less refined variant. the shapes of bucchero vessels often mimic contemporary bronze and silver forms, including kantharoi (drinking cups), oinochoai (wine pitchers), and kyathoi (ladles). the sophisticated technique and metallic sheen meant that bucchero was often used for banqueting and funerary rituals, holding a high status in the domestic and ceremonial life of the etruscan elite. \n \n the decorative techniques on bucchero pottery focused largely on emphasizing the sharp contrast between the black surface and the lines cut into it. incised decoration (a incisione) was the most common method, using sharp tools to cut geometric motifs, animal friezes, or simple patterns into the leather-hard clay before firing. with the advent of bucchero pesante, techniques shifted to relief molding and stamping, allowing for mass-production and greater narrative complexity, often depicting sphinxes, gorgons, and figures from the dionysian cycle, reflecting the etruscans' growing contact with and assimilation of greek mythological themes. the production of bucchero ware declined significantly after the 5th century bce as imported greek painted pottery (especially black-figure and red-figure styles) became overwhelmingly dominant in etruscan markets."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"129","title":{"es":"etruscan skyphos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18221/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.902Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18221,"dimensions":{"depth":12.1},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18222/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18222/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18222/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18222/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18222/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: vessel \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: etrusco-corinthian \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 102 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etrusco-corinthian vessels represent a significant phase in etruscan pottery production, specifically flourishing during the orientalizing period (roughly 700\u2013600 bce). this style emerged when etruscan potters, exposed to the highly desirable pottery imported from corinth (greece), began to actively imitate the athenian city's sophisticated techniques and distinctive decorative motifs. the resulting etrusco-corinthian ware typically features a pale clay body and utilizes the black-figure technique, where silhouetted figures are painted onto the light surface and enhanced with incised lines and added red and white colors. etruscan artists successfully replicated the shapes of corinthian vessels, such as the aryballos (small perfume flask), olpe (pitcher), and kotyle (small deep cup), which were popular items of trade and social display. \n \n the most recognizable characteristic adopted from corinth was the \"animal frieze\" motif. etrusco-corinthian vessels are heavily decorated with bands of real and fantastic creatures\u2014including lions, panthers, goats, deer, and mythological beasts like sphinxes and griffins\u2014often arranged in orderly procession. a defining feature is the use of rosettes or floral elements as \"filling ornaments\" to completely cover the background space, a stylistic trait known as horror vacui (fear of empty space) borrowed directly from their greek models. while skillfully executed, the etruscan imitations often demonstrate a less precise execution of the figures and a flatter, more stylized rendition compared to the dynamic, detailed naturalism of the original corinthian works. \n \n despite the heavy reliance on corinthian influence, the etrusco-corinthian style was not merely a copy; it reflected etruscan tastes and sometimes incorporated unique elements, especially in later examples. for instance, the etruscan potters sometimes included scenes with local mythological figures or applied colors in ways that diverged from the strict greek canon. these vessels played a critical role in the etruscan economy, satisfying the elite demand for luxury items used in symposia (drinking parties) and funerary rites. ultimately, this period of intense emulation provided a foundational skill set and decorative vocabulary that would evolve into the later, more distinctively etruscan black-figure and red-figure styles, illustrating the complex cultural interchange that defined the ancient mediterranean."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"130","title":{"es":"etrusco-corinthian vessel"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18222/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.904Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18222,"dimensions":{"depth":10.2},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18223/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18223/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18223/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18223/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18223/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18223/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery, bucchero \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th - 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 228 mm x 160 mm x 140 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n bibliography: rasmussen, tom b . \"bucchero pottery from southern etruria\", cambridge, cambridge university press, 1979 pl. 23, n° 100 (type 1b) \n \n parallel: musée saint-remi, inv. 2019.1.37 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the etruscan bucchero ware is one of the most distinctive and emblematic forms of ancient etruscan pottery, flourishing primarily between the 7th and 5th centuries bce. its most defining characteristic is its unique, glossy black finish, achieved through a specialized firing technique. instead of firing the clay in an oxidizing atmosphere (which produces red or buff colors), the potters subjected the vessels to a reducing atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide within an enclosed kiln. this process prevented oxygen from reaching the clay, causing the iron oxides to revert to their metallic state, resulting in a matte or high-gloss black color that permeated the entire body of the clay, rather than just being a surface slip. this technique was highly prized, often giving the ceramic an appearance resembling polished metal. \n \n bucchero ware is typically categorized into three main phases: bucchero sottile (thin bucchero), which appeared earliest in the 7th century bce and is characterized by its exceptionally thin walls and delicate, incised geometric patterns; bucchero pesante (heavy bucchero), prevalent from the mid-6th century bce onward, featuring thicker walls, often employing stamping, molding, and relief decoration, sometimes incorporating figures or mythological scenes; and later, bucchero grigio (grey bucchero), a less refined variant. the shapes of bucchero vessels often mimic contemporary bronze and silver forms, including kantharoi (drinking cups), oinochoai (wine pitchers), and kyathoi (ladles). the sophisticated technique and metallic sheen meant that bucchero was often used for banqueting and funerary rituals, holding a high status in the domestic and ceremonial life of the etruscan elite. \n \n the decorative techniques on bucchero pottery focused largely on emphasizing the sharp contrast between the black surface and the lines cut into it. incised decoration (a incisione) was the most common method, using sharp tools to cut geometric motifs, animal friezes, or simple patterns into the leather-hard clay before firing. with the advent of bucchero pesante, techniques shifted to relief molding and stamping, allowing for mass-production and greater narrative complexity, often depicting sphinxes, gorgons, and figures from the dionysian cycle, reflecting the etruscans' growing contact with and assimilation of greek mythological themes. the production of bucchero ware declined significantly after the 5th century bce as imported greek painted pottery (especially black-figure and red-figure styles) became overwhelmingly dominant in etruscan markets."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"131","title":{"es":"etruscan olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18223/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.905Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18223,"dimensions":{"depth":14},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":400,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18224/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18224/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18224/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18224/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18224/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18224/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oinochoe \n \n material: pottery, bucchero ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 298 mm x 215 mm x 205 mm \n \n condition: good condition, repaired \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bucchero ware is the quintessential ceramic fabric of the etruscans, an indigenous, pre-roman people of central italy. produced chiefly between the 7th and 5th centuries bce, this distinctive pottery is instantly recognizable by its uniform jet-black color and striking, highly polished, almost metallic surface sheen. the color is not the result of a glaze or paint, but rather a sophisticated firing technique known as reduction firing. in this process, the oxygen supply in the kiln is deliberately restricted, causing the iron oxide naturally present in the clay to lose its oxygen molecules, changing the clay's natural red color to black\u2014a color that penetrates the entire body of the ceramic. the lustrous finish was achieved by carefully burnishing (polishing by rubbing) the surface of the vessel before firing. \n \n the forms and aesthetic of bucchero ware strongly suggest it was intended to imitate the appearance of more expensive metalware, particularly silver vessels, which were popular luxury imports in etruria. etruscan potters cleverly translated the sharp lines, crisp edges, and sometimes elaborate handles and fittings of metal vessels into a ceramic medium, providing a less costly but still elegant alternative for the elite. bucchero is broadly classified into two major styles reflecting its chronological development. the earliest and finest production is known as bucchero sottile (\"thin bucchero\"), characterized by extremely thin, delicate walls (sometimes less than 2mm thick), which represent a high technical achievement. \n \n as the etruscan culture matured, the style evolved from the subtle sottile to bucchero pesante (\"heavy bucchero\") starting around the mid-6th century bce. this later style featured thicker walls, squatter proportions, and a heavier reliance on applied relief decoration, often created by rolling a cylinder with recessed designs over the soft clay. bucchero vessels came in many forms\u2014including the greek-inspired kantharos (wine cup), oinochoe (jug), and amphora\u2014and played a central role in the etruscan banquet and funerary rituals. found frequently in etruscan tombs, bucchero ware was also a significant trade item, with examples excavated across the mediterranean, serving as an important archaeological marker for etruscan influence and commerce."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"132","title":{"es":"etruscan oinochoe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18224/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":400,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.907Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18224,"dimensions":{"depth":20.5},"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18225/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18225/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18225/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18225/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: juglet \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 88 mm x 69 mm x 52 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a roman glass juglet is a small, specialized vessel used primarily during the roman imperial period (roughly 1st to 4th centuries ce) for holding and dispensing small quantities of liquids, most often perfumes, oils, or unguents. these vessels were essential components of daily life, particularly in toilette and funerary rituals. they are almost universally characterized by their small size, a spherical or globular body, a long, narrow neck, and a delicate single handle. the advent of glassblowing technology in the 1st century bce revolutionized their production, allowing for greater variety, speed, and affordability, which made glass juglets common household items and typical grave goods found across the vast expanse of the roman empire, from britain to the levant. \n \n the aesthetics of these juglets varied widely depending on the region and the era of their manufacture. early examples often exhibit pale green or bluish tints\u2014the natural color of the glass due to iron impurities in the sand\u2014and feature simple, functional forms. later examples, especially those from the 2nd and 3rd centuries ce, demonstrate increasing sophistication, incorporating techniques like marvering, applied trails of glass, or mold-blowing to create patterned surfaces. their fragility in antiquity means that the discovery of intact specimens is valuable, often revealing the high degree of skill achieved by roman glassworkers. the simplicity of their design, focused on minimizing evaporation while allowing for controlled pouring, underscores their functional nature as containers for precious liquids. \n \n the context of their discovery is key to understanding their use. in domestic settings, they were found in dressing rooms or attached to bath equipment, confirming their role in personal grooming and hygiene. crucially, they are frequently unearthed in roman cemeteries and tombs, where they were interred alongside the deceased. this funerary practice reflects the belief that the departed would require personal items, including perfumes and oils, in the afterlife. their presence in graves provides modern archaeologists with invaluable dating evidence and offers insight into the ritualistic and economic significance of these small, utilitarian objects, which represented a fusion of widespread roman technology and the enduring desire for personal beautification."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"133","title":{"es":"roman juglet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18225/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:54.580Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18225,"dimensions":{"depth":5.2},"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":60,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18226/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18226/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18226/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18226/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: votive 'manu fica' amulet \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 19 mm x 9 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex austrian private collection, a.k., acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the fig sign is a mildly obscene gesture used at least since the roman age in italy and southern europe and parts of the mediterranean region, including in turkish culture, and has also been adopted by slavic cultures. the gesture uses a thumb wedged in between two fingers. this gesture is most commonly used to ward off the evil eye, insult someone, or deny a request. in ancient rome, the fig sign, or manu fica, was made by the pater familias to ward off the evil spirits of the dead as a part of the lemuria ritual. \n \n the lemuralia or lemurian festival is the name given to a pagan religious celebration of the ancient romans, in which they performed apotropaic rites for three days and nights to exorcise the ghosts of the restless dead and prevent them from haunting their homes. \n \n the description of the ceremony or domestic liturgy carried out in these days by the roman citizens was given by the latin poet ovid in his fasti: the pater familias would walk barefoot through the house at midnight and make an offering of black beans that he would throw behind his shoulder without turning or looking back, making a fig or chestnut as a defence spell (digitis medio cum pollice iunctis), while he noticed a bronze jug, pot or pot and pronounced the formula: manes exite paterni! / \"come out, spirits of the ancestors\", in a completely apotropic context. \n \n during the days of this festival, the ghosts of the restless dead (called larvae or lemurs, and sometimes umbrae, immagines, species), who could not find rest because they had died a tragic, violent or suicidal death and could disturb the sleep of the living and show themselves at night, were also appeased with offerings of grain and the vestals prepared to offer them the mola salsa, a coarse flour cake with salt made from the first ears of wheat harvested in the season. during these days, considered to be a bad omen, weddings were forbidden (from which the proverb mense maio malae nubunt / \"the bad girls got married in may\"); moreover, all the temples were closed and at night large pots or bronze cymbals were constantly beaten."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"134","title":{"es":"romano-egyptian votive 'manu fica' amulet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18226/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_figurines","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":60,"soldPrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.908Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18226,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18227/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18227/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18227/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 200 mm x 105 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman jugs, often referred to by their latin names such as oinochoe, lagynos, or ampulla, were ubiquitous vessels in the roman world, designed primarily for holding, serving, and pouring wine, water, or other beverages. made from diverse materials including pottery (terra sigillata), bronze, and glass, jugs varied in size and refinement according to their intended use, ranging from simple, utilitarian terracotta pitchers used in the kitchen to elaborately decorated bronze vessels employed during formal banquets (convivia). the bronze jugs, in particular, often featured intricate handles molded with mythological figures, masks, or animal heads, showcasing the roman mastery of metalworking and reflecting the high status of the owner. \n \n the evolution of roman jugs was influenced by both etruscan and greek traditions, but the vessels were adapted to the distinctly roman custom of communal dining and drinking. clay jugs, especially those produced in mass quantities throughout the empire, were essential for local commerce and military provisioning. the roman emphasis on hygiene and the widespread availability of blown glass from the 1st century ce onwards led to a proliferation of glass jugs. these were prized for their non-porous nature and clarity, allowing the contents to be seen. glass jugs, often found in domestic and funerary contexts, typically featured a single handle, a wide belly, and a slightly flared or pinched rim designed for easy pouring and minimal spillage. \n \n beyond their practical use in the tavern or dining room, roman jugs held ritual and symbolic significance. in religious rites, they were used to pour libations to the gods, making them common finds near altars and temples. in funerary contexts, jugs were often included as grave goods\u2014sometimes even intentionally broken\u2014symbolizing the consumption of beverages in the afterlife or providing sustenance for the deceased's journey. regardless of their material, roman jugs stand as testament to the advanced manufacturing and widespread trade networks of the imperial era, reflecting the daily habits, religious beliefs, and social stratification of the people who used them."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"135","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18227/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_flatwareservingpieces","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:10.910Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18227,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18228/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18228/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18228/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18228/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: iron age, punic \n \n period: 7th - 5th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 17 mm x 94 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. xxiv and xxv, fig 37 to 44 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 4 to 6 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the amount of the sale, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n punic lamps, primarily associated with the phoenician and carthaginian civilizations, were an essential part of daily life and religious practices in the western mediterranean from the 7th century bce through the roman conquest of carthage in 146 bce. these lamps were typically made of terracotta and followed a simple, functional design, often consisting of an open or slightly closed bowl with a spout for the wick. early punic lamps were hand-formed and resembled greek and near eastern prototypes, but over time, they developed distinct regional characteristics, especially in north africa, sardinia, and southern spain, where carthaginian influence was strong. many punic lamps were wheel-made, while later examples were produced using molds, allowing for more standardized shapes and decorative motifs. \n \n one of the defining features of punic lamps was their use in both domestic and ritual contexts. in households, they provided essential illumination, burning olive oil or other available fuels. in religious settings, they were frequently found in temples and sanctuaries, often associated with offerings to deities such as tanit and baal hammon, the chief gods of carthaginian religion. some punic lamps bore simple incised or molded decorations, including geometric patterns, rosettes, or stylized symbols linked to religious iconography, such as crescent moons or palm branches. the presence of lamps in funerary contexts suggests they were also used in burial rites, possibly to guide the deceased in the afterlife, a practice common in many ancient mediterranean cultures. \n \n the production of punic lamps continued even after the fall of carthage, as elements of punic material culture persisted under roman rule. north african workshops, in particular, remained active in producing oil lamps, blending punic and roman stylistic influences. archaeological discoveries of punic lamps in diverse locations across the mediterranean highlight the extensive trade networks maintained by the carthaginians and their cultural exchanges with neighboring civilizations."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"136","title":{"es":"iron age, punic lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18228/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.822Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18228,"dimensions":{"depth":9.4},"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":500,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18229/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18229/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18229/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18229/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18229/005/005.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: anatomical votive model of an uterus \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 85 mm x 150 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":700,"lotNumber":"137","title":{"es":"etruscan anatomical votive model of an uterus"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18229/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_figurines","esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esdecorativearts_all","esart_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"soldPrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.826Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac700","currency":"EUR","id":18229,"dimensions":{"depth":15},"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18230/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18230/002/002.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: brick stamped \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 192 mm x 132 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex germany private collection, acquired before 1980s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a roman brick stamp is a fired clay impression used to mark bricks and tiles produced in the roman world, primarily during the imperial period. these stamps were typically pressed into the wet clay before firing, leaving behind inscriptions that recorded valuable information. the marks could include the name of the owner of the brickyard, the legion or military unit that produced the brick, or even the consular date, which provides a secure chronological framework. because of this, brick stamps are not just practical identifiers but also critical archaeological evidence. \n \n the use of brick stamps was especially widespread from the 1st to the 3rd centuries ce, particularly around rome and its surrounding regions. many stamped bricks bear the names of imperial estates or private entrepreneurs, showing how production was organized on both state and private levels. in military contexts, stamped bricks can reveal which legion was stationed in a given area, offering direct evidence for troop movements and construction projects. the stamps also sometimes contained abbreviations and symbols, requiring careful epigraphic study to interpret correctly."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"138","title":{"es":"roman brick stamped"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18230/view","tags":["escollectibles_hardware","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.828Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18230,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":340,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18231/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18231/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18231/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18231/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18231/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: votive model of a statuette \n \n material: terracotta \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 5th - 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 173 mm x 55 mm x 37 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, ex spanish antiquities dealer (2022), ex belgian private collection, brussels \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n etruscan votive models, particularly anatomical offerings and effigies, are fascinating artifacts that reveal much about the religious practices and medical concerns of ancient etruria, especially between the 4th and 2nd centuries bce. these votives were typically deposited in sanctuaries and sacred springs as acts of devotion or supplication to the gods, often in the hope of healing a specific ailment or in thanks for divine intervention. crafted from terracotta, bronze, or occasionally stone, these models replicate human body parts\u2014eyes, limbs, internal organs, breasts, genitalia\u2014and are often found in large numbers at healing sanctuaries associated with deities like menrva (minerva) or aplu (apollo). \n \n the anatomical votives represent a symbolic language of health and bodily integrity. for example, a votive eye might be offered in hopes of curing blindness or infection, while a model uterus could be linked to fertility concerns. their realism varies: some are stylized and schematic, while others are surprisingly naturalistic, possibly even individualized. these offerings served a dual role: they were both ritual acts and communicative gestures, voicing the suppliant\u2019s needs in a tangible, visible way. some scholars have proposed that these votives may also reflect early understandings of anatomy and pathology in the etruscan world, hinting at empirical observation rooted in experience, if not systematic medical science. \n \n in addition to anatomical models, votive heads and full-figure statues were also common, often life-sized or larger. these heads, usually depicting serene or pious expressions, might represent the donor themselves or serve as idealized images of the human devotee in relation to the divine."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"139","title":{"es":"etruscan votive model of a statuette"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18231/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":340,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:54.583Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18231,"dimensions":{"depth":3.7},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18232/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18232/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18232/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18232/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plaque with enthroned deity, hero with lion and beetle in the exergue \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: post-ramesside, 1100 - 900 b.c \n \n dimensions: 12 mm x 17 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"140","title":{"es":"egyptian plaque with enthroned deity, hero with lion and beetle in the exergue"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18232/view","tags":["esinternational_african","esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esinternational","esinternational_all","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.829Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18232,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":340,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18233/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18233/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18233/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18233/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18233/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 325 mm x 255 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman jugs, often referred to by their latin names such as oinochoe, lagynos, or ampulla, were ubiquitous vessels in the roman world, designed primarily for holding, serving, and pouring wine, water, or other beverages. made from diverse materials including pottery (terra sigillata), bronze, and glass, jugs varied in size and refinement according to their intended use, ranging from simple, utilitarian terracotta pitchers used in the kitchen to elaborately decorated bronze vessels employed during formal banquets (convivia). the bronze jugs, in particular, often featured intricate handles molded with mythological figures, masks, or animal heads, showcasing the roman mastery of metalworking and reflecting the high status of the owner. \n \n the evolution of roman jugs was influenced by both etruscan and greek traditions, but the vessels were adapted to the distinctly roman custom of communal dining and drinking. clay jugs, especially those produced in mass quantities throughout the empire, were essential for local commerce and military provisioning. the roman emphasis on hygiene and the widespread availability of blown glass from the 1st century ce onwards led to a proliferation of glass jugs. these were prized for their non-porous nature and clarity, allowing the contents to be seen. glass jugs, often found in domestic and funerary contexts, typically featured a single handle, a wide belly, and a slightly flared or pinched rim designed for easy pouring and minimal spillage. \n \n beyond their practical use in the tavern or dining room, roman jugs held ritual and symbolic significance. in religious rites, they were used to pour libations to the gods, making them common finds near altars and temples. in funerary contexts, jugs were often included as grave goods\u2014sometimes even intentionally broken\u2014symbolizing the consumption of beverages in the afterlife or providing sustenance for the deceased's journey. regardless of their material, roman jugs stand as testament to the advanced manufacturing and widespread trade networks of the imperial era, reflecting the daily habits, religious beliefs, and social stratification of the people who used them."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"141","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18233/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":340,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.757Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18233,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18234/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18234/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18234/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18234/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 83 mm x 45 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman flasks were versatile and functional vessels used primarily for storing and transporting liquids such as oils, perfumes, and medicinal concoctions. these flasks, which were typically made from glass or ceramic, varied in size and shape, reflecting their diverse uses and the craftsmanship of the period. glass flasks were particularly valued for their ability to contain and preserve aromatic oils and perfumes, which were essential in daily roman life for personal grooming and religious rituals. ceramic flasks, on the other hand, were often used for more practical purposes, such as storing cooking oils or vinegar. \n \n the design of roman flasks often included features that facilitated their use and storage. many flasks had narrow necks to minimize spillage and maintain the quality of their contents. some were equipped with handles or spouts to make pouring easier, while others had stoppers or lids to seal the contents securely. the artistic quality of these vessels varied from simple, utilitarian designs to more elaborate forms decorated with patterns or inscriptions. inscriptions on flasks sometimes indicated the type of liquid contained or the name of the owner, adding a personalized touch to these everyday objects. \n \n roman flasks also provide valuable insights into trade and cultural exchanges within the roman empire. glass production techniques, including the use of molds and blowing methods, were advanced during the roman period, and roman glassware was widely traded across the empire. the distribution of roman flasks throughout various provinces reflects the extensive trade networks and the integration of different cultures within the empire. additionally, the variety in flask designs and materials reveals the adaptability of roman artisans to different regional tastes and technological innovations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"142","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18234/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.759Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18234,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18235/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18235/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18235/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18235/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18235/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18235/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: skyphos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 70 mm x 142 mm x 88 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n a greek skyphos is a type of drinking cup used in ancient greece, particularly during the archaic and classical periods (circa 700\u2013300 bce). the skyphos typically features two horizontal handles and a deep, rounded bowl. it was often used for drinking wine, both in private homes and during symposia (social drinking parties). the shape of the skyphos made it easy to hold and drink from, and it was a popular vessel for everyday use as well as for ceremonial occasions. the design of the skyphos remained consistent over time, with slight variations in size and decoration depending on the region and period. \n \n the decoration of greek skyphoi often reflected the artistic trends of the time, ranging from simple, geometric patterns to more complex mythological scenes. black-figure and red-figure pottery techniques were commonly employed to decorate the cups, with the former style becoming prominent during the 6th century bce. artists would often depict scenes from greek mythology, such as gods and goddesses, heroes, and daily life, making the skyphos not only a functional object but also an expression of cultural and artistic identity. these vessels were not only practical but served as a form of storytelling, with their elaborate designs adding a layer of visual richness to the drinking experience. \n \n in terms of social and cultural significance, the skyphos was closely associated with the symposium, an important part of greek social life where men gathered to drink, converse, and engage in intellectual discussions. the skyphos was the typical vessel for these gatherings, reflecting the importance of wine-drinking in greek culture."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"143","title":{"es":"greek skyphos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18235/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.760Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18235,"dimensions":{"depth":8.8},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18236/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18236/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18236/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18236/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th - 3rd century b.c \n \n dimensions: 27 mm x 73 mm x 75 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n greek oil lamps (lychnoi) were essential and commonplace objects in ancient greek life, providing necessary illumination for domestic, professional, and ritual activities from the bronze age through the hellenistic period. initially, lighting was achieved using simple open-bowl lamps made of clay, which evolved from simple saucers with a slightly pinched rim to hold the wick. the key development occurred around the 6th century bce when the shape transitioned into the more efficient \"open shoe\" or \"shoe-shaped\" lamp, featuring a circular reservoir and a distinct spout (or nozzle) where a linen or fiber wick was placed. this design minimized oil spillage and provided a focused, steady flame, signaling the beginning of the standardized greek lamp form. \n \n the shift towards enclosed lamps\u2014common from the 4th century bce onwards\u2014marked a major innovation. these lamps featured a completely enclosed circular or rounded body (reservoir) with three main openings: a small hole for the wick (the nozzle), a larger central hole for filling the oil (the filling hole), and often a small hole to allow air circulation. this enclosed design improved fuel efficiency, reduced smoke and odor, and made the lamps portable. materials varied, but the vast majority of lamps were made of terracotta; the wide availability and ease of molding clay allowed for mass production and affordability. more luxurious lamps for public use or wealthy homes were sometimes crafted from bronze, often featuring stands or multiple nozzles. \n \n in terms of function and context, greek oil lamps were ubiquitous. they were indispensable in domestic life for lighting work areas and dining rooms, and played a significant role in religious ceremonies and public festivals. they also served as frequent grave goods in burials, where they were believed to provide light for the deceased in the underworld. the decoration of the lamps, typically found on the discus (the top flat surface around the filling hole) in the hellenistic era, included simple geometric patterns, rosettes, or more complex molded reliefs of deities, animals, or theatrical masks. this diverse usage and evolving design reflect their fundamental status as technological and cultural artifacts throughout the ancient greek world."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"144","title":{"es":"greek oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18236/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.762Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18236,"dimensions":{"depth":7.5},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18237/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18237/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18237/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18237/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: flask \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 60 mm x 45 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, w.f., acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman flasks were versatile and functional vessels used primarily for storing and transporting liquids such as oils, perfumes, and medicinal concoctions. these flasks, which were typically made from glass or ceramic, varied in size and shape, reflecting their diverse uses and the craftsmanship of the period. glass flasks were particularly valued for their ability to contain and preserve aromatic oils and perfumes, which were essential in daily roman life for personal grooming and religious rituals. ceramic flasks, on the other hand, were often used for more practical purposes, such as storing cooking oils or vinegar. \n \n the design of roman flasks often included features that facilitated their use and storage. many flasks had narrow necks to minimize spillage and maintain the quality of their contents. some were equipped with handles or spouts to make pouring easier, while others had stoppers or lids to seal the contents securely. the artistic quality of these vessels varied from simple, utilitarian designs to more elaborate forms decorated with patterns or inscriptions. inscriptions on flasks sometimes indicated the type of liquid contained or the name of the owner, adding a personalized touch to these everyday objects. \n \n roman flasks also provide valuable insights into trade and cultural exchanges within the roman empire. glass production techniques, including the use of molds and blowing methods, were advanced during the roman period, and roman glassware was widely traded across the empire. the distribution of roman flasks throughout various provinces reflects the extensive trade networks and the integration of different cultures within the empire. additionally, the variety in flask designs and materials reveals the adaptability of roman artisans to different regional tastes and technological innovations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"145","title":{"es":"roman flask"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18237/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.764Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18237,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18238/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18238/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18238/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18238/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: single-handled skyphos \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 125 mm x 97 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired in 1986 from p.l., paris \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the one-handled skyphos is a distinctive variant of the typical skyphos, a deep, two-handled drinking cup widely used throughout the ancient greek world, particularly from the archaic to the hellenistic periods. while the classic skyphos features two horizontal loop handles, this variation incorporates only one functional handle, with the other side often left plain or featuring a small stub or knob in its place, sometimes referred to as a single-handled bowl. this modification likely reflected a change in drinking customs or simply offered a more practical and less cumbersome design for casual use, especially in contexts where the vessel might be frequently held and passed between users. \n \n in terms of material and production, the one-handled skyphos followed the same trends as other popular greek drinking vessels. it was predominantly made of terracotta, often finished in the black-glazed style common throughout the 5th and 4th centuries bce, particularly in attica. the shape itself is characterized by its deep, hemispherical body and a low, ring-shaped foot. the single handle, usually a large loop handle, provided a secure grip, enabling the cup to be easily dipped into a krater (a large bowl for mixing wine and water) and held steadily while drinking. this vessel type was highly utilitarian, found not only in domestic and symposion settings but also frequently discovered in tombs, signifying its integral role in both daily life and funerary rituals. \n \n the prominence of the one-handled skyphos increased significantly during the hellenistic period, often evolving into simpler, more standardized forms. its functional efficiency and straightforward aesthetic made it a common fixture in various pottery centers across the hellenistic kingdoms. while perhaps less elaborate than their richly painted red-figure predecessors, these single-handled cups are crucial for understanding the widespread adoption of standardized tableware. they demonstrate a move towards functional simplicity and serve as archaeological evidence for the evolving dining customs and manufacturing efficiency that characterized the later phases of greek antiquity."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"146","title":{"es":"greek single-handled skyphos"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18238/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.766Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":18238,"dimensions":{"depth":9.7},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":360,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18239/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18239/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18239/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18239/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18239/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bulla from priest of isis called harsiese \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 6th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 17 mm x 17 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bullae\u2014clay seals impressed with stamp or signet\u2014were used to secure and authenticate documents or containers, signifying the authority of the individual whose seal was used. in this case, the presence of the name harsiese, a theophoric name meaning \"horus, son of isis, \" suggests a strong devotional identity tied to the cult of isis, a goddess whose influence expanded significantly during the late period. \n \n the priestly title associated with harsiese reflects his elite status within the temple hierarchy, likely serving in a significant role within a temple dedicated to isis, whose cult center was prominent at philae and other locations. during the 26th dynasty (saite period), egypt experienced a renaissance in religious expression, art, and archaism, with increased interest in preserving traditional forms while also incorporating foreign influences. this bulla thus represents not only personal identity and priestly authority but also the broader religious revival of the era."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"147","title":{"es":"egyptian bulla from priest of isis called harsiese, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18239/view","tags":["esinternational_african","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":360,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.830Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18239,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18240/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18240/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18240/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18240/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 243 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"148","title":{"es":"roman plate"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18240/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.767Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18240,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":240,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18241/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18241/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18241/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18241/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting a horse, type bussière b iv \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 70 mm x 110 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"149","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting a horse, type bussière b iv"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18241/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.768Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18241,"dimensions":{"depth":11},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":120,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18242/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18242/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18242/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 2nd - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 200 mm x 128 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman jugs, often referred to by their latin names such as oinochoe, lagynos, or ampulla, were ubiquitous vessels in the roman world, designed primarily for holding, serving, and pouring wine, water, or other beverages. made from diverse materials including pottery (terra sigillata), bronze, and glass, jugs varied in size and refinement according to their intended use, ranging from simple, utilitarian terracotta pitchers used in the kitchen to elaborately decorated bronze vessels employed during formal banquets (convivia). the bronze jugs, in particular, often featured intricate handles molded with mythological figures, masks, or animal heads, showcasing the roman mastery of metalworking and reflecting the high status of the owner. \n \n the evolution of roman jugs was influenced by both etruscan and greek traditions, but the vessels were adapted to the distinctly roman custom of communal dining and drinking. clay jugs, especially those produced in mass quantities throughout the empire, were essential for local commerce and military provisioning. the roman emphasis on hygiene and the widespread availability of blown glass from the 1st century ce onwards led to a proliferation of glass jugs. these were prized for their non-porous nature and clarity, allowing the contents to be seen. glass jugs, often found in domestic and funerary contexts, typically featured a single handle, a wide belly, and a slightly flared or pinched rim designed for easy pouring and minimal spillage. \n \n beyond their practical use in the tavern or dining room, roman jugs held ritual and symbolic significance. in religious rites, they were used to pour libations to the gods, making them common finds near altars and temples. in funerary contexts, jugs were often included as grave goods\u2014sometimes even intentionally broken\u2014symbolizing the consumption of beverages in the afterlife or providing sustenance for the deceased's journey. regardless of their material, roman jugs stand as testament to the advanced manufacturing and widespread trade networks of the imperial era, reflecting the daily habits, religious beliefs, and social stratification of the people who used them."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"150","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18242/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"soldPrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:48.770Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18242,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":380,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18243/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18243/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18243/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18243/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18243/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp depicting an erotic scene \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 43 mm x 78 mm x 110 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps featuring erotic scenes constitute a fascinating and distinct category within the vast corpus of ancient roman pottery and lighting devices. these lamps, typically molded from terracotta, frequently display depictions of sexual acts, explicit encounters, or suggestive imagery. far from being marginal or hidden objects, such lamps were relatively common throughout the roman imperial period, especially from the 1st to 3rd centuries ce. their widespread discovery across all strata of roman society\u2014from urban homes to military camps\u2014suggests a more open and integrated approach to sexuality in roman culture than might be perceived in many modern contexts. the scenes, often molded in low relief on the discus (the central upper surface of the lamp), could range from explicit copulation to more subtle depictions of genitalia or figures engaged in amorous play, offering a glimpse into the visual culture of roman sensuality. \n \n the function and context of these erotic lamps were diverse, reflecting the multifaceted role of sexuality in roman life. while some may have been used in brothels or private chambers for intimate gatherings, it is clear from archaeological contexts that they were also found in seemingly ordinary domestic settings. they served as conversation pieces, humorous gifts, or even expressions of personal taste. the erotic imagery was often imbued with elements of fertility symbolism and the worship of deities like venus and priapus, making them suitable offerings in certain cultic contexts or as votive gifts. furthermore, their presence in tombs suggests an apotropaic function, where explicit imagery was believed to ward off evil or ensure fertility and continuity in the afterlife. \n \n the production of these lamps was efficient, utilizing standardized clay molds that allowed for the replication of popular designs, indicating a robust demand. the artistic quality varied, but many exhibit considerable skill in capturing dynamic and detailed scenes within the small circular space of the lamp's discus. scholars debate the precise social implications of these objects\u2014whether they were seen as purely functional items with added flair, expressions of bawdy humor, or deeper reflections of roman attitudes towards sensuality and the human body. regardless, roman oil lamps with erotic scenes provide invaluable archaeological and iconographic evidence for understanding the pervasive and often uninhibited nature of sexual representation in the daily lives of ancient romans, challenging modern perceptions of ancient morality."},"estimateMax":600,"lotNumber":"151","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp depicting an erotic scene"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18243/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":380,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.716Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac500 - \u20ac600","currency":"EUR","id":18243,"dimensions":{"depth":11},"estimateMin":500},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18244/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18244/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18244/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: weight in the shape of a duck \n \n material: stone \n \n culture: bronze age, mesopotamia \n \n period: 3rd - 2nd millenium b.c \n \n dimensions: 13 mm x 19 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex belgian private collection, acquired in the 1990s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 1980.324.2 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n these weights, often crafted from stone, copper, or clay, were used to measure the value of commodities in trade, especially in the bustling cities of mesopotamia, like babylon and ur. the shape of a duck in these weights is a unique representation of the importance of animals in mesopotamian culture, where ducks and other birds held symbolic meaning related to fertility, prosperity, and the abundance of resources, which were important themes in the agricultural economy of ancient mesopotamia. \n \n the duck-shaped weights were likely used to measure grain, silver, or other goods, and their design indicates a certain level of craftsmanship and symbolic significance. weights in ancient mesopotamia were typically standardized to facilitate trade, with the shape of the duck possibly serving as a means of distinguishing the particular weight or value from other types. it\u2019s important to note that standardized weights were essential for the administration and functioning of the mesopotamian economy, and such items could be engraved with inscriptions or marks identifying the issuer or the official overseeing the measurement. this ensured both accuracy and accountability in transactions."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"152","title":{"es":"bronze age weight in the shape of a duck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18244/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.719Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18244,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":500,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18245/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18245/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18245/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18245/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18245/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18245/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oinochoe \n \n material: pottery, bucchero ware \n \n culture: etruscan \n \n period: 7th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 290 mm x 208 mm x 200 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n bucchero ware is the quintessential ceramic fabric of the etruscans, an indigenous, pre-roman people of central italy. produced chiefly between the 7th and 5th centuries bce, this distinctive pottery is instantly recognizable by its uniform jet-black color and striking, highly polished, almost metallic surface sheen. the color is not the result of a glaze or paint, but rather a sophisticated firing technique known as reduction firing. in this process, the oxygen supply in the kiln is deliberately restricted, causing the iron oxide naturally present in the clay to lose its oxygen molecules, changing the clay's natural red color to black\u2014a color that penetrates the entire body of the ceramic. the lustrous finish was achieved by carefully burnishing (polishing by rubbing) the surface of the vessel before firing. \n \n the forms and aesthetic of bucchero ware strongly suggest it was intended to imitate the appearance of more expensive metalware, particularly silver vessels, which were popular luxury imports in etruria. etruscan potters cleverly translated the sharp lines, crisp edges, and sometimes elaborate handles and fittings of metal vessels into a ceramic medium, providing a less costly but still elegant alternative for the elite. bucchero is broadly classified into two major styles reflecting its chronological development. the earliest and finest production is known as bucchero sottile (\"thin bucchero\"), characterized by extremely thin, delicate walls (sometimes less than 2mm thick), which represent a high technical achievement. \n \n as the etruscan culture matured, the style evolved from the subtle sottile to bucchero pesante (\"heavy bucchero\") starting around the mid-6th century bce. this later style featured thicker walls, squatter proportions, and a heavier reliance on applied relief decoration, often created by rolling a cylinder with recessed designs over the soft clay. bucchero vessels came in many forms\u2014including the greek-inspired kantharos (wine cup), oinochoe (jug), and amphora\u2014and played a central role in the etruscan banquet and funerary rituals. found frequently in etruscan tombs, bucchero ware was also a significant trade item, with examples excavated across the mediterranean, serving as an important archaeological marker for etruscan influence and commerce."},"estimateMax":800,"lotNumber":"153","title":{"es":"etruscan oinochoe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18245/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":500,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.721Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac600 - \u20ac800","currency":"EUR","id":18245,"dimensions":{"depth":20},"estimateMin":600},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18246/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18246/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18246/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ring depicting a dolphin \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 2nd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 23 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the depiction of a dolphin on a roman ring was a highly popular and symbolically rich motif throughout the imperial period, particularly from the 1st to the 3rd centuries ce. these rings were primarily made from bronze, silver, or gold, often featuring the dolphin either carved directly into the metal or, more commonly, engraved as an intaglio (a carved gemstone set into the bezel). as roman society was a vast maritime empire, the dolphin held a strong association with the sea, naval power, and the god neptune. wearing such a ring could signal the owner's connection to the sea, whether through trade, military service, or simply an affinity for the ocean, and was generally viewed as a symbol of good fortune and protection, especially against the perils of sea travel. \n \n beyond its connection to the sea and protection, the dolphin carried deep mythological and amorous symbolism derived from both greek and roman traditions. the creature was strongly associated with the deities of love and beauty: venus (greek aphrodite), who was born from the sea, and her son cupid (greek eros), the god of desire. consequently, dolphin rings were often exchanged as tokens of love, affection, and fidelity between couples, representing joy, speed, and the smooth journey of love. in many intaglio carvings, the dolphin is explicitly shown in tandem with cupid, who is frequently depicted riding the marine mammal, highlighting the theme of passionate love that transcends earthly boundaries. \n \n the symbolism of the dolphin extended even to funerary contexts. in roman funerary art, the dolphin was often interpreted as a psychopomp, or guide, tasked with leading the soul of the deceased across the sea to the isles of the blessed (the afterlife). this symbolism ensured a safe passage and eternal happiness for the wearer, imbuing the object with a deep philosophical significance that went beyond mere aesthetics. whether serving as a personal signet seal to authenticate documents or as a deeply meaningful amulet, the roman ring depicting a dolphin encapsulated a blend of religious piety, personal status, and pervasive mythological belief."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"154","title":{"es":"roman ring depicting a dolphin"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18246/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.722Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18246,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":280,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18247/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18247/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18247/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18247/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18247/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18247/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: vessel \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 237 mm x 265 mm x 235 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex european private collection, ex lakythos s.a.r.l (1987), ex galerie hydra, geneva, switzerland (1984) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery, or ceramics, was an incredibly vital and ubiquitous part of life across the vast roman empire, distinguished primarily by its massive scale of production and functional standardization. archaeologists broadly divide roman pots into two main categories: coarse wares and fine wares. coarse wares were the everyday, utilitarian vessels\u2014thick-walled cooking pots (ollae), shallow grinding bowls (mortaria), and large two-handled storage and transport jars (amphorae). these were often locally made, undecorated, and built for durability. fine wares, by contrast, were the more delicate and elaborate tableware (cups, bowls, dishes) used for serving and display during formal dining (convivia). the sheer quantity of discarded pottery, such as the famous monte testaccio in rome (a hill composed almost entirely of broken amphorae), attests to their central role in the roman economy and daily function. \n \n the most recognizable form of roman fine ware is terra sigillata (sealed earth), also widely known as samian ware. this pottery is characterized by its signature hard, glossy, brick-red surface achieved through a refined slip and a controlled firing process. produced in specialized, near-industrial workshops in italy (arretine ware) and later in gaul, samian ware was heavily traded across the empire and often copied the forms and relief decoration of more expensive metal vessels. decoration was typically created using molds; the potters would press stamps into the mold's interior to create intricate scenes (mythological figures, animals, gladiatorial combat) that would appear in relief on the exterior of the finished pot. this mass-production method ensured uniformity, allowing archaeologists to use samian ware forms and maker's stamps for precise dating of sites. \n \n beyond tableware, roman pots served highly specialized functions. amphorae were crucial to inter-regional trade, used specifically to transport bulk goods like wine, olive oil, and garum (fish sauce); their shapes and fabrics were highly standardized, indicating the specific origin and contents. mortaria were another distinctive form\u2014heavy, wide bowls with a gritted interior surface (made with sand or crushed pottery) and often a spout, designed explicitly for grinding herbs, spices, and ingredients for sauces. this standardization and functional specialization of roman pottery reflects an advanced, interconnected economy and a sophisticated culinary culture that required specific tools for food storage, preparation, and consumption."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"155","title":{"es":"roman vessel"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18247/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":280,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.724Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18247,"dimensions":{"depth":23.5},"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":600,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18248/007/007.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cylinder seal with the goddess ningal, an intercession goddess and a worshipper \n \n material: alabaster \n \n culture: bronze age, mesopotamian \n \n period: large ur iii, 2100 b.c \n \n dimensions: 31 mm x 19 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum exhibiton of the arbeitsgruppe für biblische archäologie, germany (deaccession) \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the goddess ningal (\"great queen\"), the consort of the moon god nanna (or sin), held a position of exceptional religious and political importance during the ur iii dynasty (neo-sumerian period). the dynasty's capital, ur, was the principal cult center for her husband nanna, which automatically elevated her own status within the state pantheon. king ur-nammu, the founder of the dynasty, and his son shulgi invested heavily in the city's sacred architecture, constructing and rebuilding temples dedicated to both nanna and ningal. the presence of her temple, the egarku (\"house, sacred boudoir\"), within the gipar\u2014the complex that also housed the residence of the entu-priestess of nanna\u2014underscores her central role in the city's spiritual and ceremonial life, making her the highest-ranked goddess in the local pantheon during ur-nammu's reign. \n \n the royal family of ur iii actively promoted ningal's worship to cement their religious and political legitimacy. the kings sought her blessings, and the influential post of the entu-priestess of nanna was traditionally reserved for a princess of royal blood, such as ur-nammu's daughter, en-nirgal-ana, and shulgi's daughter, en-nirzianna. since the entu-priestess was viewed as the human representation of ningal, this dynastic control over the priesthood tightly linked the royal house to the goddess's divine authority. king shulgi explicitly referred to ningal as his mother and even rebuilt the temple complex in ga'esh, rededicating nanna's shrine as a temple for ningal under the epithet nin-urimma (\"lady of ur\"), further showcasing her integral connection to the ruling dynasty and the city's prestige. \n \n the cultural significance of ningal during the ur iii period extended into mythology and personal piety. she was revered as the mother of prominent deities, including the sun god utu and the goddess inanna, connecting her to the major celestial bodies that organized the sumerian cosmos. her association with dream divination and interpretation also provided a direct channel for communication between the divine and the human realms, increasing her popularity in everyday religion. ultimately, ningal's history in the ur iii period is a story of a local goddess being amplified to a major state deity by a powerful dynasty, a transformation tragically highlighted in the later literary work, the lamentation over the destruction of ur, where she is the primary voice grieving the fall of her beloved city."},"estimateMax":1000,"lotNumber":"156","title":{"es":"bronze age, mesopotamian, large ur iii cylinder seal with the goddess ningal, an intercession goddess and a worshipper, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18248/view","tags":["esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":600,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.726Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac1,000","currency":"EUR","id":18248,"dimensions":{"depth":1.9},"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18249/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18249/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18249/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18249/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18249/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: levant \n \n period: 4th - 6th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 52 mm x 68 mm x 101 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the term levant oil lamp broadly refers to the diverse ceramic and metal lighting vessels produced and used in the region encompassing modern-day israel, palestine, lebanon, syria, and jordan, particularly during the roman and byzantine periods (roughly 1st to 7th centuries ce). these lamps are distinct from their greek and western roman counterparts due to specific local clay compositions, firing techniques, and, most importantly, their unique local styles and iconography. initially, the lamps mirrored roman imports (like the firmalampen), but local workshops quickly developed their own molds and designs. the abundance and variety of these lamps are a testament to the high population density and the widespread commercial and religious activity across the levantine provinces of the roman empire. \n \n a significant style is the \"herodian lamp, \" characteristic of the 1st century ce, which is wheel-made, undecorated, and features a pinched nozzle and large filling hole. following the rise of christianity and other local religious movements, the most recognizable forms emerged: the \"slipper lamp\" (or slipper-shaped lamp, common in the 2nd-4th centuries ce) and the \"byzantine lamp\" (4th-7th centuries ce). the latter is typically characterized by an elongated oval body, a wide filling hole, and intricate decoration on the nozzle and shoulders, often featuring geometric patterns, vine scrolls, and, increasingly, christian symbolism such as crosses, grapes, and even scenes from the bible. these molded lamps were mass-produced, making them affordable and widely distributed throughout the region. \n \n the evolution of decoration on levant lamps provides valuable insight into the region's socio-religious history. during the byzantine period, the inclusion of overtly christian motifs became standard, reflecting the official status of the religion. simultaneously, lamps with jewish symbols (like the menorah) and samaritan symbols were also produced, often limited to specific areas. found extensively in tombs, churches, synagogues, and homes, these oil lamps functioned not only as sources of light but also as votive objects, ritual items, and historical documents. their stratified discovery in archaeological excavations helps scholars track the transition of cultural and religious influences across one of the most dynamic crossroads of the ancient world."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"157","title":{"es":"levant oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18249/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esinternational_middleeastern","esinternational","esinternational_all","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.727Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18249,"dimensions":{"depth":10.1},"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":140,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18250/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18250/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18250/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18250/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: olpe \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: greek \n \n period: 4th century b.c \n \n dimensions: 108 mm x 82 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the olpe is a specific type of ancient greek pitcher, a vessel designed for pouring liquids, typically wine or oil. it is characterized by its simple, tall, and nearly cylindrical or egg-shaped body that rests on a flat or low ring-shaped foot, and a distinctive single handle that runs from the shoulder to the rim. crucially, the olpe usually features a simple, round mouth without the pronounced trefoil (three-lobed) spout found on the closely related pitcher known as the oinochoe. this straightforward, practical design made the olpe an essential piece of equipment in the symposion (the all-male drinking party), where it was used to draw mixed wine from the krater and pour it into individual drinking cups like the kylix or skyphos. \n \n the olpe flourished particularly in the proto-corinthian and corinthian periods (c. 720\u2013550 bce), becoming one of the premier canvases for the emerging black-figure technique. the most famous example is the chigi vase (c. 650\u2013640 bce), a proto-corinthian olpe celebrated for its extraordinary polychrome decoration and its detailed narrative friezes. these corinthian-made vessels often featured registers of animal friezes (lions, sphinxes, goats) or complex mythological and genre scenes. the meticulous painting, rich use of incised detail, and added red and white color established the olpe as an important medium for showcasing the artistic innovations and narrative complexities that defined early greek vase painting, and its export to etruria made it a critical luxury item in trade. \n \n as greek pottery styles evolved, the olpe maintained its basic shape but saw variations in its decoration and usage. in later athenian black-figure and red-figure periods, the shape often became slightly heavier or more squat, though it remained distinct from the trefoil-mouthed oinochoe. its consistent function as a pouring vessel underscores its utilitarian role in domestic and ritual life. the enduring form of the olpe over centuries demonstrates the greek potters\u2019 emphasis on refining functional shapes while using the exterior surface to display the height of contemporary ceramic artistry, whether through the fine incisions of proto-corinthian style or the vibrant figures of later athenian work."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"158","title":{"es":"greek olpe"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18250/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"soldPrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.729Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18250,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18251/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18251/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18251/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18251/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plaque with two falcon-headed deities \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: ramesside, 1300 - 1100 b.c \n \n dimensions: 20 mm x 15 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the ancient egyptian scarab is an amulet or seal modeled after the dung beetle (scarabaeus sacer), an insect that held profound religious significance. egyptians observed the beetle's habit of rolling a ball of dung across the ground and associated this action with the god khepri, the manifestation of the rising sun. khepri, often depicted as a man with a beetle for a head, was believed to roll the sun disk over the eastern horizon at dawn, symbolizing the concept of renewal and rebirth. because the beetle's offspring seemed to emerge spontaneously from the dung ball, the scarab became a powerful emblem of kheper (which means \"to come into being\" or \"to create\"), representing the endless cycle of life, death, and resurrection \n \n scarab artifacts were incredibly common and produced throughout almost all periods of egyptian history, serving both practical and spiritual functions in daily life. most scarabs were made from glazed steatite (a soft stone that hardens when fired) but were also carved from materials like amethyst, basalt, lapis lazuli, and carnelian. the flat underside of the beetle was typically inscribed or decorated with various motifs: the names of pharaohs (like amenhotep iii's commemorative scarabs), titles of officials, private names, protective mottoes, or simply geometric designs. in this capacity, scarabs were pierced longitudinally to be strung on a cord and used as personal seals for authenticating documents or marking ownership, as well as being worn as amulets for protection and good luck. \n \n the most crucial ritualistic use of the scarab was in funerary practices, particularly the heart scarab of the new kingdom and later periods. this large, often basalt or green stone, scarab was placed over the heart of the deceased during mummification, sometimes replacing the actual heart. the base was inscribed with a vital spell, specifically chapter 30b of the book of the dead, which entreated the heart\u2014considered the seat of the soul and memory\u2014\"do not stand as a witness against me\" during the final judgment before osiris. the heart scarab thus served as a magical safeguard, ensuring that the deceased could successfully navigate the \"weighing of the heart\" ceremony and achieve a peaceful journey into the afterlife and eternal rebirth."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"159","title":{"es":"egyptian plaque with two falcon-headed deities"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18251/view","tags":["esinternational_african","esart_ancientsculpture","esart","esinternational","esinternational_all","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.832Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18251,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18252/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18252/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18252/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: unguentarium \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 87 mm x 46 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"160","title":{"es":"roman unguentarium"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18252/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:42.731Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18252,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":110,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18253/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18253/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18253/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18253/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type kennedy 1, group b \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: bronze age \n \n period: 1400 - 1200 b.c \n \n dimensions: 45 mm x 115 mm x 125 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1980 - 1990 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n oil lamps played a significant role in lighting and daily life during the bronze and iron ages. these lamps were simple yet effective devices consisting of a container for holding oil and a wick that would burn, providing illumination in the darkness. as technology and metallurgy advanced during the bronze and iron ages, oil lamps became more sophisticated in terms of design and materials. \n \n in the bronze age, oil lamps were often made of ceramic and had a rudimentary shape, with an oil reservoir and a spout or nozzle to hold the wick. these lamps were used in homes and places of worship, and some featured simple decorative designs. \n \n in the iron age, oil lamps saw technological and stylistic advancements. they became more elaborate, with a wider variety of designs and materials, such as bronze. these lamps often featured decorative shapes and handles for easier transportation. in addition to their practical function, some iron age oil lamps also held symbolic and ritual significance in religious and funerary contexts."},"estimateMax":220,"lotNumber":"161","title":{"es":"bronze age oil lamp, type kennedy 1, group b"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18253/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":110,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.833Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac220","currency":"EUR","id":18253,"dimensions":{"depth":12.5},"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18254/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18254/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18254/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp, type bussière a vi 4 \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st century a.d \n \n dimensions: 42 mm x 75 mm x 120 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n parallel: deneauve, j., lampes de carthage, pl. xxxiv, fig. 265 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, or lucernae, were a ubiquitous and essential part of daily life across the roman empire, serving as the primary source of portable artificial light. the basic design consisted of a reservoir for fuel (typically olive oil), a small hole for pouring the oil, and a nozzle to hold a wick, which was usually made of linen or other plant fibers. while simple in function, they offered a safer and often cleaner alternative to early methods like rushlights or candles, though the quality of the light varied based on the oil and wick used. most lamps were made of terracotta clay, which was affordable and allowed for mass production, but higher-status examples were also crafted from materials like bronze, glass, or even precious metals. \n \n the distinctive look of the roman lamp evolved significantly from earlier greek and hellenistic forms. by the imperial period, the most common clay lamps were mold-made, allowing for rapid, large-scale manufacturing. this mold-making technique led to the development of the discus, the circular area on the top of the lamp, which became a prime surface for decoration. artisans imprinted this area with a vast array of imagery, including mythological figures, gladiatorial scenes, animals, gods and goddesses, or even erotic subjects. distinct styles emerged, such as the volute nozzle lamp (popular in the early roman period with ornamental spirals flanking the wick hole) and later types, including lamps from north african workshops often stamped with maker's marks like fortis, indicating specific manufacturers or workshops. \n \n beyond simple illumination, roman oil lamps served numerous utilitarian, ritualistic, and symbolic purposes. they were used by everyone from soldiers lighting military encampments to innkeepers lighting their businesses, and by the wealthy in their homes. in religious and funerary contexts, lamps held deep significance: they were frequently dedicated as votive offerings at shrines and temples, as light was considered a blessing. furthermore, they were a common component in burial practices, often placed in tombs to symbolically light the way for the deceased into the afterlife. the material and decoration of a lamp could also convey social status; metal lamps or those with multiple nozzles (which burned more costly fuel) were often displayed by the wealthy as status symbols."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"162","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp, type bussière a vi 4"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18254/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.834Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18254,"dimensions":{"depth":12},"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18255/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18255/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18255/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: seleucid empire \n \n period: battle against the hasmoneans, 138 b.c \n \n dimensions: 65 mm x 18 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex english private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n parallel: the metropolitan museum of art, accession number 08.99.16\u2013.17. \n mazis m., wright n.l., archers, antiochos vii sidetes, and the arrowheads, p. 207, fig. a to d. \n t. ariel, d., archaeological evidence for the siege of jerusalem by antiochus vii sidetes, p. 241-242 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 4 to 6 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the amount of the sale, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n antiochos vii sidetes, a king of the seleucid empire, ruled from 138 to 129 bce. he is often remembered for attempting to restore the waning power of the seleucid state, which had been severely weakened by internal strife and external threats. after ascending to the throne, antiochos vii set his sights on reclaiming territories lost to rival factions, including the judean kingdom led by the hasmonean dynasty. his campaign against the hasmoneans, a jewish ruling family that had established a semi-independent state, was part of his broader strategy to reassert seleucid dominance over the region. \n \n the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans reached a peak during his siege of jerusalem in 134 bce. at this time, john hyrcanus, the hasmonean ruler, was consolidating his power in judea after the death of his father, simon maccabeus. despite their initial resistance, the hasmoneans were forced to negotiate with antiochos vii, who had superior military strength. the siege concluded with a compromise: the hasmoneans retained some level of autonomy, but they were required to pay tribute and acknowledge seleucid authority. this outcome demonstrated antiochos vii\u2019s pragmatic approach to dealing with rebellious territories. \n \n however, antiochos vii's successes in judea were short-lived. he soon launched an ambitious campaign against the parthians, who posed a significant threat to the eastern borders of the seleucid empire. this campaign ended in disaster, as antiochos vii was killed in 129 bce. his death marked the effective end of seleucid influence in judea, allowing the hasmoneans to further consolidate their power and eventually gain full independence. the conflict between antiochos vii and the hasmoneans symbolizes the decline of the seleucid empire and the rise of the hasmonean dynasty in the region."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"163","title":{"es":"seleucid arrowhead with emblem of antiochos vii sidetes"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18255/view","tags":["escollectibles_militaria","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.836Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18255,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18256/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18256/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18256/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: oil lamp \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 75 mm x 107 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex french private collection, acquired between 1970 - 1990 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman oil lamps, known as lucernae, were the most common and standardized form of artificial lighting throughout the roman imperial period, dominating from the 1st century bce onwards. they were typically small, handheld vessels with an enclosed body (the reservoir for fuel), a small central filling hole, and a protruding nozzle where the wick was placed. the vast majority were made of terracotta; the use of two-part molds revolutionized their production, allowing for rapid, mass-manufacture and making the lamps affordable for every social stratum. while the wealthy used more expensive examples made of bronze or sometimes glass (which projected light more efficiently), the simple molded clay lamp, often coated in a slip to reduce oil seepage, was a pervasive fixture of roman life. \n \n the functionality and form of roman lamps evolved to enhance efficiency and design. the enclosed design, inherited from greek prototypes, minimized oil spillage and evaporation. early imperial types, like the \"volute nozzle\" lamps, were noted for their detailed ornamentation and fine finish. later, standardized forms like the firmalampen (factory lamps), which were often plain but bore the maker's mark on the base, became highly widespread, a testament to the empire's vast trade networks. olive oil was the primary fuel source, though other plant and animal oils were used. the discus\u2014the circular area on top of the lamp\u2014became the main canvas for relief decoration, depicting an immense array of scenes including deities, mythological episodes, animals, gladiatorial combat, and even erotic scenes. \n \n beyond their utilitarian purpose of illuminating homes, shops, military camps, and streets, roman oil lamps held significant ritual and symbolic importance. they were frequently used in religious ceremonies, serving as votive offerings dedicated at temples and shrines, as light was considered a blessing. crucially, they were common grave goods, buried with the deceased to symbolize life, provide a guiding light in the afterlife, or serve an apotropaic (evil-averting) function. their stylistic evolution and the identification of maker's marks have made them invaluable tools for archaeologists, allowing for precise dating and providing detailed evidence of roman trade, industry, and daily beliefs across the entire mediterranean world."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"164","title":{"es":"roman oil lamp"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18256/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_lamps","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:04.837Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18256,"dimensions":{"depth":10.7},"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":50,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18257/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18257/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18257/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18257/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: plate \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: chinese, tek sing shipwreck \n \n period: 19th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 30 mm x 155 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex nagel auction, with oficial tek sing trasure labels. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the tek sing shipwreck, which occurred in february 1822, is one of the most significant maritime disasters in east asian history. the ship, a large chinese junk, was sailing from amoy (modern-day xiamen, china) to batavia (now jakarta, indonesia) when it struck a reef in the gaspar strait. the ship was carrying a cargo of over 350,000 porcelain items, silks, spices, and other goods, intended for the eastern and european markets. tragically, over 1,500 people\u2014most of them chinese immigrants\u2014drowned in the incident, with only 190 survivors. the wreck's immense loss of life has earned it the nickname \"the titanic of the east\"\u200b \n \n in 1999, the wreck of the tek sing was rediscovered by marine salvage expert michael hatcher. the site was located in the south china sea, near the islands of sumatra and java. the salvage operation uncovered an astonishing collection of porcelain artifacts, including fine blue and white porcelain from the dehua region of china. these items were carefully recovered and auctioned in germany, where they became significant pieces for collectors and scholars studying early 19th-century chinese export goods\u200b \n \n the discovery of the tek sing wreck provided invaluable insight into both maritime trade routes and chinese porcelain craftsmanship. the cargo from the ship serves as a vital historical reference, particularly for understanding the global trade of goods between china and the wider world during the early 1800s. unfortunately, the treasure of artifacts recovered from the wreck was dispersed, and the wreck site itself was destroyed during the salvage operations"},"estimateMax":100,"lotNumber":"165","title":{"es":"chinese plate, tek sing shipwreck"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18257/view","tags":["esinternational_chinese","esinternational","esinternational_all"],"directSalePrice":50,"soldPrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.872Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac70 - \u20ac100","currency":"EUR","id":18257,"dimensions":{"depth":15},"estimateMin":70},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18258/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18258/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18258/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 166 mm x 7 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum für asiatische kunst, ex galerie hardt, germany, acquired between 1970 - 2010 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bronze medical instruments, meticulously fashioned with skill and care, epitomize the sophistication of ancient healthcare. these robust implements, encompassing scalpels, forceps, and probes, manifest the romans\u2019 dedication to surgical precision and patient well-being. these tools played pivotal roles in an array of medical procedures, from intricate surgeries to wound management, underscoring the romans\u2019 unwavering commitment to the practice and science of healing. in contemporary times, these relics remain enduring symbols of the enduring influence of roman medicine and surgical prowess. \n \n the spatula probe consists of a long thin handle and tends to range in size from roughly 6 to 15 centimetres with a spatula on one end of its handle and an olivary probe on its other end, indicating its multifunctionality. the spatula is usually leaf-shaped and tends to be flat on one side and slightly rounded on the other. some spatula ends are quite thin, perhaps five or six millimetres in width, whilst others are short and blunt. some have more of a rectangular shape to them and others have a spatulat blade on both ends. it could be used for spreading medicaments on infected areas of the body as well as mixing medicines on an ointment pallet. sometimes the spatula could be used as a cautery, as soranus mentions using it on the umbilical cord (gyn 3. 27, milne 1907: 60). it could also be used as a tongue depressor and as a blunt dissector (milne 1907: 59-60). the olivary end could be used in the same way as many already suggested for the double-ended olivary probe."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"166","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18258/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:01.800Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18258,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":130,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18259/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18259/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18259/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18259/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: cauroid with geometric design \n \n material: steatite \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: second intermediate period, 1700 - 1300 b.c \n \n dimensions: 18 mm x 14 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american egyptologist collection, active in the early part of the 20th century, brought to the us with the family in 1954. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n scarab amulets were used for their magical rejuvenating properties by both the living and the dead. scarabs were used by living individuals as seals from the start of the middle kingdom (ca. 2055 bce) onwards. the most common inscription for these scarabs was the owner\u2019s name. the incised design was often a schematic combination of hieroglyphs and geometric patterning. patterns could often denote the specific administrative office held by the wearer. \n \n scarabs were also often rendered naturalistically in the round. the regenerative powers of scarabs of this nature could be used by either the living or the dead for healing and protection during quotidian activities or during a deceased person\u2019s passage into the afterlife. the striking red/orange color of this amulet\u2019s carnelian strengthens its solar associations."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"167","title":{"es":"egyptian cauroid with geometric design"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18259/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_figurines","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:01.805Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18259,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18260/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18260/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18260/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"item: jug \n \n material: pottery \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 155 mm x 95 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex american private collection, acquired between 1970 - 2000 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman pottery encompasses an enormous variety of ceramic vessels, fundamentally divided into fine wares (tableware) and coarse wares (utilitarian items). the most famous fine ware is terra sigillata (or samian ware), characterized by a distinctive, glossy red-slipped surface and made in standard shapes like plates (patinae), shallow dishes, and small cups (calices). mass-produced using molds, particularly in centers like arretium (italy) and later in gaul and north africa, terra sigillata allowed romans across the empire to have access to sophisticated and standardized tableware, often decorated with mythological scenes, gladiatorial fights, or floral patterns in low relief. its widespread distribution makes it a crucial artifact for dating archaeological sites and tracking roman trade networks. \n \n the vast majority of roman pottery comprised coarse wares, which were essential for cooking, everyday serving, and long-term storage. these functional vessels were often made locally from heat-resistant clay and include a range of forms, such as the large cooking pots (ollae or caccabi), frying pans (patellae), and simple bowls. a particularly important coarse ware vessel was the mortarium, a sturdy, shallow bowl with a thick, overhanging rim and a gritty interior surface. the mortarium was indispensable for grinding herbs, spices, and other ingredients, demonstrating the roman adoption of new, complex culinary practices across the provinces. \n \n beyond the kitchen and the dining table, roman potters produced highly specialized vessels critical to trade and domestic life. the two-handled amphora was the ultimate transport container, designed with a characteristic pointed base for stability when packed tightly in the ballast of ships. different shapes of amphorae were specialized for specific commodities like spanish olive oil, north african grain, or wine. for domestic or farm storage, enormous, globular jars called dolia were used to ferment wine or store bulk goods, sometimes reaching over two meters in height. this immense variety\u2014from tiny perfume bottles (balsamaria) to massive storage jars\u2014highlights pottery's central role in enabling the daily life, commerce, and agricultural system of the roman empire."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"168","title":{"es":"roman jug"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18260/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:01.807Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac180 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18260,"estimateMin":180},{"startPrice":60,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18261/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18261/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18261/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: ibex figurine \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: bronze age, luristan \n \n period: 1600 - 1000 b.c \n \n dimensions: 40 mm x 25 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex dutch private collection, acquired before 1990s \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 4 to 6 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the amount of the sale, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n ibex figurines from the luristan period are fascinating artifacts that provide insights into the artistic and cultural achievements of ancient civilizations in what is now modern-day western iran. these figurines, typically crafted from bronze using the lost-wax casting technique, depict ibexes with distinctive curved horns and stylized features. they were produced during the iron age in the region of luristan, which was home to a diverse array of peoples and cultures known for their metallurgical skills and nomadic lifestyles. \n \n the ibex, with its graceful form and imposing horns, held symbolic significance in the religious and cultural beliefs of ancient societies in the near east. in luristan, ibex figurines may have been associated with rituals, ceremonies, or beliefs related to hunting, fertility, or spiritual protection. the choice to depict ibexes in bronze reflects the importance of these animals in the lives of the people of luristan, who relied on hunting for sustenance and survival in their rugged mountainous environment. \n \n the craftsmanship and artistry evident in luristan ibex figurines highlight the technical mastery and creative expression of ancient luristan metallurgists. these figurines showcase the skillful manipulation of bronze to create lifelike representations of ibexes, capturing the essence of these animals with remarkable detail and precision. additionally, the stylized and abstracted features of the ibex figurines suggest a symbolic or ritualistic purpose, inviting further exploration into the religious beliefs and cultural practices of the people of luristan during the iron age."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"169","title":{"es":"bronze age, luristan ibex figurine"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18261/view","tags":["esart_ancientsculpture","esinternational_middleeastern","esart","esinternational","esinternational_all","esart_all"],"directSalePrice":60,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:44.874Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18261,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18262/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18262/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18262/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: medical instrument \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 138 mm x 5 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex museum für asiatische kunst, ex galerie hardt, germany, acquired between 1970 - 2010 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman bronze medical instruments, meticulously fashioned with skill and care, epitomize the sophistication of ancient healthcare. these robust implements, encompassing scalpels, forceps, and probes, manifest the romans\u2019 dedication to surgical precision and patient well-being. these tools played pivotal roles in an array of medical procedures, from intricate surgeries to wound management, underscoring the romans\u2019 unwavering commitment to the practice and science of healing. in contemporary times, these relics remain enduring symbols of the enduring influence of roman medicine and surgical prowess. \n \n the spatula probe consists of a long thin handle and tends to range in size from roughly 6 to 15 centimetres with a spatula on one end of its handle and an olivary probe on its other end, indicating its multifunctionality. the spatula is usually leaf-shaped and tends to be flat on one side and slightly rounded on the other. some spatula ends are quite thin, perhaps five or six millimetres in width, whilst others are short and blunt. some have more of a rectangular shape to them and others have a spatulat blade on both ends. it could be used for spreading medicaments on infected areas of the body as well as mixing medicines on an ointment pallet. sometimes the spatula could be used as a cautery, as soranus mentions using it on the umbilical cord (gyn 3. 27, milne 1907: 60). it could also be used as a tongue depressor and as a blunt dissector (milne 1907: 59-60). the olivary end could be used in the same way as many already suggested for the double-ended olivary probe."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"170","title":{"es":"roman medical instrument, ex museum"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18262/view","tags":["escollectibles_scientificinstruments","escollectibles_all","escollectibles"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:01.810Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18262,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":80,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18263/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18263/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18263/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18263/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18263/005/005.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: bangle / bracelet \n \n material: glass \n \n culture: byzantine \n \n period: 12th - 15th century a.d \n \n dimensions: 98 mm diameter \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired in 1990\u2019s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n byzantine glass bracelets were commonplace and highly fashionable items of personal adornment throughout the byzantine empire (c. 4th to 15th centuries ce). unlike the often heavy and intricate metalwork favored by the elite, these bracelets were typically crafted from plain or monochrome glass and were accessible to a much broader segment of the population. they were generally simple in form, often consisting of a single, continuous loop of twisted or cylindrical glass rod. their widespread use reflects the continued importance of glass production, particularly in the eastern mediterranean heartlands of the empire, where glassblowing techniques were highly advanced and allowed for rapid, inexpensive manufacture. \n \n the decoration on these glass bracelets could be quite varied despite the simplicity of the form. many examples utilized the natural translucency or vibrant colors achievable with roman and byzantine glass compositions, featuring hues of deep blue, green, purple, or black. more elaborate examples often featured applied decoration, where thin trails of contrasting colored glass were wound around the main loop, sometimes twisted or combed to create feather-like or zigzag patterns (marvered decoration). another common technique was the use of notched or ribbed surfaces, achieved by twisting the molten glass rod or pressing it with tongs while still hot. this diversity in simple ornamentation allowed wearers to possess distinctive, visually appealing accessories without the cost associated with gold or gemstone jewelry. \n \n archaeologically, byzantine glass bracelets are found in great numbers, primarily recovered from burials and domestic sites across the empire, from egypt and syria to the balkans and crimea. their discovery in graves confirms their role as personal and sometimes commemorative possessions. the widespread uniformity of the basic types suggests a well-developed, centralized commercial network for glass jewelry. the eventual decline in the quality and quantity of glass bracelets in later byzantine periods reflects the economic and political fragmentation of the empire, as well as shifts in fashion, illustrating how these humble artifacts serve as excellent chronological markers for dating archaeological contexts across the vast historical geography of byzantium."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"171","title":{"es":"byzantine bangle / bracelet"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18263/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_antiqueglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":80,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:01.812Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":18263,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":140,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18264/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18264/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18264/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18264/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: dice \n \n material: bone \n \n culture: roman \n \n period: 1st - 3rd century a.d \n \n dimensions: 11 mm x 10 mm \n \n condition: good condition \n \n provenance: ex spanish private collection, acquired in london art market between 1980s - 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n roman dice made from bronze offer intriguing insights into the recreational activities and gaming culture of ancient rome. dice games were immensely popular among people of all social classes and were played for entertainment, gambling, and even religious rituals. the use of bronze to craft dice was practical due to the metal's durability and malleability, ensuring that the dice would withstand frequent use and retain their shape over time. \n \n bronze roman dice typically featured six sides, each marked with dots or pips representing numbers ranging from one to six. the numbering system on roman dice was often arranged in such a way that opposite sides of the dice added up to seven, a design feature known as \"opposite faces add up to seven\" or \"sevens-out.\" this design ensured fairness and randomness in the outcome of dice rolls, crucial for maintaining the integrity of the game. \n \n roman dice were not only used for recreational purposes but also held cultural and symbolic significance. dice games were often associated with concepts of luck, fate, and fortune, and were sometimes employed in divination practices to predict the outcome of future events. the imagery and symbolism associated with dice were also reflected in roman art and literature, where dice games were depicted as common pastimes enjoyed by people from all walks of life."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"172","title":{"es":"roman dice"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18264/view","directSalePrice":140,"lastUpdate":"2025-11-30T17:47:30.820Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18264,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18265/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18265/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18265/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: necklace \n \n material: faience \n \n culture: egyptian \n \n period: late period, 664 - 332 b.c \n \n dimensions: 530 mm \n \n condition: good condition, with metal closure \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, k.h.s., acquired before 1990s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n egyptian faience necklaces were among the most common and enduring forms of jewelry in ancient egypt, prized not for their intrinsic material value, but for their vibrant color, protective symbolism, and ability to mimic semi-precious stones. faience is not pottery, but a ceramic material made from quartz or sand, with a high alkali content that results in a self-glazing surface when fired. this glaze, typically a brilliant, saturated blue-green due to copper compounds, was highly evocative of two powerful egyptian symbols: the nile's fertility and the rejuvenating qualities of the sky. this color was associated with life, rebirth, and the gods, particularly the deity osiris, linking the wearer to the promise of eternal existence. \n \n the construction of these necklaces utilized a mass-production technique ideal for creating elaborate, broad collars. small faience beads\u2014often in the shape of tubes, disks, rings, or stylized flora like lotus petals\u2014were molded, strung, and sometimes even glued onto a backing. a popular type was the usekh collar, a wide, semicircular neckpiece that draped over the shoulders and chest. these collars replicated the floral garlands worn in life and were essential burial goods, believed to offer magical protection and a substitute for ephemeral flowers in the afterlife. the ability to churn out thousands of these uniform beads made faience accessible to nearly all classes, from pharaohs and nobility to common citizens, solidifying its place as a staple of egyptian adornment. \n \n the symbolic power of the faience necklace extended through its use of protective amulets. often incorporated into the strings were small pendants crafted from faience, molded into figures such as the dwarf god bes (a protector of the household), the eye of horus (udjat), or the djed pillar (representing stability). when worn in life, the necklace provided a visible layer of magical defense; in death, it served as funerary equipment. the sheer number of faience necklaces recovered from tombs across millennia\u2014from the predynastic period well into the roman era\u2014attests not only to their popularity but also to the enduring belief in the vibrant material\u2019s apotropaic properties and its fundamental role in preparing the deceased for their journey into the next world."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"173","title":{"es":"egyptian necklace"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18265/view","tags":["esdecorativearts_porcelainceramicsglass","esdecorativearts_all","esdecorativearts"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-30T22:17:01.814Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac250 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18265,"estimateMin":250},{"startPrice":300,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18266/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18266/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18266/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18266/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: diva faustina senior \n \n date: after 141 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 33 mm, 24,5 gr \n \n obverse: diva favstina diademed and draped bust of diva faustina senior to right. \n \n reverse: aeter-nitas / s - c aeternitas standing front, head to left, holding phoenix on globe in her right hand and fold of drapery with her left. \n \n references: bmc 1490. cohen 12. ric 1105. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n annia galeria faustina the elder, often referred to as faustina i or faustina major, was a roman empress and the beloved wife of the emperor antoninus pius. born around 100 ce, she was the daughter of consul and prefect marcus annius verus and rupilia faustina, belonging to the roman upper class. she married antoninus pius as a private citizen between 110 and 115 ce. the couple had four children, though only their daughter, annia galeria faustina minor (faustina the younger), survived to see their elevation to the imperial rank. faustina the younger would later become empress herself, marrying her maternal cousin, the future emperor marcus aurelius. \n \n upon her husband's accession as emperor in july 138 ce, faustina was granted the title of augusta by the senate. during her brief time as empress, she was known for her beauty, wisdom, and active involvement in philanthropy. she was particularly celebrated for assisting charities that benefited the poor and for her sponsorship of the education of roman children, especially girls. the legend puellae faustinianae (the girls of faustina) on her later coinage likely refers to a foundation she established for the support and education of poor roman girls. \n \n faustina died suddenly in late october 140 ce, only two years into her husband's reign. her death deeply devastated antoninus pius, who took extensive and unprecedented measures to honor her memory, which were central to her enduring posthumous legacy as diva faustina (the divine faustina). the senate deified her, and antoninus dedicated the temple of faustina (later rededicated as the temple of antoninus and faustina) in the roman forum, making her the first roman empress to have a permanent presence there. her image appeared widely on statues and coins promoting her cult and symbolizing pietas (loyalty and devotion), ensuring she played a prominent symbolic role throughout her husband\u2019s long principate."},"estimateMax":900,"lotNumber":"174","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, diva faustina senior, 140 - 141 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18266/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":300,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.201Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac800 - \u20ac900","currency":"EUR","id":18266,"estimateMin":800},{"startPrice":240,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18267/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18267/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18267/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18267/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 137 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 31 mm, 28,1 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avg cos iii p p, laureate head right. \n \n reverse: fides pvblica / s - c, fides standing front, head to right, holding grain ears in her right hand and basket of fruits in her left. \n \n references: ric ii.3#\u202f2266, ocre#\u202fric.2_3(2).hdn.2266 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus, better known as hadrian, was roman emperor from 117 to 138 ce and is recognized as the third of the \"five good emperors.\" born in what is now spain in 76 ce, he was orphaned young and became the ward of his older cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian was a highly educated and cosmopolitan man, famously earning the nickname graeculus (\"greekling\") for his profound fascination with greek philosophy, art, and culture\u2014a passion that would deeply influence his reign and the architecture he sponsored across the empire. \n \n unlike his predecessor trajan, who focused on military expansion, hadrian's policy centered on consolidation, defense, and internal unity. he famously spent more than half his twenty-one-year reign traveling throughout nearly every province of the vast empire, inspecting the armies, reviewing the local administration, and overseeing public works projects firsthand. this policy of maintaining secure, defensible borders led to his most famous building project: the construction of hadrian's wall across the north of britain, which served as a permanent frontier boundary and a powerful symbol of roman power. in the east, he withdrew from some of trajan's less defensible conquests, stabilizing the empire's frontiers. \n \n hadrian's cultural and architectural legacy remains monumental. in rome, he sponsored the rebuilding of the magnificent pantheon, transforming it into the domed masterpiece we know today. his opulent villa at tivoli was a sprawling retreat designed to reflect the architectural wonders and styles he had witnessed on his travels, essentially creating a microcosm of his empire. a man of deep personal emotion, his grief over the death of his young companion antinous led him to deify the youth and establish a widespread cult, leading to numerous sculptures that make antinous one of the most recognizable figures from roman antiquity. hadrian died in 138 ce and was eventually interred in a massive mausoleum in rome, now known as the castel sant'angelo."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"175","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, hadrian, 137 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18267/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":240,"soldPrice":240,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.203Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac350 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18267,"estimateMin":350},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18268/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18268/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18268/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18268/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: philip i 'the arab' \n \n date: 244 - 249 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 28 mm, 17,6 gr \n \n obverse: imp m ivl philippvs avg. \n laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right. \n \n reverse: fortvna redvx / s - c. \n fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopia, wheel below seat. \n \n references: ric iv.3#\u202f174a, ocre#\u202fric.4.ph_i.174a \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus julius philippus, famously known as philip the arab (philippus arabs), was roman emperor from 244 to 249 ce during the turbulent period known as the crisis of the third century. born around 204 ce in the province of arabia petraea (modern-day syria/jordan), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a non-european province, earning his distinctive epithet. his origins are obscure, though he rose from a local equestrian family and advanced rapidly through the military ranks, highlighting a key characteristic of the era where provincial generals increasingly seized power. his brother, gaius julius priscus, also held high office, demonstrating the family\u2019s growing influence. \n \n philip\u2019s ascent to the purple was secured during the persian campaign of emperor gordian iii. while serving as the praetorian prefect\u2014a position he gained in 243 ce\u2014philip was instrumental in the logistical failure and subsequent political turmoil that led to gordian iii\u2019s death. following the mysterious circumstances of the young emperor\u2019s demise in mesopotamia, philip was proclaimed emperor by the troops in 244 ce. his first major act was to negotiate a peace treaty with the powerful sasanian king shapur i, which, though unpopular in rome for involving a large indemnity payment and a withdrawal from some eastern territory, allowed philip to return swiftly to the capital to secure the senate's confirmation of his rule. \n \n the brief reign of philip is perhaps best remembered for the lavish celebration of rome's millennium (the 1000th anniversary of its legendary founding) in april 248 ce, an event he commemorated with extensive games, festivals, and special coinage known as the saeculares augustorum. this extravagant display was a deliberate attempt to project stability and confidence during a time of extreme insecurity, though the massive spending further strained the empire's already dire finances. despite his efforts to secure the empire against the carpi and germanic tribes on the danube, his failure to fully satisfy the legions' demands ultimately fueled resentment. in 249 ce, one of his appointed generals, decius, was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious danubian army, leading to philip's defeat and death at the battle of verona, ending his brief and crisis-laden reign."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"176","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, philip i 'the arab', 244 - 249 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18268/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.204Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18268,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18269/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18269/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18269/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18269/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: maximinus i \n \n date: 235 - 238 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 28 mm, 23,9 gr \n \n obverse: imp maximinvs pivs avg, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of maximinus i to right, seen from behind. \n \n reverse: fides militvm / s - c, fides standing facing, head to left, holding standard in each hand. \n \n references: bmc 63; cohen 10; ric 43. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n gaius julius verus maximinus, better known as maximinus thrax (\"the thracian\"), reigned as roman emperor from 235 to 238 ce. he is a pivotal, though short-lived, figure in roman history as he is generally considered the first of the so-called \"barracks emperors\" and his elevation marked the brutal beginning of the tumultuous crisis of the third century. maximinus was a provincial of reportedly humble origins, having risen through the ranks as a career soldier, possibly starting as an auxiliary in the balkans. his rise shattered the established tradition that emperors must hail from the senatorial or equestrian classes, introducing a new era where military power alone determined the imperial office. \n \n maximinus's accession was violent: he was proclaimed emperor by the legions near mainz after they assassinated the previous emperor, severus alexander, in 235 ce. a man famed in ancient sources for his colossal size and immense strength, maximinus was a pure military ruler who never once set foot in rome during his reign. instead, he campaigned relentlessly on the frontiers, successfully defending and pushing back incursions by the alemanni on the rhine and the dacians and sarmatians on the danube. to secure the loyalty of his troops\u2014the sole basis of his power\u2014he doubled their pay, an extravagant move that necessitated aggressive taxation and confiscation of wealth, primarily targeting the senatorial elite and wealthy landowners. \n \n this brutal policy of financial coercion and maximinus's contempt for the senate provoked widespread resentment and ultimately led to his downfall. in 238 ce, a revolt against his rule began in africa, elevating the elderly gordian i and his son gordian ii as rival emperors. when this revolt was quickly suppressed, the senate\u2014now fully committed to opposing maximinus\u2014proclaimed two of their own, pupienus and balbinus, as emperors. maximinus responded by marching his army into italy to crush the rebellion, but was stalled by a stubborn siege at the city of aquileia. faced with famine, disease, and the emperor's harsh discipline, his own troops lost morale and mutinied, assassinating maximinus and his son maximus in their tent in april 238 ce, thus ending the reign of the first soldier to ascend to the imperial purple."},"estimateMax":240,"lotNumber":"177","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, maximinus i, 235 - 238 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18269/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.206Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac240","currency":"EUR","id":18269,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":200,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18270/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18270/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18270/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18270/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: faustina ii \n \n date: 148 - 152 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 36 mm, 24,5 gr \n \n obverse: favstina avg antonini avg pii fil, draped bust right \n \n reverse: venvs s-c, venus standing left, holding apple and sceptre. \n \n references: ric 1387 var (obv. legend ending fil); cohen 250 var; sear 4719 var. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n annia galeria faustina minor, known as faustina the younger (or faustina ii), was a roman empress and the only surviving child of emperor antoninus pius and faustina the elder. born around 130 ce, she was the maternal cousin and later the wife of the stoic philosopher-emperor marcus aurelius. their marriage, which lasted over thirty years, was arranged by antoninus pius himself, superseding an earlier engagement to lucius verus, who would eventually become marcus aurelius's co-emperor and faustina's son-in-law. upon her husband's accession in 161 ce, faustina became empress, having already received the title of augusta from the senate in 147 ce following the birth of her first child. \n \n faustina ii's life was marked by her constant presence alongside her husband, even on challenging military campaigns. while traditional (and often unreliable) historical sources like the historia augusta portray her negatively, attributing to her accusations of serial adultery with sailors and gladiators, and even involvement in the revolt of avidius cassius, her public image suggests a woman of high standing. she was particularly revered by the military for her dedication and presence in the field. for this reason, marcus aurelius honored her with the prestigious title mater castrorum (\"mother of the camp\") in 174 ce, a unique distinction that cemented her role as the symbolic nurturing figure of the roman legions and a powerful dynastic icon. \n \n faustina and marcus aurelius had at least fourteen children, though tragically, only six survived to adulthood, including the infamous future emperor commodus. her role as a prolific mother was heavily promoted on imperial coinage, symbolizing the fertility and stability of the antonine dynasty. faustina died suddenly in 175 ce in halala, a small town in cappadocia (modern turkey), while accompanying her husband on a campaign in the east. marcus aurelius was genuinely devastated by her loss. he ensured she received immediate and extravagant posthumous honors, including deification\u2014hence becoming diva faustina\u2014and founding a city in her name, thereby confirming her lasting and influential legacy as a key figure of the 'golden age' of the second century ce."},"estimateMax":500,"lotNumber":"178","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, faustina ii, 148 - 152 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18270/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.207Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac400 - \u20ac500","currency":"EUR","id":18270,"estimateMin":400},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18271/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18271/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18271/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18271/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 119 - 121 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 31 mm, 23,7 gr \n \n obverse: imp caesar traianvs hadrianvs avg, laureate bust right, draped far shoulder \n \n reverse: pont max t r pot cos iii, sc below, roma seated left on cuirass, holding victory & sceptre. \n \n references: ric 562b, cohen 1187cf, bmc 1147 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was one of rome's most significant emperors, reigning from 117 to 138 ce. though likely born in rome, his family was of settler stock from italica, spain, and he was the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian\u2019s early career involved extensive military service and a thorough education that led to a lifelong passion for greek culture, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" following trajan\u2019s death, hadrian was proclaimed emperor by the army, a succession that was initially met with some senatorial suspicion. he immediately broke with the expansionist policies of his predecessor, choosing instead to focus on consolidating and securing the vast empire within its existing, defensible borders. \n \n the most defining characteristic of hadrian\u2019s reign was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half of his two decades as emperor inspecting provinces, armies, and fortifications across the entire empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand knowledge informed his administrative and military reforms, particularly his emphasis on fixed, fortified frontiers. his most enduring and famous construction project is the magnificent hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to separate the roman province from the \"barbarians\" to the north and to channel movement for control and taxation. his architectural patronage was equally grand in rome, where he famously rebuilt the pantheon and constructed his immense villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a cultured and complex ruler who sought to unify the empire not just militarily, but culturally and legally. he reformed roman law, created a professional imperial civil service from the equestrian class, and was an avid promoter of the arts and philosophy. his travels reflected a desire for cultural integration, with athens holding a special place in his affections. after a period of poor health, which included a painful succession crisis following the death of his first chosen heir, he died in 138 ce. his final, successful adoption of antoninus pius ensured a peaceful transition of power, securing his legacy as one of the five good emperors who presided over a period of stability and relative prosperity for the roman empire."},"estimateMax":400,"lotNumber":"179","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, hadrian, 119 - 121 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18271/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.208Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac400","currency":"EUR","id":18271,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18272/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18272/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18272/003/003.png","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18272/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18272/005/005.png","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18272/006/006.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: elagabalus \n \n date: 218 - 222 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3 gr \n \n obverse: laureate bust of elagabalus draped to right, around imp antoninvs pivs avg \n \n reverse: around abvndantia avg, abundantia standing to left emptying cornucopiae held with both hands, star to left \n \n references: ric 56, rsc 1a, bmc 189 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus aurelius antoninus (c. 203/4\u2013222 ce), better known as elagabalus (or heliogabalus), was a roman emperor whose brief reign, beginning at the age of 14, was one of the most controversial in roman history. born sextus varius avitus bassianus in emesa, syria, he was the hereditary high priest of the local sun god, elagabal. his rise to power in 218 ce was engineered by his formidable grandmother, julia maesa, who leveraged the family's connection to the severan dynasty by claiming elagabalus was the illegitimate son of the recently assassinated emperor caracalla. this claim successfully won the loyalty of a legion, defeated the reigning usurper macrinus, and saw the teenage priest installed on the imperial throne. \n \n the emperor's reign was immediately dominated by his religious zeal, which shocked and alienated the roman aristocracy. elagabalus brought the sacred symbol of his syrian god\u2014a large, black conical meteorite (baetyl)\u2014to rome, constructed the magnificent elagabalium temple on the palatine hill, and elevated the deity sol invictus elagabal to the position of supreme god in the roman pantheon, superseding jupiter himself. the emperor, dressing in flowing, ornate syrian priestly robes and a tiara, performed ecstatic public rituals, which were deemed \"barbaric\" and effeminate by traditionalist romans. his highly unusual public and personal life, including marrying a vestal virgin and allegedly prostituting himself, fueled tales of extreme decadence, eccentricity, and disregard for roman customs. \n \n this combination of religious fanaticism, alleged sexual impropriety, and the promotion of non-traditional advisors proved to be his undoing. julia maesa, fearing that her grandson\u2019s outrageous behavior would bring ruin to her entire dynasty, decided to replace him. she began promoting his younger, more moderate cousin, severus alexander, as a successor. after elagabalus tried to have alexander assassinated, the praetorian guard, thoroughly alienated, revolted. on march 11, 222 ce, at the age of 18, elagabalus and his mother, julia soaemias, were murdered by the guards. their bodies were mutilated, dragged through the streets of rome, and ultimately thrown into the tiber river, followed by a formal damnatio memoriae to erase his memory from public records."},"estimateMax":200,"lotNumber":"180","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, elagabalus, 218 -222 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18272/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:37.209Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac200","currency":"EUR","id":18272,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18273/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18273/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18273/003/003.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: marc antony \n \n date: patrae (?), 32-31 b.c \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 17 mm, 3,4 gr \n \n obverse: ant avg iii vir r p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg iii, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: cra, 544/15, rsc 28 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"181","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 b.c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18273/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.347Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18273,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":70,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18274/001/001.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: marc antony \n \n date: patrae (?), 32-31 b.c \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 17 mm, 3,5 gr \n \n obverse: ant avg iii vir r p c, praetorian galley \n \n reverse: leg vii, legionary eagle between two standards. \n \n references: crawford 544/20 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the battle of actium, fought on september 2, 31 bce, was the climactic confrontation between mark antony, backed by cleopatra vii of egypt, and octavian, later known as augustus, who became the first roman emperor. the clash emerged out of a prolonged power struggle in the roman republic following the assassination of julius caesar, which left a power vacuum. mark antony, a roman general and supporter of caesar, formed an alliance with cleopatra and commanded the eastern half of rome's territories, while octavian controlled the west. their rivalry intensified over time, fueled by octavian\u2019s portrayal of antony as a traitor who had \"abandoned\" rome for egypt and cleopatra, a move that allegedly threatened roman values and security. antony's relationship with cleopatra was exploited by octavian to paint him as under foreign influence, an affront to roman ideals that octavian leveraged for political support. \n \n the battle itself took place off the coast of actium, in northwestern greece. antony\u2019s forces, composed largely of egyptian ships under cleopatra's command, were positioned defensively in the gulf of ambracia, while octavian's fleet, commanded by agrippa, blockaded them from the sea. despite having numerical superiority, antony's forces were handicapped by poor morale, shortages of supplies, and a fleet that struggled to match octavian\u2019s more agile ships. agrippa\u2019s strategy of cutting antony's supply lines ultimately forced antony to break out of the gulf, leading to a chaotic naval engagement. cleopatra\u2019s flagship, along with a few others, famously deserted mid-battle, prompting antony to follow her, which led to the disintegration of his forces. this decisive victory for octavian effectively crushed antony's and cleopatra\u2019s power in the eastern mediterranean. \n \n the aftermath of actium had significant consequences for rome and egypt. antony and cleopatra retreated to egypt, where they committed suicide the following year. octavian\u2019s unchallenged rule allowed him to annex egypt as a roman province, seizing cleopatra\u2019s wealth to consolidate his own power and effectively ending the ptolemaic dynasty. actium marked the end of the roman republic and the beginning of the roman empire under octavian, who assumed the title of augustus in 27 bce. this victory established augustus as rome's supreme leader, bringing stability to a rome that had been wracked by civil wars and setting the stage for a period of peace and prosperity known as the pax romana."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"182","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, marc antony, 32-31 b.c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18274/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":70,"soldPrice":70,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.349Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18274,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":200,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18275/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18275/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18275/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: as \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 26 mm, 11,30 gr \n \n obverse: imp caes nervae traiano avg ger dac p m tr p cos v p p, laureate head right, slight drapery on far shoulder \n \n reverse: spqr optimo principi, victory advancing left, with branch and palm, s-c across fields \n \n references: ric 521 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n trajan was one of rome\u2019s greatest emperors, ruling from 98 to 117 ad. he is best known for his military conquests, particularly his successful campaigns against dacia (modern romania), which brought immense wealth into the empire and funded large-scale public works. his reign marked the greatest territorial expansion of rome, stretching the empire\u2019s borders to their furthest extent. beyond his military achievements, trajan was a highly capable administrator who invested in infrastructure, building roads, aqueducts, and monuments such as trajan\u2019s forum and trajan\u2019s column, the latter commemorating his dacian victories. his rule is often regarded as a golden age of rome, and he was later honored with the title optimus princeps (\"best ruler\"). \n \n the denarius of trajan reflects both his military success and his commitment to civic development. these silver coins commonly depict his bust on the obverse, showcasing his strong and dignified profile, often with a laurel wreath symbolizing victory. the reverse frequently features imagery celebrating his triumphs, such as dacian captives, the goddess victoria (victory), or allegorical figures representing roman prosperity. other denarii highlight his dedication to public welfare, depicting aequitas (fairness) and abundantia (abundance), reinforcing his image as a just and generous ruler. his coinage was widely circulated and remains a key source for understanding roman propaganda and economic policy. \n \n trajan's legacy endured long after his death, influencing later emperors who sought to emulate his leadership. his policies on governance, military strategy, and public welfare set a high standard for roman rule. despite his ambitious expansion, the empire remained stable under his leadership, unlike the challenges faced by his successors. his reputation remained so esteemed that the senate continued to honor future emperors by wishing them to be \"more fortunate than augustus and better than trajan.\" his denarii, like his architectural achievements, serve as lasting reminders of an era of roman strength and prosperity."},"estimateMax":350,"lotNumber":"183","title":{"es":"roman, as, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18275/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":200,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.350Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac350","currency":"EUR","id":18275,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18276/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18276/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18276/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 118 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 2,79 gr \n \n obverse: imp caesar traian hadrianvs avg, laureate head right, draped left shoulder. \n \n reverse: p m tr p cos ii, fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. \n fort red in exergue. \n \n references: ric ii, 41a; cohen / rsc 745; sear 3493. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was a roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138 ce, and is consistently ranked as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, spain, to a family with strong ties to the roman political elite, he was later raised as the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian received an extensive education that fostered a deep, lifelong admiration for greek culture and philosophy, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" upon trajan's death, hadrian ascended to the throne, immediately signaling a major shift in imperial policy. he abandoned trajan's expansionist conquests in mesopotamia and elsewhere, choosing instead to focus on consolidation and stability within the existing, vast borders of the empire. \n \n the defining feature of hadrian's two-decade rule was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half his reign touring nearly every province of the empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand experience allowed him to personally inspect frontier defenses, reform the armies, and address administrative issues on the ground, creating a more unified and integrated empire. this focus on defensive fortification led to his most famous construction: hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to mark and defend the northern limit of the roman province. back in rome, his passion for architecture led him to rebuild the iconic pantheon and construct the immense hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a highly cultured and energetic ruler who promoted hellenistic ideals throughout the empire and oversaw significant legal and administrative reforms. he established a professional civil service and worked to standardize the laws. his personal life was marked by his great love for the greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his death, founding a widespread cult in his honor. in his final years, despite chronic illness and facing the challenge of securing a successor without a natural heir, hadrian carefully orchestrated a peaceful transition. by adopting antoninus pius\u2014and requiring antoninus to then adopt marcus aurelius and lucius verus\u2014he ensured the continuation of the 'good emperors' period, cementing his legacy as a pragmatic, transformative, and restless emperor."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"184","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 118 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18276/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.352Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18276,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":220,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18277/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18277/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18277/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 32 mm, 24,36 gr \n \n obverse: imp caes nervae traiano avg ger dac p m tr p cos v p p, laureate bust right, with slight drapery \n \n reverse: s p q r optimo principi / s - c, roma seated left on cuirass, holding sceptre and crowning victory. \n \n references: ric 489 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n trajan was one of rome\u2019s greatest emperors, ruling from 98 to 117 ad. he is best known for his military conquests, particularly his successful campaigns against dacia (modern romania), which brought immense wealth into the empire and funded large-scale public works. his reign marked the greatest territorial expansion of rome, stretching the empire\u2019s borders to their furthest extent. beyond his military achievements, trajan was a highly capable administrator who invested in infrastructure, building roads, aqueducts, and monuments such as trajan\u2019s forum and trajan\u2019s column, the latter commemorating his dacian victories. his rule is often regarded as a golden age of rome, and he was later honored with the title optimus princeps (\"best ruler\"). \n \n the denarius of trajan reflects both his military success and his commitment to civic development. these silver coins commonly depict his bust on the obverse, showcasing his strong and dignified profile, often with a laurel wreath symbolizing victory. the reverse frequently features imagery celebrating his triumphs, such as dacian captives, the goddess victoria (victory), or allegorical figures representing roman prosperity. other denarii highlight his dedication to public welfare, depicting aequitas (fairness) and abundantia (abundance), reinforcing his image as a just and generous ruler. his coinage was widely circulated and remains a key source for understanding roman propaganda and economic policy. \n \n trajan's legacy endured long after his death, influencing later emperors who sought to emulate his leadership. his policies on governance, military strategy, and public welfare set a high standard for roman rule. despite his ambitious expansion, the empire remained stable under his leadership, unlike the challenges faced by his successors. his reputation remained so esteemed that the senate continued to honor future emperors by wishing them to be \"more fortunate than augustus and better than trajan.\" his denarii, like his architectural achievements, serve as lasting reminders of an era of roman strength and prosperity."},"estimateMax":320,"lotNumber":"185","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18277/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":220,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.353Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac300 - \u20ac320","currency":"EUR","id":18277,"estimateMin":300},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18278/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18278/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18278/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 118 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,30 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avg cos iii p p, laureate head right \n \n reverse: annona avg, modius with four corn-ears and single poppy. \n \n references: ric 230, rsc 170. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was a roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138 ce, and is consistently ranked as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, spain, to a family with strong ties to the roman political elite, he was later raised as the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian received an extensive education that fostered a deep, lifelong admiration for greek culture and philosophy, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" upon trajan's death, hadrian ascended to the throne, immediately signaling a major shift in imperial policy. he abandoned trajan's expansionist conquests in mesopotamia and elsewhere, choosing instead to focus on consolidation and stability within the existing, vast borders of the empire. \n \n the defining feature of hadrian's two-decade rule was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half his reign touring nearly every province of the empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand experience allowed him to personally inspect frontier defenses, reform the armies, and address administrative issues on the ground, creating a more unified and integrated empire. this focus on defensive fortification led to his most famous construction: hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to mark and defend the northern limit of the roman province. back in rome, his passion for architecture led him to rebuild the iconic pantheon and construct the immense hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a highly cultured and energetic ruler who promoted hellenistic ideals throughout the empire and oversaw significant legal and administrative reforms. he established a professional civil service and worked to standardize the laws. his personal life was marked by his great love for the greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his death, founding a widespread cult in his honor. in his final years, despite chronic illness and facing the challenge of securing a successor without a natural heir, hadrian carefully orchestrated a peaceful transition. by adopting antoninus pius\u2014and requiring antoninus to then adopt marcus aurelius and lucius verus\u2014he ensured the continuation of the 'good emperors' period, cementing his legacy as a pragmatic, transformative, and restless emperor."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"186","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 118 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18278/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.355Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18278,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":180,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18279/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18279/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18279/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: dupondius \n \n material: orichalcum \n \n size & weight: 23 mm, 9,24 gr \n \n obverse: imp caes ner traiano optim avg ger dac parthico, radiate and draped bust of trajan to right \n \n reverse: p m tr pot xx cos vi p p around s c within wreath. \n \n references: bmc 1099, cohen 286, ric 659 corr. (obverse legend), woytek 933v \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n trajan was one of rome\u2019s greatest emperors, ruling from 98 to 117 ad. he is best known for his military conquests, particularly his successful campaigns against dacia (modern romania), which brought immense wealth into the empire and funded large-scale public works. his reign marked the greatest territorial expansion of rome, stretching the empire\u2019s borders to their furthest extent. beyond his military achievements, trajan was a highly capable administrator who invested in infrastructure, building roads, aqueducts, and monuments such as trajan\u2019s forum and trajan\u2019s column, the latter commemorating his dacian victories. his rule is often regarded as a golden age of rome, and he was later honored with the title optimus princeps (\"best ruler\"). \n \n the denarius of trajan reflects both his military success and his commitment to civic development. these silver coins commonly depict his bust on the obverse, showcasing his strong and dignified profile, often with a laurel wreath symbolizing victory. the reverse frequently features imagery celebrating his triumphs, such as dacian captives, the goddess victoria (victory), or allegorical figures representing roman prosperity. other denarii highlight his dedication to public welfare, depicting aequitas (fairness) and abundantia (abundance), reinforcing his image as a just and generous ruler. his coinage was widely circulated and remains a key source for understanding roman propaganda and economic policy. \n \n trajan's legacy endured long after his death, influencing later emperors who sought to emulate his leadership. his policies on governance, military strategy, and public welfare set a high standard for roman rule. despite his ambitious expansion, the empire remained stable under his leadership, unlike the challenges faced by his successors. his reputation remained so esteemed that the senate continued to honor future emperors by wishing them to be \"more fortunate than augustus and better than trajan.\" his denarii, like his architectural achievements, serve as lasting reminders of an era of roman strength and prosperity."},"estimateMax":290,"lotNumber":"187","title":{"es":"roman, dupondius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18279/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":180,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.356Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac240 - \u20ac290","currency":"EUR","id":18279,"estimateMin":240},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18280/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18280/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18280/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: dupondius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 11,38 gr \n \n obverse: imp caes nervae traiano avg ger dac pm tr p cos v pp t, radiate bust right with slight drapery on shoulder \n \n reverse: spqr optimo principi / s-c (in fields), cuirass set upright to front. \n \n references: bmc 1952, 913, ric 582 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n trajan was one of rome\u2019s greatest emperors, ruling from 98 to 117 ad. he is best known for his military conquests, particularly his successful campaigns against dacia (modern romania), which brought immense wealth into the empire and funded large-scale public works. his reign marked the greatest territorial expansion of rome, stretching the empire\u2019s borders to their furthest extent. beyond his military achievements, trajan was a highly capable administrator who invested in infrastructure, building roads, aqueducts, and monuments such as trajan\u2019s forum and trajan\u2019s column, the latter commemorating his dacian victories. his rule is often regarded as a golden age of rome, and he was later honored with the title optimus princeps (\"best ruler\"). \n \n the denarius of trajan reflects both his military success and his commitment to civic development. these silver coins commonly depict his bust on the obverse, showcasing his strong and dignified profile, often with a laurel wreath symbolizing victory. the reverse frequently features imagery celebrating his triumphs, such as dacian captives, the goddess victoria (victory), or allegorical figures representing roman prosperity. other denarii highlight his dedication to public welfare, depicting aequitas (fairness) and abundantia (abundance), reinforcing his image as a just and generous ruler. his coinage was widely circulated and remains a key source for understanding roman propaganda and economic policy. \n \n trajan's legacy endured long after his death, influencing later emperors who sought to emulate his leadership. his policies on governance, military strategy, and public welfare set a high standard for roman rule. despite his ambitious expansion, the empire remained stable under his leadership, unlike the challenges faced by his successors. his reputation remained so esteemed that the senate continued to honor future emperors by wishing them to be \"more fortunate than augustus and better than trajan.\" his denarii, like his architectural achievements, serve as lasting reminders of an era of roman strength and prosperity."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"188","title":{"es":"roman, dupondius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18280/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.357Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18280,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18281/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18281/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18281/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,20 gr \n \n obverse: imp caes nerva traian avg germ, laureate head right \n \n reverse: pm tr p cos iiii p p, victory standing right on prow, with wreath and palm, (prow is sometimes described as a serpent) \n \n references: ric 59 rsc 241. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"189","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18281/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.359Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":18281,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18282/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18282/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18282/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 2,89 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac pm trp, laureate bust right, slight drapery on left shoulder \n \n reverse: cos v pp spqr optimo princ, aequitas standing left, holding scales and cornucopiae. \n \n references: ric 118 corr. (described as an aureus in error), ric 118 rsc 85; bmc 281; woytek 278b; utrecht 388-392. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"190","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18282/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:32.361Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":18282,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18283/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18283/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18283/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 3,21 gr \n \n obverse: αυτοκρ καιϲ νερ τραιανοϲ ϲεβ γερμ δακ; laur. and dr. bust r., seen from rear. \n \n reverse: δημαρχ εξ υπατο ϛ; mount argaeus. at top, grotto surmounted by helios standing l. \n \n references: weiser 47\u201363, metcalf conspectus 71b corr., ganschow 134b. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"191","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18283/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.241Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18283,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18284/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18284/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18284/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,26 gr \n \n obverse: imp caes nerva traian avg germ, laureate head right \n \n reverse: pm trp cos iiii p p, victory, draped, walking left, holding wreath and palm. \n \n references: ric 60, rsc 240. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"192","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18284/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.243Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18284,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18285/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18285/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18285/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 20 mm, 3,25 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac pm trp cos vi p p, laureate draped bust right \n \n reverse: spqr optimo principi, mars walking right, holding spear and trophy \n \n references: ric 269, rsc 372c. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"193","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18285/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.245Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18285,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18286/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18286/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18286/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 30 mm, 21,14 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avg cos iii p p, laureate head right \n \n reverse: fides pvblica s-c, fides standing right holding corn ears and basket of fruit \n \n references: cohen 720 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n hadrian ruled as roman emperor from 117 to 138 ad, succeeding trajan and shifting the empire\u2019s focus from expansion to consolidation. unlike his predecessor, hadrian prioritized strengthening rome\u2019s borders rather than seeking further conquests. he is best known for constructing hadrian\u2019s wall in britain, a massive fortification marking the empire\u2019s northernmost boundary, designed to defend against tribal incursions. hadrian was also a great admirer of greek culture, earning him the reputation of a philhellene. his reign emphasized administrative efficiency, legal reforms, and architectural development, leaving a lasting impact on the roman world. \n \n hadrian\u2019s coinage, particularly his denarii, reflects his priorities and the image he sought to project. the obverse of his denarii typically features his bearded portrait, a departure from the clean-shaven tradition of earlier emperors, symbolizing both his greek influence and wisdom. the reverse often depicts themes of peace, stability, and provincial unity, with personifications of the empire\u2019s various regions, such as britannia, hispania, and egypt. his coins also celebrate rome\u2019s gods, virtues, and infrastructure projects, reinforcing his role as a protector and benefactor of the empire. these images served as powerful propaganda, reinforcing hadrian\u2019s vision of a well-defended, prosperous rome. \n \n hadrian\u2019s rule was marked by extensive travel throughout the empire, as he personally oversaw its administration and military defenses. his visits to distant provinces, from britain to judea, helped solidify loyalty and maintain stability. however, his reign was not without conflict\u2014his suppression of the bar kokhba revolt (132\u2013136 ad) in judea was particularly brutal, leading to widespread destruction and forced displacement of the jewish population. despite such challenges, hadrian is remembered as a capable and visionary ruler, whose policies of consolidation and cultural patronage shaped the roman empire for decades after his death."},"estimateMax":190,"lotNumber":"194","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18286/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.246Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac190","currency":"EUR","id":18286,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18287/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18287/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18287/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 3,13 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac pm tr p, laureate head of trajan right, with slight drapery on his left shoulder. \n \n reverse: cos v p p spqr optimo princ, victory standing front, head to left, holding wreath in her right hand and palm frond in her left. \n \n references: bmc 328; cohen 74; ric 128; woytek 270b. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"195","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18287/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.252Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18287,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18288/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18288/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18288/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 3,11 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac pm trp cos v p p, laureate head right, slight drapery on left shoulder \n \n reverse: spqr optimo principi, abundantia standing left, holding corn-ears and cornucopiae; modius to left, prow to right. \n \n references: ric 166 rsc 467a. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"196","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18288/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.254Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18288,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18289/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18289/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18289/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,23 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac pm trp cos v p p, laureate head right, slight drapery on far shoulder \n \n reverse: spqr optimo principi, fortuna seated left, holding rudder and cornucopiae. \n \n references: ric 178. rsc 481. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"197","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18289/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.256Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18289,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18290/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18290/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18290/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 17 mm, 2,95 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avg cos iii p p, bare head of hadrian right. \n \n reverse: annona avg, modius with four grain-ears and poppy. \n \n references: bmc 595; cohen 172; ric 230. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was a roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138 ce, and is consistently ranked as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, spain, to a family with strong ties to the roman political elite, he was later raised as the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian received an extensive education that fostered a deep, lifelong admiration for greek culture and philosophy, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" upon trajan's death, hadrian ascended to the throne, immediately signaling a major shift in imperial policy. he abandoned trajan's expansionist conquests in mesopotamia and elsewhere, choosing instead to focus on consolidation and stability within the existing, vast borders of the empire. \n \n the defining feature of hadrian's two-decade rule was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half his reign touring nearly every province of the empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand experience allowed him to personally inspect frontier defenses, reform the armies, and address administrative issues on the ground, creating a more unified and integrated empire. this focus on defensive fortification led to his most famous construction: hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to mark and defend the northern limit of the roman province. back in rome, his passion for architecture led him to rebuild the iconic pantheon and construct the immense hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a highly cultured and energetic ruler who promoted hellenistic ideals throughout the empire and oversaw significant legal and administrative reforms. he established a professional civil service and worked to standardize the laws. his personal life was marked by his great love for the greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his death, founding a widespread cult in his honor. in his final years, despite chronic illness and facing the challenge of securing a successor without a natural heir, hadrian carefully orchestrated a peaceful transition. by adopting antoninus pius\u2014and requiring antoninus to then adopt marcus aurelius and lucius verus\u2014he ensured the continuation of the 'good emperors' period, cementing his legacy as a pragmatic, transformative, and restless emperor."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"198","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18290/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.260Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac120 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18290,"estimateMin":120},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18291/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18291/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18291/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: as \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 9,21 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avg cos iii p p. bareheaded and draped bust right. \n \n reverse: aegyptos / s c. egypt reclining left, holding sistrum and resting elbow upon modius filled with grain ears; to left, ibis standing right on column. \n \n references: ric 838 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n hadrian ruled as roman emperor from 117 to 138 ad, succeeding trajan and shifting the empire\u2019s focus from expansion to consolidation. unlike his predecessor, hadrian prioritized strengthening rome\u2019s borders rather than seeking further conquests. he is best known for constructing hadrian\u2019s wall in britain, a massive fortification marking the empire\u2019s northernmost boundary, designed to defend against tribal incursions. hadrian was also a great admirer of greek culture, earning him the reputation of a philhellene. his reign emphasized administrative efficiency, legal reforms, and architectural development, leaving a lasting impact on the roman world. \n \n hadrian\u2019s coinage, particularly his denarii, reflects his priorities and the image he sought to project. the obverse of his denarii typically features his bearded portrait, a departure from the clean-shaven tradition of earlier emperors, symbolizing both his greek influence and wisdom. the reverse often depicts themes of peace, stability, and provincial unity, with personifications of the empire\u2019s various regions, such as britannia, hispania, and egypt. his coins also celebrate rome\u2019s gods, virtues, and infrastructure projects, reinforcing his role as a protector and benefactor of the empire. these images served as powerful propaganda, reinforcing hadrian\u2019s vision of a well-defended, prosperous rome. \n \n hadrian\u2019s rule was marked by extensive travel throughout the empire, as he personally oversaw its administration and military defenses. his visits to distant provinces, from britain to judea, helped solidify loyalty and maintain stability. however, his reign was not without conflict\u2014his suppression of the bar kokhba revolt (132\u2013136 ad) in judea was particularly brutal, leading to widespread destruction and forced displacement of the jewish population. despite such challenges, hadrian is remembered as a capable and visionary ruler, whose policies of consolidation and cultural patronage shaped the roman empire for decades after his death."},"estimateMax":190,"lotNumber":"199","title":{"es":"roman, as, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18291/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.267Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac190","currency":"EUR","id":18291,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":130,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18292/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18292/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18292/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3 gr \n \n obverse: imp caesar traian hadrianvs avg, laureate head right. \n \n reverse: p m tr p cos iii, felicitas seated left, holding caduceus and cornucopiae; fel p r in exergue. \n \n references: ric ii.3-299; bmcre-266; rsc-600. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was a roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138 ce, and is consistently ranked as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, spain, to a family with strong ties to the roman political elite, he was later raised as the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian received an extensive education that fostered a deep, lifelong admiration for greek culture and philosophy, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" upon trajan's death, hadrian ascended to the throne, immediately signaling a major shift in imperial policy. he abandoned trajan's expansionist conquests in mesopotamia and elsewhere, choosing instead to focus on consolidation and stability within the existing, vast borders of the empire. \n \n the defining feature of hadrian's two-decade rule was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half his reign touring nearly every province of the empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand experience allowed him to personally inspect frontier defenses, reform the armies, and address administrative issues on the ground, creating a more unified and integrated empire. this focus on defensive fortification led to his most famous construction: hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to mark and defend the northern limit of the roman province. back in rome, his passion for architecture led him to rebuild the iconic pantheon and construct the immense hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a highly cultured and energetic ruler who promoted hellenistic ideals throughout the empire and oversaw significant legal and administrative reforms. he established a professional civil service and worked to standardize the laws. his personal life was marked by his great love for the greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his death, founding a widespread cult in his honor. in his final years, despite chronic illness and facing the challenge of securing a successor without a natural heir, hadrian carefully orchestrated a peaceful transition. by adopting antoninus pius\u2014and requiring antoninus to then adopt marcus aurelius and lucius verus\u2014he ensured the continuation of the 'good emperors' period, cementing his legacy as a pragmatic, transformative, and restless emperor."},"estimateMax":190,"lotNumber":"200","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18292/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":130,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:33.269Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac190","currency":"EUR","id":18292,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":120,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18293/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18293/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18293/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 33 mm, 25 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avgvstvs, laureate head right. \n \n reverse: cos iii, roma seated to left on cuirass and shield, holding victory and cornucopiae; sc in exergue. \n \n references: ric ii.3-870; bmcre-1296. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was a roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138 ce, and is consistently ranked as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, spain, to a family with strong ties to the roman political elite, he was later raised as the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian received an extensive education that fostered a deep, lifelong admiration for greek culture and philosophy, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" upon trajan's death, hadrian ascended to the throne, immediately signaling a major shift in imperial policy. he abandoned trajan's expansionist conquests in mesopotamia and elsewhere, choosing instead to focus on consolidation and stability within the existing, vast borders of the empire. \n \n the defining feature of hadrian's two-decade rule was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half his reign touring nearly every province of the empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand experience allowed him to personally inspect frontier defenses, reform the armies, and address administrative issues on the ground, creating a more unified and integrated empire. this focus on defensive fortification led to his most famous construction: hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to mark and defend the northern limit of the roman province. back in rome, his passion for architecture led him to rebuild the iconic pantheon and construct the immense hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a highly cultured and energetic ruler who promoted hellenistic ideals throughout the empire and oversaw significant legal and administrative reforms. he established a professional civil service and worked to standardize the laws. his personal life was marked by his great love for the greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his death, founding a widespread cult in his honor. in his final years, despite chronic illness and facing the challenge of securing a successor without a natural heir, hadrian carefully orchestrated a peaceful transition. by adopting antoninus pius\u2014and requiring antoninus to then adopt marcus aurelius and lucius verus\u2014he ensured the continuation of the 'good emperors' period, cementing his legacy as a pragmatic, transformative, and restless emperor."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"201","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18293/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":120,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.091Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac160 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18293,"estimateMin":160},{"startPrice":150,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18294/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18294/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18294/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: ptolomey iv philopator \n \n date: 221 - 222 b.c \n \n denomination: tradrachalcum \n \n material: bronze, ae \n \n size & weight: 37 mm, 47,58 gr \n \n obverse: diademed and horned head of zeus-ammon on the right. \n \n reverse: πtoλemai-oυ - baσiλeως/ e. eagle standing left on a thunderbolt, wings outstretched, head turned right; a cornucopia behind the wing. \n \n references: sv.974 - bmc.38 - cop.224 - gc.7815 - mp.156 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n ptolemy iv philopator (reigned 221\u2013205 bce) was the fourth greek pharaoh of the ptolemaic kingdom of egypt, succeeding his father, ptolemy iii euergetes. his reign is historically viewed as the beginning of the long decline of the dynasty. his accession to the throne was marked by a ruthless purge orchestrated by his chief minister, sosibius, which included the murder of his own mother, berenice ii, his uncle, and his younger brother, magas, to eliminate any rivals and secure the regency. ancient sources portray ptolemy iv himself as a weak, indolent, and debauched ruler who was far more interested in luxury, court ceremonies, and literary pursuits\u2014even composing a tragedy\u2014than in the affairs of government, leaving the administration entirely in the hands of sosibius and his favorites. \n \n the most critical foreign affair of his reign was the fourth syrian war (219\u2013217 bce) against the dynamic seleucid king antiochus iii the great, who was determined to reclaim the vital territory of coele-syria. though the ptolemaic kingdom initially lost ground, the war culminated in the decisive battle of raphia in 217 bce. ptolemy iv was present at the battle, where the ptolemaic army\u2014which included a large and unprecedented force of native egyptian soldiers alongside greek mercenaries\u2014achieved a great victory, securing the kingdom's northern borders for the rest of his reign. this military success, however, came at a great internal cost, as the sight of armed and trained native egyptians subsequently fueled a widespread nationalistic sentiment and led to serious revolts in upper egypt, which eventually broke away from ptolemaic control. \n \n despite the political turmoil and the king's reputation for dissipation, the ptolemaic kingdom maintained its cultural prestige and wealth. ptolemy iv continued the dynasty's tradition of lavish patronage, most notably constructing a giant, extravagant galley known as the tessarakonter (\"forty\")\u2014the largest human-powered vessel ever built\u2014and building a shrine dedicated to the poet homer (homereion) in alexandria. he was married to his sister, arsinoë iii, though he was dominated by his mistress agathoclea and her brother agathocles. when ptolemy iv died in 205 bce, his death was kept secret for nearly a year by sosibius and agathocles, who then murdered arsinoë iii, leaving the throne to the child-king ptolemy v epiphanes and plunging the kingdom into a crisis."},"estimateMax":250,"lotNumber":"202","title":{"es":"egyptian, tetrachalcum, ptolomey iv philopator, 221 - 222 b.c"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18294/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":150,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.094Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac250","currency":"EUR","id":18294,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18295/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18295/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18295/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: philip ii \n \n date: 247 - 249 a.d \n \n denomination: tetradrachm \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 28 mm, 9,47 gr \n \n obverse: radiate and draped bust r. \n \n reverse: eagle standing facing, head and tail r., with wings spread, holding wreath in beak; antioxia/s c in two lines in exergue. \n \n references: prieur 397; mcalee 1020. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n philip ii (reigned 359\u2013336 bce) was the pivotal king of macedon, who transformed his peripheral kingdom into the dominant power of the greek world and laid the essential groundwork for his son, alexander the great's, massive conquests. ascending the throne unexpectedly following the death of his brother, philip inherited a fragmented state besieged by powerful neighbors. his early experiences, including three years as a political hostage in the military powerhouse of thebes, profoundly shaped his approach to governance and warfare. he immediately set about implementing radical and revolutionary military reforms, most famously introducing the long pike known as the sarissa and integrating the hetairoi (companion cavalry) as a swift, decisive striking force. this highly professional, effective army rapidly secured macedonia's borders against the illyrians and thracians. \n \n philip then skillfully turned his attention south, using a combination of diplomacy, gold, and military might to expand his influence into greek affairs. he capitalized on the endless infighting among the city-states, gradually accumulating territory and wealth, especially by capturing the gold and silver mines at philippi. athenian orator demosthenes passionately spoke out against philip in a series of speeches (the philippics), urging the athenians and other greeks to resist the \"barbarian\" macedonian threat. this resistance culminated in 338 bce at the battle of chaeronea, where philip's army\u2014with a young alexander leading the charge\u2014crushingly defeated the combined forces of athens and thebes, cementing macedonian hegemony over all of greece. \n \n following his victory at chaeronea, philip established the league of corinth (or hellenic league) in 337 bce, uniting the greek states (with the notable exception of sparta) under his leadership as hegemon (supreme commander). the stated purpose of this grand panhellenic alliance was to launch a massive, joint invasion against the achaemenid persian empire\u2014the long-standing enemy of the greeks\u2014to avenge past invasions. however, philip\u2019s ambitious plans were cut short. in 336 bce, while attending the wedding of his daughter, he was assassinated by one of his own bodyguards, pausanias, though the true orchestrator\u2014whether it was the persians, his estranged wife olympias, or even his son alexander\u2014remains one of history's great unsolved mysteries."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"203","title":{"es":"roman, tetradrachm, philip ii, 247 - 249 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18295/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.096Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac130 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18295,"estimateMin":130},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18296/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18296/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18296/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 3,15 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac pm t r p, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right \n \n reverse: cos v p p s p q r optimo princ, arabia standing left, holding a branch and a bundle of cinnamon sticks; at her feet, a camel walking left. \n \n references: ric 142 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"204","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18296/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.099Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18296,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":70,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18297/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18297/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18297/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,10 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avg cos iii p p, bare head right \n \n reverse: fides pvblica, fides standing right, holding a basket of fruit and corn-ears \n \n references: ric ii 241a, rsc 717 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n hadrian ruled as roman emperor from 117 to 138 ad, succeeding trajan and shifting the empire\u2019s focus from expansion to consolidation. unlike his predecessor, hadrian prioritized strengthening rome\u2019s borders rather than seeking further conquests. he is best known for constructing hadrian\u2019s wall in britain, a massive fortification marking the empire\u2019s northernmost boundary, designed to defend against tribal incursions. hadrian was also a great admirer of greek culture, earning him the reputation of a philhellene. his reign emphasized administrative efficiency, legal reforms, and architectural development, leaving a lasting impact on the roman world. \n \n hadrian\u2019s coinage, particularly his denarii, reflects his priorities and the image he sought to project. the obverse of his denarii typically features his bearded portrait, a departure from the clean-shaven tradition of earlier emperors, symbolizing both his greek influence and wisdom. the reverse often depicts themes of peace, stability, and provincial unity, with personifications of the empire\u2019s various regions, such as britannia, hispania, and egypt. his coins also celebrate rome\u2019s gods, virtues, and infrastructure projects, reinforcing his role as a protector and benefactor of the empire. these images served as powerful propaganda, reinforcing hadrian\u2019s vision of a well-defended, prosperous rome. \n \n hadrian\u2019s rule was marked by extensive travel throughout the empire, as he personally oversaw its administration and military defenses. his visits to distant provinces, from britain to judea, helped solidify loyalty and maintain stability. however, his reign was not without conflict\u2014his suppression of the bar kokhba revolt (132\u2013136 ad) in judea was particularly brutal, leading to widespread destruction and forced displacement of the jewish population. despite such challenges, hadrian is remembered as a capable and visionary ruler, whose policies of consolidation and cultural patronage shaped the roman empire for decades after his death."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"205","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18297/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":70,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.101Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac130 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18297,"estimateMin":130},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18298/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18298/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18298/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,04 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano av ger dac p m tr p cos v p p, laureate bust right, drapery on left shoulder \n \n reverse: spqr optimo principi, virtus standing right, holding spear, parazonium. \n \n references: ric 204 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"206","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18298/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.104Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18298,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18299/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18299/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18299/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 98 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,04 gr \n \n obverse: imp traiano avg ger dac p m tr p. bust with laurel wreath and draping facing right. \n \n reverse: cos v p p s p q r optimo princ. victoria with wreath and palm branch facing left, standing on signs. \n \n references: ric 129 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"207","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, trajan, 98 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18299/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.106Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18299,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18300/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18300/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18300/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver \n \n size & weight: 19 mm, 2,64 gr \n \n obverse: imp caesar traian hadrianvs avg, laureate head right, slight drapery on left shoulder \n \n reverse: p m tr p cos iii, victory flying right, holding trophy \n \n references: ric 101b, rsc 1132 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n hadrian ruled as roman emperor from 117 to 138 ad, succeeding trajan and shifting the empire\u2019s focus from expansion to consolidation. unlike his predecessor, hadrian prioritized strengthening rome\u2019s borders rather than seeking further conquests. he is best known for constructing hadrian\u2019s wall in britain, a massive fortification marking the empire\u2019s northernmost boundary, designed to defend against tribal incursions. hadrian was also a great admirer of greek culture, earning him the reputation of a philhellene. his reign emphasized administrative efficiency, legal reforms, and architectural development, leaving a lasting impact on the roman world. \n \n hadrian\u2019s coinage, particularly his denarii, reflects his priorities and the image he sought to project. the obverse of his denarii typically features his bearded portrait, a departure from the clean-shaven tradition of earlier emperors, symbolizing both his greek influence and wisdom. the reverse often depicts themes of peace, stability, and provincial unity, with personifications of the empire\u2019s various regions, such as britannia, hispania, and egypt. his coins also celebrate rome\u2019s gods, virtues, and infrastructure projects, reinforcing his role as a protector and benefactor of the empire. these images served as powerful propaganda, reinforcing hadrian\u2019s vision of a well-defended, prosperous rome. \n \n hadrian\u2019s rule was marked by extensive travel throughout the empire, as he personally oversaw its administration and military defenses. his visits to distant provinces, from britain to judea, helped solidify loyalty and maintain stability. however, his reign was not without conflict\u2014his suppression of the bar kokhba revolt (132\u2013136 ad) in judea was particularly brutal, leading to widespread destruction and forced displacement of the jewish population. despite such challenges, hadrian is remembered as a capable and visionary ruler, whose policies of consolidation and cultural patronage shaped the roman empire for decades after his death."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"208","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18300/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.107Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18300,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18301/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18301/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18301/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: hadrian \n \n date: 117 - 138 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,30 gr \n \n obverse: hadrianvs avgvstvs, laureate head right \n \n reverse: cos iii, minerva standing right holding spear and parazonium, foot on helmet. \n \n references: rsc 353.ric 160 \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n publius aelius hadrianus (ad 76\u2013138) was a roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138 ce, and is consistently ranked as one of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica, spain, to a family with strong ties to the roman political elite, he was later raised as the ward of his cousin, the future emperor trajan. hadrian received an extensive education that fostered a deep, lifelong admiration for greek culture and philosophy, earning him the nickname \"greekling.\" upon trajan's death, hadrian ascended to the throne, immediately signaling a major shift in imperial policy. he abandoned trajan's expansionist conquests in mesopotamia and elsewhere, choosing instead to focus on consolidation and stability within the existing, vast borders of the empire. \n \n the defining feature of hadrian's two-decade rule was his unprecedented period of travel, spending more than half his reign touring nearly every province of the empire, from britain to north africa and the east. this firsthand experience allowed him to personally inspect frontier defenses, reform the armies, and address administrative issues on the ground, creating a more unified and integrated empire. this focus on defensive fortification led to his most famous construction: hadrian's wall in northern britain, built starting in 122 ce to mark and defend the northern limit of the roman province. back in rome, his passion for architecture led him to rebuild the iconic pantheon and construct the immense hadrian's villa at tivoli. \n \n hadrian was a highly cultured and energetic ruler who promoted hellenistic ideals throughout the empire and oversaw significant legal and administrative reforms. he established a professional civil service and worked to standardize the laws. his personal life was marked by his great love for the greek youth antinous, whom he deified after his death, founding a widespread cult in his honor. in his final years, despite chronic illness and facing the challenge of securing a successor without a natural heir, hadrian carefully orchestrated a peaceful transition. by adopting antoninus pius\u2014and requiring antoninus to then adopt marcus aurelius and lucius verus\u2014he ensured the continuation of the 'good emperors' period, cementing his legacy as a pragmatic, transformative, and restless emperor."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"209","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, hadrian, 117 - 138 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18301/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.112Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18301,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":95,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18302/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18302/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18302/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: gordian iii \n \n date: 240 - 244 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 32 mm, 18,68 gr \n \n obverse: imp gordianvs pivs fel avg, laureate, draped and cuirassed bust right, seen from behind \n \n reverse: aeternitati avg, sol standing left, raising hand and holding globe; s-c across fields. \n \n references: ric 297a; banti 20. \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice."},"estimateMax":140,"lotNumber":"210","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, gordian iii, 240 - 244 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18302/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":95,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:41.114Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac130 - \u20ac140","currency":"EUR","id":18302,"estimateMin":130},{"startPrice":90,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18303/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18303/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18303/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: julia domna \n \n date: 198 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 28 mm, 23,82 gr \n \n obverse: ivlia avgvsta draped bust right, hair in bun behind. \n \n reverse: mater devm, cybele seated left, between two lions, holding branch and resting arm on drum. \n \n references: ric 859, cohen 124, bmc 772 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"211","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, julia domna, 198 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18303/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":90,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.138Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18303,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18304/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18304/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18304/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: faustina ii \n \n date: 147 - 175 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 30 mm, 21,18 gr \n \n obverse: favstina avg pii avg fil. bar- headed and draped bust right with hair waved and coiled on back of head. \n \n reverse: s c diana standing left, holding arrow in right hand, and resting left on bow. \n \n references: cohen 206 srcv 4717 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice."},"estimateMax":150,"lotNumber":"212","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, faustina ii, 147 - 175 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18304/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.139Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac150","currency":"EUR","id":18304,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":110,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18305/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18305/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18305/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: crispina, wife of commodus \n \n date: 178 - 182 a.d \n \n denomination: sestertius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 29 mm, 22,76 gr \n \n obverse: crispina avgvsta, draped bust right \n \n reverse: concordia s-c, concord seated left with patera and cornucopiae. \n \n references: ric 665, cohen 6, bmc 406,409 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"213","title":{"es":"roman, sestertius, crispina, wife of commodus, 178 - 182 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18305/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":110,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.141Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac150 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18305,"estimateMin":150},{"startPrice":50,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18306/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18306/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18306/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: titus \n \n date: 79 - 81 a.d \n \n denomination: dupondius \n \n material: bronze \n \n size & weight: 28,60 mm, 13,03 gr \n \n obverse: t\u2022caesar\u2022imp\u2022pont, laureate head right \n \n reverse: tr\u2022pot\u2022cos iii\u2022censor, winged caduceus between crossed cornuacopiae \n \n references: cohen 326, rpc 1991 \n \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice."},"estimateMax":100,"lotNumber":"214","title":{"es":"roman, dupondius, titus, 79 - 81 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18306/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":50,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.142Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac80 - \u20ac100","currency":"EUR","id":18306,"estimateMin":80},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18307/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18307/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18307/003/003.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: trajan \n \n date: 112 - 117 a.d \n \n denomination: drachm \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 2,90 gr \n \n obverse: aytokρ kaic neρ tρaianoc ceb γeρm δak, laureate, draped bust right \n \n reverse: δhmaρx ex yπato ς, nike walking right, holding wreath and palm. \n \n references: sydenham 191a; hunter 26; sng cop 213; sydenham coll. sale 98. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus ulpius traianus (ad 53\u2013117), simply known as trajan, was the roman emperor from 98 to 117 ce and is recognized as the second of the \"five good emperors.\" born in italica (in modern spain), he was the first roman emperor to hail from a province outside of italy. trajan rose through the military ranks under the flavians and became a distinguished general, earning the respect of both the army and the senate. his career culminated when the elderly and childless emperor nerva, under pressure from the praetorian guard, wisely adopted him as his successor in 97 ce. trajan\u2019s seamless accession a few months later established the principle of meritocratic adoption, ushering in the most stable period of the empire. \n \n trajan's reign is defined by unprecedented military expansion, leading the roman empire to its maximum territorial extent. his greatest achievements were the two dacian wars (101\u2013102 and 105\u2013106 ce), which resulted in the annexation of dacia (modern romania) and brought immense wealth from its gold mines into the imperial treasury. he also conducted extensive campaigns in the east, annexing nabataea (forming the province of arabia petraea) and securing victories against the parthian empire, briefly incorporating armenia and mesopotamia. these military triumphs, which solidified his reputation as optimus princeps (\"the best ruler\"), were immortalized in rome through the iconic trajan's column, a massive monument detailing the dacian campaigns. \n \n beyond his military prowess, trajan was a skillful administrator and philanthropic civilian ruler. he initiated a massive public building program that transformed rome, most notably with the construction of the magnificent forum of trajan and the adjacent markets of trajan, one of the world's earliest shopping centers. furthermore, he introduced social welfare programs, such as the alimenta, a scheme to provide financial support for poor children throughout italy. trajan died in cilicia in 117 ce while returning from his eastern campaigns, having successfully secured a peaceful succession by adopting his cousin's son, hadrian, ensuring the empire's continued stability."},"estimateMax":180,"lotNumber":"215","title":{"es":"roman, drachm, trajan, 112 - 117 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18307/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.144Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac140 - \u20ac180","currency":"EUR","id":18307,"estimateMin":140},{"startPrice":70,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18308/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18308/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18308/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18308/004/004.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: postumus \n \n date: 262 a.d \n \n denomination: antoninianus \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 22 mm, 3,65 gr \n \n obverse: imp c postvmvs p f avg, radiate, draped and cuirassed bust right \n \n reverse: p m tr p iiii cos iii p p, mars walking right with trophy and transverse spear. \n \n references: rsc 273a; sear 10974. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n marcus cassianius latinius postumus was a roman general and usurper who founded the breakaway gallic empire (imperium galliarum), reigning from 260 to 269 ce. his rise occurred during the tumultuous crisis of the third century, a period of near-constant civil war, plague, and barbarian incursions that threatened to shatter the roman empire. postumus held important commands on the rhine frontier and capitalized on the dissatisfaction of the legions and local populace after the capture of emperor valerian by the persians. following the murder of valerian's son, saloninus, and the praetorian prefect, silvanus, in colonia claudia ara agrippinensium (modern cologne), postumus was proclaimed emperor by his troops. he established his capital there and immediately focused on securing the vital rhine frontier. \n \n postumus's gallic empire was not merely a military revolt; it was a pragmatic and successful administrative entity that encompassed roman gaul, britannia, hispania, and germania. he quickly demonstrated his ability to rule, successfully repelling an invasion by the franks and alamanni and recovering captured territory and loot, which he distributed among his soldiers. crucially, postumus established a fully functioning parallel government, mimicking the central roman institutions. he appointed his own consuls, minted his own coinage (often of higher quality silver than the official roman issues), and created a separate praetorian guard. his decade-long reign provided much-needed stability and security to the western provinces that the ineffective central roman government under gallienus could not. \n \n despite his success in securing the west, postumus did not attempt to conquer rome itself, focusing instead on consolidating his regional power. he became a significant thorn in the side of emperor gallienus, who tried and failed several times to defeat him. the end of postumus\u2019s reign came not from a roman counterattack, but from internal dissension. in 269 ce, following a mutiny in the city of mogontiacum (mainz) led by the usurper laelianus, postumus successfully besieged and recaptured the city. however, he refused to allow his troops to sack the city, which led the disgruntled soldiers to revolt and murder him. his death paved the way for a succession of short-lived emperors in the gallic empire before it was eventually brought back under the control of the central roman authority by emperor aurelian in 274 ce."},"estimateMax":120,"lotNumber":"216","title":{"es":"roman, antoninianus, postumus, 262 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18308/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":70,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.146Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac100 - \u20ac120","currency":"EUR","id":18308,"estimateMin":100},{"startPrice":100,"sold":true,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18309/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18309/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18309/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18309/004/004.jpg"],"soldDate":"2025-11-30","available":false,"description":{"es":"ruler: septimius severus \n \n date: 218 - 222 a.d \n \n denomination: denarius \n \n material: silver, ar \n \n size & weight: 18 mm, 3,2 gr \n \n obverse: severvs pivs avg, laureate head of septimius severus to right. \n \n reverse: fvndator pacis, septimius severus, veiled, standing front, head to left, holding branch in his right hand and roll in his left. \n \n references: bmc 330; cohen 205; ric 265. \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n lucius septimius severus (reigned 193\u2013211 ce) was the founder of the powerful severan dynasty and a highly significant roman emperor who emerged victorious from the tumultuous year of the five emperors. born in leptis magna, tripolitania (modern libya), he was the first roman emperor from the province of africa. severus followed a traditional senatorial career path until the murder of emperor pertinax in 193 ce sparked a civil war. leveraging his command of the pannonian legions, he marched on rome and seized the throne, though he then spent the next four years consolidating his power by defeating two powerful rivals: pescennius niger in the east and clodius albinus in the west. his decisive victory at the battle of lugdunum in 197 ce secured his undisputed control over the entire roman empire. \n \n severus\u2019s reign was characterized by a strong emphasis on the military, recognizing that the army was the true source of imperial power in the turbulent third century. he raised soldiers' pay, granted them new privileges (such as the right to marry while still enlisted), and expanded the number of legions, famously declaring to his sons, \"enrich the soldiers and scorn all others.\" this policy successfully gained him the unwavering loyalty of the troops, but it placed a massive strain on the imperial treasury and fundamentally shifted the balance of power away from the senate and towards the army. administratively, he was a harsh but effective ruler, increasing the efficiency of the civil service and implementing legal reforms based on his own extensive legal training. \n \n the later years of his reign were dedicated to successful military campaigns. he waged a successful war against the parthian empire, capturing their capital ctesiphon and reorganizing the eastern frontier. towards the end of his life, he traveled to britain to deal with persistent incursions by the northern tribes. he personally led a massive expedition into caledonia (scotland), strengthening and expanding the defenses along hadrian's wall and its associated forts. septimius severus died in eboracum (york) in 211 ce, having restored imperial authority and stability after years of civil strife. his final advice to his sons, caracalla and geta, was to \"be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and despise all other men, \" a maxim that underscored the militaristic nature of his legacy."},"estimateMax":160,"lotNumber":"217","title":{"es":"roman, denarius, septimius severus, 193 - 211 a.d"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18309/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"soldPrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.148Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac130 - \u20ac160","currency":"EUR","id":18309,"estimateMin":130},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18310/011/011.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: coins lot (5 pieces) \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman republic \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 32 mm, 31,1 gr - 30 mm, 24,7 gr - 27 mm, 13,7 gr, 30 mm, 20 gr - 30 mm, 14 gr - 29 mm, 19 gr \n \n condition: good condition, see pictures \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the earliest period of roman coinage, spanning the start of the republic (c. 509 bce) until the mid-3rd century bce, was dominated by large, crude pieces of bronze. initially, rome used uncoined bronze (aes rude) for trade, but soon introduced marked bronze bars known as aes signatum (stamped bronze), which bore simple designs like oxen or tridents and served as an early form of currency. the decisive shift came around 280 bce with the introduction of the heavy cast bronze coin, the aes grave (heavy bronze), which was produced at state mints and featured defined weights and designs, often depicting gods like janus or minerva, and used primarily in central italy. this bronze system represented a currency of intrinsic value, as the metal itself was the bulk of the coin's worth, and it was primarily used for everyday local transactions.the true innovation in roman republican coinage began around 211 bce, prompted by the massive financial needs of the second punic war. this critical period saw the introduction of the denarius , a lightweight silver coin that became the standard currency of the republic for centuries. struck on a much smaller scale and using die-stamping technology, the early denarius weighed about $4.5$ grams and was tariffed at ten asses (bronze coins), quickly displacing the bulky aes grave and facilitating trade across italy and the growing mediterranean empire. the designs on these early republican denarii were often generic, featuring the helmeted head of roma on the obverse and a scene with the twin gods castor and pollux on the reverse, solidifying the image of the roman state.as the republic matured, particularly after the mid-2nd century bce, the function and design of the denarius evolved. control over coinage became a prestigious duty held by the tresviri monetales (three moneyers), young magistrates who began to personalize the issues. coin reverses started featuring dynastic references to the moneyer's family history, military achievements, or political affiliations\u2014a form of public propaganda unprecedented in rome. this trend accelerated into the late republic, with powerful figures like julius caesar and pompey issuing coins that bore their own portraits, a significant departure from the earlier tradition of depicting only gods or abstract personifications, directly foreshadowing the imperial portraiture that would define coinage under the subsequent roman empire."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"218","title":{"es":"roman, coins lot (5 pieces), republican"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18310/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.150Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - \u20ac300","currency":"EUR","id":18310,"estimateMin":200},{"startPrice":100,"sold":false,"images":["https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/001/001.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/002/002.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/003/003.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/004/004.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/005/005.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/006/006.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/007/007.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/008/008.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/009/009.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/010/010.jpg","https://bidspirit-images.global.ssl.fastly.net/yourantiquarian/cloned-images/18311/011/011.jpg"],"available":false,"description":{"es":"item: coins lot (5 pieces) \n \n material: bronze \n \n culture: roman republic \n \n period: 3rd - 1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 29 mm, 19 gr - 28 mm, 17,6 gr - 30 mm, 21,3 gr - 34 mm, 25,9 gr - 26 mm, 10 gr \n \n condition: good condition, see pictures \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the earliest period of roman coinage, spanning the start of the republic (c. 509 bce) until the mid-3rd century bce, was dominated by large, crude pieces of bronze. initially, rome used uncoined bronze (aes rude) for trade, but soon introduced marked bronze bars known as aes signatum (stamped bronze), which bore simple designs like oxen or tridents and served as an early form of currency. the decisive shift came around 280 bce with the introduction of the heavy cast bronze coin, the aes grave (heavy bronze), which was produced at state mints and featured defined weights and designs, often depicting gods like janus or minerva, and used primarily in central italy. this bronze system represented a currency of intrinsic value, as the metal itself was the bulk of the coin's worth, and it was primarily used for everyday local transactions.the true innovation in roman republican coinage began around 211 bce, prompted by the massive financial needs of the second punic war. this critical period saw the introduction of the denarius , a lightweight silver coin that became the standard currency of the republic for centuries. struck on a much smaller scale and using die-stamping technology, the early denarius weighed about $4.5$ grams and was tariffed at ten asses (bronze coins), quickly displacing the bulky aes grave and facilitating trade across italy and the growing mediterranean empire. the designs on these early republican denarii were often generic, featuring the helmeted head of roma on the obverse and a scene with the twin gods castor and pollux on the reverse, solidifying the image of the roman state.as the republic matured, particularly after the mid-2nd century bce, the function and design of the denarius evolved. control over coinage became a prestigious duty held by the tresviri monetales (three moneyers), young magistrates who began to personalize the issues. coin reverses started featuring dynastic references to the moneyer's family history, military achievements, or political affiliations\u2014a form of public propaganda unprecedented in rome. this trend accelerated into the late republic, with powerful figures like julius caesar and pompey issuing coins that bore their own portraits, a significant departure from the earlier tradition of depicting only gods or abstract personifications, directly foreshadowing the imperial portraiture that would define coinage under the subsequent roman empire."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"219","title":{"es":"roman, coins lot (5 pieces), republican"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18311/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.151Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - 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1st century b.c \n \n dimensions: 29 mm, 3,5 gr - 30 mm, 20 gr - 30 mm, 11,3 gr - 28 mm, 19,1 gr - 30 mm, 25,8 gr \n \n condition: good condition, see pictures \n \n provenance: ex german private collection, acquired before 2000s \n \n comes with certificate of authenticity and export licence. if you are from outside the european union, we will have to apply for the export licence again for your country, this takes 3 to 5 weeks and has a cost of 5% of the hammer price, this amount will be added to the final invoice. \n \n the earliest period of roman coinage, spanning the start of the republic (c. 509 bce) until the mid-3rd century bce, was dominated by large, crude pieces of bronze. initially, rome used uncoined bronze (aes rude) for trade, but soon introduced marked bronze bars known as aes signatum (stamped bronze), which bore simple designs like oxen or tridents and served as an early form of currency. the decisive shift came around 280 bce with the introduction of the heavy cast bronze coin, the aes grave (heavy bronze), which was produced at state mints and featured defined weights and designs, often depicting gods like janus or minerva, and used primarily in central italy. this bronze system represented a currency of intrinsic value, as the metal itself was the bulk of the coin's worth, and it was primarily used for everyday local transactions.the true innovation in roman republican coinage began around 211 bce, prompted by the massive financial needs of the second punic war. this critical period saw the introduction of the denarius , a lightweight silver coin that became the standard currency of the republic for centuries. struck on a much smaller scale and using die-stamping technology, the early denarius weighed about $4.5$ grams and was tariffed at ten asses (bronze coins), quickly displacing the bulky aes grave and facilitating trade across italy and the growing mediterranean empire. the designs on these early republican denarii were often generic, featuring the helmeted head of roma on the obverse and a scene with the twin gods castor and pollux on the reverse, solidifying the image of the roman state.as the republic matured, particularly after the mid-2nd century bce, the function and design of the denarius evolved. control over coinage became a prestigious duty held by the tresviri monetales (three moneyers), young magistrates who began to personalize the issues. coin reverses started featuring dynastic references to the moneyer's family history, military achievements, or political affiliations\u2014a form of public propaganda unprecedented in rome. this trend accelerated into the late republic, with powerful figures like julius caesar and pompey issuing coins that bore their own portraits, a significant departure from the earlier tradition of depicting only gods or abstract personifications, directly foreshadowing the imperial portraiture that would define coinage under the subsequent roman empire."},"estimateMax":300,"lotNumber":"220","title":{"es":"roman, coins lot (5 pieces), republican"},"url":"https://es.bidspirit.com/ui/lotPage/yourantiquarian/source/catalog/auction/67144/lot/18312/view","tags":["esnumismatics_coins","esnumismatics_all","esnumismatics"],"directSalePrice":100,"lastUpdate":"2026-07-01T18:56:40.152Z","textCase":"lower","estimate":"\u20ac200 - 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